中国公共财政热点问题ppt课件

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1、中国公共财政热点问题中国公共财政热点问题 林林 双双 林林北京大学经济学院财政学系北京大学经济学院财政学系 教授兼系主任教授兼系主任北京大学中国公共财政研究中心北京大学中国公共财政研究中心 主任主任2011年年7月月 17日日 主要内容主要内容 Outline I. 中国经济发展与公共财政 Chinas Economic Development and Public Finance II.税制改革 Tax ReformsIII.财政赤字和债务 Budget Deficits and Government DebtI.1 中国经济发展中国经济发展 Chinas Economic Developm

2、ent 1978年开始的经济改革极大地改变了中国经济面貌年开始的经济改革极大地改变了中国经济面貌 The economic reforms started in 1978 has greatly changed Chinas economic landscape. Per Capita GDP Total GDPPer Capita GDP Total GDP 人均人均GDP GDPGDP GDP总量总量 1978 - 381 元元yuan 364.5 billion yuan 2008 -23,708 元元yuan (PPPUS$6,020) 30,285.3 billion yuan 20

3、09 -25,188 元元yuan 33,535.3 billion yuan 2010 -29,745 元元yuan (Exch Rate US$4,500美元美元) 39,798.3 billion yuan中国中国 正向中等收入国家迈进正向中等收入国家迈进 I. 中国经济发展与公共财政中国经济发展与公共财政 Chinas Economic Development and Public Finance 中国中国GDPGDP增长率增长率 Chinas GDP Growth 1978-2010Chinas GDP Growth 1978-2010美国经济增长率日本经济增长率印度经济增长率中国经

4、济起飞 WSJ中国成为第二大经济体中国成为第二大经济体The Largest Economies in the World#1 United States美国 -GDP 2010, $14.72 trillion (est)#2 China中国中国 - $5.879 trillion#3 Japan日本 - $5.474 trillion WSJ Feb 13, 20112008 年部分国家国民收入 Population and GNI WDR 2010国家国家人口（百万）人口（百万）GNI（10亿美元）亿美元）GNI人均（美元）人均（美元）GNI购买力（购买力（10亿亿美元）美元）GNI人均

5、购买力人均购买力（美元）（美元）Australia澳大利亚澳大利亚21862.540,350727.534,040Canada加拿大加拿大331,390.0041,7301,206.5036,220Chile智利智利17157.59,400222.413,270China中国中国1,3263,899.302,9407,984.006,020Ethiopia8122.728070.2870Finland芬兰芬兰5255.748,120189.535,660France法国法国622,702.242,2502,134.4034,400Germany德国德国823,485.7042,4402,952

6、.4035,940India印度印度1,1401,215.501,0703,374.902,960Indonesia印尼印尼228458.22,010875.13,830Japan日本日本1284,879.2038,2104,497.7035,220S Korea韩韩491,046.3021,5301,366.9028,120Malaysia马来西亚马来西亚27188.16,970370.813,740Mexico墨西哥墨西哥1061,061.409,9801,517.2014,270Norway挪威挪威5415.387,07027958,500Philippines菲律宾菲律宾90170.4

7、1,890352.43,900Russia俄国俄国1421,364.509,6202,216.3015,630Singapore新加坡新加坡5168.234,76023247,940Spain西班牙西班牙461,456.5031,9601,418.7031,130Sweden瑞典瑞典9469.750,94035238,180Thailand泰国泰国67191.72,840403.45,990UK英国英国612,787.2045,3902,218.2036,130国家国家 人均财富人均财富Total wealth资本、城市资本、城市地地Produced capital and urban lan

8、d无形资本无形资本Intangible capital自然资本自然资本Natural capital草原草原Pastureland农田农田Cropland保护区保护区Protected areas非木材非木材Nontimber forestresources木材资源木材资源Timber resources地下石油地下石油Subsoil assetsAustralia澳澳371,03158,179288,68624,1675,5904,3651,42155174811,491Bangladesh6,0008174,2219615281092483Belgium451,71460,561388,1

9、233,0302,16157502025420Brazil巴西巴西86,9229,64370,5286,7521,3111,9984027246091,708Canada324,97954,226235,98234,7711,6312,8295,7561,2644,72418,566China中国中国9,3872,9564,2082,2231461,4042729106511Ethiopia1,96517799279619735316716630France法法468,02457,814403,8746,3352,0912,7471,0267730787Germany德德496,44768,6

10、78423,3234,4451,5861,1761,11339263269Greece希腊希腊236,97228,973203,4454,5545733,4245710182318India印度印度6,8201,1543,7381,9281921,3401221459201Indonesia13,8692,3828,0153,472501,2451671153461,549Japan日本日本493,241150,258341,4701,513316710364563828S Korea韩韩141,28231,399107,8642,0202751,24144130033Malaysia46,6

11、8713,06524,5209,103241,3691611884386,922Mexico墨墨61,87218,95934,4208,4937211,1951761281996,075Philippines19,3512,67315,1291,549451,30859179030Russia俄国俄国38,70915,5935,90017,2171,3421,2621,3171,22829211,777Sweden瑞典瑞典513,42458,331447,1437,9501,6761,1201,5499082,434263Thailand泰泰35,8547,62424,2943,936962,

12、3708555592469UK英国英国408,75355,239346,3477,1671,29158349514444,739US美国美国512,61279,851418,00914,7521,6652,7521,6512381,3417,106World95,86016,85074,9984,0115361,4963221042521,302 2000 年世界人均财富年世界人均财富(人均美元人均美元) Wealth of nations （$per capita） WDR 2010I.2 中国经济面临的挑战 Challenges China faces新时期我国出现新问题：新时期我国出现新

13、问题： 贫富差别大，地区差别大贫富差别大，地区差别大 环境污染环境污染 我国面临的长远问题：我国面临的长远问题： 人口老龄化 资源短缺所有这些问题都与公共财政有关所有这些问题都与公共财政有关 部分国家基尼系数Income GINI Coefficients in Selected Regions (2000-2010)CountryCountry国家国家GINIGINI基尼系数CountryCountry国家国家GINIGINI基尼系数HungaryHungary匈牙利匈牙利30.030.0USAUSA美国美国40.840.8JapanJapan日本日本24.924.9ChinaChina中国

14、中国41.541.5SwedenSweden瑞典瑞典25.025.0SingaporeSingapore新加坡新加坡42.542.5GermanyGermany德国德国28.328.3RussiaRussia俄国俄国43.743.7FranceFrance法国法国32.732.7Hong Kong Hong Kong 香港香港43.443.4UK UK 英国英国36.036.0Mexico Mexico 墨西哥墨西哥51.651.6IndiaIndia印度印度36.836.8Brazil Brazil 巴西巴西55.055.0人口老龄化严重人口老龄化严重 Population Aging an

15、d Social Security ProblemPopulation Aging and Social Security Problem65岁以上人口Population aged 65 or over 1990 - 63 million accounted for 5.6% of total population 2000 - 88 million 7% 2040 - over 20%社会保障改革迫在眉睫 Social security reforms become necessary中国社保有省、市、县级政府承担 Social Security is run by city- or pr

16、ovince-level governments 20102050人口老龄化要求对现有的社会保障体制进行改革人口老龄化要求对现有的社会保障体制进行改革 Social security payment will become a big issue II. 税制改革税制改革 Tax ReformsII.1 税收的基本原则世界范围内的税制改革税收的基本原则世界范围内的税制改革Principles of Taxation and Worldwide Tax Reforms II.1.1 中国传统财税思想中国传统财税思想 A. 轻徭薄赋，藏富于民 儒家自孟子后认为人心是善的，富人会救济穷人。即私人之间

17、可以进行收入再分配，政府在收入再分配中的作用就不大了。人心本来是善的，可以教化，应少用刑罚手段。政府规模要小。儒家主张小政府。 孟子认为，薄赋敛既能富民，又有利于发展生产。 在税收负担上，孟子主张 “什一而税”（孟子滕文公上）。 这成为以后2000多年儒家的税收信条。Traditional thoughts on taxation in China A. Low Taxes, and kept wealth among people Mencius, a follower of Confucius, believed that people are kind, the rich will he

18、lp the poor, and government size should be small, and tax rate should be 10%. Confucianism dominated Chinas philosophy for a long time.B.国家垄断，征隐形税国家垄断，征隐形税 管仲就曾向齐桓公建议，直接向百姓征收人头税、房屋税、建筑税、林木税、六畜税等办法都不好，容易引起百姓对征税的反感。好的办法是控制国家的自然资源，“官山海”，实施食盐和铁器的国家专卖。食盐和铁器是人们日常生活和生产所必需，价再高也得买。专卖不仅可获得巨大财政收入，也不易引起民怨。 历史上茶

19、叶、食油在中国都实行过国家专卖。 这些思想影响十分深远, 至今国有垄断企业起着很大作用。Implicit taxation More than 2000 years ago, Guan Zhong, the Prime Minister of Kingdom Qi, suggested to the King, the government should not collect head taxes, property taxes, and other taxes, to avoid peoples rebellion. Instead, the government should monop

20、olize the sale of necessities, such as salt and iron, and sell at high prices. In history, even tea and cooking oil were once monopolized by the government. This thought is still influential today. SOEs and state dominated enterprises still produce about 28% of industrial output. II.1.2 现代税收原则现代税收原则

21、Modern Tax Principles斯密 在国富论中提出 税制 4项原则Adam Smith (1776) The Wealth of Nations, Book V 税制税制 4项原则项原则Fourth maxims: (1) 公平，税负应该与纳税人公平，税负应该与纳税人 的能力成比例的能力成比例 Equality, taxes should be in proportion to taxpayers respective abilities; (2) 确定，纳税时间，方式，和数量必须确定、不随意确定，纳税时间，方式，和数量必须确定、不随意 Certainty, time, manne

22、r, and quantity of tax on each individual must be certain, and not arbitrary; (3) 纳税便利纳税便利 Convenience for contributors to pay;(4) 征税成本低征税成本低 Economy in collection新添的原则新添的原则Recently added principles:(1)促进经济持续增长，增加储蓄和劳动积极性促进经济持续增长，增加储蓄和劳动积极性 Growth stimulating, incentives to work and save;(2)促进社会福利水平

23、提高促进社会福利水平提高 Welfare improving;(3)提供足够的税收提供足够的税收Revenue sufficiencyII.2 世界范围的税制改革世界范围的税制改革 Tax Reforms in the World过去过去30年世界年世界 税改的目标税改的目标Objectives of tax reforms： 促进经济增长，增加储蓄和资本积累，刺激劳动积极性，促进社会福利提高促进经济增长，增加储蓄和资本积累，刺激劳动积极性，促进社会福利提高 资本积累是提高增值率和福利的关键资本积累是提高增值率和福利的关键 Capital accumulation is important f

24、or economic growth, wage increasing, and welfare improving; 哈罗德-多马模型：产出增长率 =储蓄率/资本与产量的比率 In the Harrod-Domar model, growth rate depends on the savings rate; 索罗模型：高储蓄率带来非稳态下的经济增长和稳态情况下的高人均收入In Solows growth model, higher savings will lead to higher steady-state income, lead to growth in the transitio

25、nal period, although not in the steady state; 新内生增长模型：储蓄带来长期经济增长In the endogenous growth model, savings and investment are positive related to growth; 所有的经验分析都证实投资与经济增长正相关 Empirical studies have shown investment is positively related to growth.欧美储蓄率低欧美储蓄率低 capital accumulation is related to savings,

26、 and the savings rate in the US and other industrialized countries have been low. 经济学家税改建议经济学家税改建议 Suggestions on tax reforms:降低资本税降低资本税 Reducing the tax rate on capital Diamond (1970), 资本税降低工资和个人的效用an increase in the capital tax rate decreases the real wage rate and lower an individuals utility. Ch

27、amley (1981, 1986) and Judd (1985)，最优资本应该是零 show that the welfare-maximizing capital income tax should be zero in the steady state. Lucas (1990)，根本不应该对资本征税 argues that capital should not be taxed at all. “When I left graduate school, in 1963, I believed that the single most desirable change in the U

28、.S. tax structure would be the taxation of capital gains as ordinary income. I now believe that neither capital gains nor any of the income from capital should be taxed at all. My earlier view was based on what I viewed as the best available economic analysis, but of course I think my current view i

29、s based on better analysis.” 用消费税代替所得税用消费税代替所得税 Replacing income tax by consumption tax Summers (1981), 消费税替代所得税会提高福利水平 a shift from capital taxation to consumption taxation would increase welfare substantially; Fullerton, Shoven, and Whalley (1983), Seidman (1989), Toder (1995), Hall (1996), and Ha

30、ll and Rabushka (1996),消费税替代所得税会增加资本积累an increase in consumption taxation along with a decrease in income taxes will lower the interest rate and increase capital accumulation; 欧盟和世界100多个国家实行消费型的增值税EU and more than 100 countries adopted consumption-type of VAT, a money machine for the government. 美国没

31、有实行增值税，原因在于该税收不利于收入再分配 缩小税制累进性Reduce progressivity of the income tax system; James Mirrlees (1971) 边际税率应该为非负，最高一档收入不应征税 optimal nonlinear income tax, optimal marginal tax rate. -He showed that the marginal tax rate should be nonnegative and should be zero for the highest income individual Peter Diam

32、ond (1998),边际税率应该为U型 -Marginal tax rate is inversed U shape Robert Hall and Rabushka (1985), 单一税率 The Flat Tax, -美国1981-1988降低最高一档收入的边际税率从70%到28% In Reagan reduced the highest marginal tax rate from 70% from 1981 to 28% in 1988; -俄国2000年实行单一税率Russia adopted flat income tax, 13%; Many Eastern Europea

33、n countries did the same -Many believe in the 21th century, income tax should be more flat Lower taxes and reduce the size of government King, Robert G. and Sergio Rebelo (1990), Barro (1991) 减少税收及缩小政府规模 经济学家一直建议 减税和减少政府支出，但是许多欧美国家的政府只是减少税收，并没有减少开支，因此导致严重的赤字和政府债务。II.3 中国税收现状中国税收现状Current State of Ch

34、inas Taxation 1994年新税制形成年新税制形成中央税中央税 Central Government(1) 关税tariff, 消费税consumption tax (similar to excise tax in the U.S.), (2) 来自地方银行、外资银行和其他金融机构所得税income tax from local banks and foreign banks and other financial institutions, (3) 来自铁路金融机构总部的所得税income tax from railroad, headquarters banks, headqu

35、arters insurance companies (e.g., business tax, income tax, profit and urban construction and maintenance tax)(4) 车辆购置税地税地税 Local Governments (1) 营业税 business tax (excluding business tax from rail road, headquarters banks, and headquarters insurance companies), (2) 城市土地税urban land tax, （3）固定资产投资调节税f

36、ixed investment direction adjustment tax, (4)城市建设维护税 urban construction and maintenance tax (excluding the tax from rail road, headquarters banks, and headquarters insurance companies), (5)房产税 housing tax, (6) 车船牌照vehicle license tax, (7)城镇土地使用税urban real estate tax, (8)车船使用税vehicle tax, (9)印花税stamp

37、 tax, (10)土地增值税land appreciation tax, (11)耕地占用税 cultivated land occupation tax, and (12) 契税contract tax. 共享税共享税 Shared Taxes(1)增值税value-added tax (central 75%, local 25%), (2)企业所得税corporate income tax (including foreign firms, except railroad, banks, etc.): central 60%, local 40%(3)个人所得税 personal in

38、come tax(central 60%, local 40%), (4) 资源税natural resource tax (only ocean oil resource tax belongs to the central government), (5) 印花税 stamp tax from stock exchange (central 94%, local 6%)30年来中国税制经历了分权让利、利改税、分税制等重大改革，为促进经济发展年来中国税制经历了分权让利、利改税、分税制等重大改革，为促进经济发展做出了贡献。做出了贡献。 税制改革的历程：税制改革的历程： A. Allow Sta

39、te Enterprises to Keep Some Profits (分权让利分权让利) 1979 B. Substitute Taxes for Profit (利改税利改税) 1983 C. The Contract Responsibility Tax System (包干制包干制) 1986 D. Tax plus Profit System (利税分流利税分流) 1989 1978, 政府收入占GDP 31%; 中央政府收入占 总收入 27% 1993, 12%; 22% E. Tax Sharing System and VAT Expansion (分税制及增值税扩大分税制及

40、增值税扩大) 1994- F. Eliminate agricultural tax (取消农业税）取消农业税）2006 G. Merge corporate income tax for foreign & domestic firms (两税合并）两税合并）2008 H. Exclude investment from the value-added tax base (增值税改革）增值税改革）2009 2010, 政府收入占GDP 22%; 中央政府收入占 总收入 55% 中国财政收入增长迅速2007年增长达到32%2010年 21% The growth rate 32.4% in 2

41、007 and 21.3% in 2010.2011年上半年累计，全国财政收入56875.82亿元，比去年同期增加13526.03亿元，增长31.2%。 其中，中央本级收入28918.62亿 元，同比增长27%； 地方本级收入27957.2亿元，同比增长35.9%。 财政收入中的税收收入50028.43亿元，同比增长29.6%； 非税收入 6847.39亿元，同比增长44.5%。增幅较高的主要原因： 1.经济增长带动税收增长，上半年，国内生产总值增长9.6%。 2.价格上涨带动以现价计算的相关税收增长，1-6月居民消费价格同比上涨5.4%，工业生产者出 厂价格同比上涨7.0%，带动以现价计算的

42、相关税收相应增加。 3.特殊增收因素，进口环节税收等部分上年末收入在今年初集中入库、上年企业效益较好带动今 年汇算清缴去年企业所得税入库比较多。 4.政策性增收因素，按有关规定将原预算外资金纳入预算管理，带动非税收入大幅增长，以及自2010年12月1日起 对外资企业征收城市维护建设税和教育费附加，相应增加一些收入。政府实际财政收入及增长政府实际财政收入及增长 （1978年不变价格）年不变价格）Real Government Revenues at 1978 Constant Price and its Growth Rates (1978-2010)预算外收入预算外收入 Extra-budge

43、tary RevenueExtra-budgetary Revenue包括各种收费和基金收入等。八、九十年代规模大，1985年占预算收入的76%，1992年占111%。Extra budgetary revenue includes the fee and charges of local governments and central government agencies. It was quite large in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. The ratio of extra-budgetary revenue to budgetary r

44、evenue was 76% in 1985 and reached 111% of budgetary revenues in 1992. 1994年税制改革后，这样政府不再依赖预算外收入，主要是地方政府。中央比重1992年44%，2008年7%。After the 1994 tax reform, central government no longer relied on extra-budgetary revenues, and the share of central government in extra-budgetary revenue has significantly de

45、creased. The central government share was 43.6% in 1992, down to only 8.7% in 2005 and 7.4% in 2008. Thus, extra-budgetary revenue is important for local governments.税制改革一直致力于减少预算外收入。预算外收入1995占预算收入的39%，2008年占11%；预算外收入1995占GDP的4%，2008年占2%。 Fiscal reforms have aimed at reducing the size of extra-budge

46、tary revenues and expenditures. Extra-budgetary revenue accounted for 38.55% of budgetary revenue in 1995, and 10.79% in 2008. Extra-budgetary revenue accounted for 4.12% of GDP in 1995, 3.02% in 2005, and 2.1% in 2008. 预算外收入情况Year年份Table Extra-Budgetary Revenue (billion yuan)Share in GDP (%)占GDP比重S

47、hare in Budgetary Revenue 占财政收入比重(%)Total预算外收入总额Administra-tive and Institutional Units行政事业单位Local Govts地方政府SOEs and Super-visory Ministries国企Fund-raising of Township Govts乡镇政府基金Govern-ment Funds政府基金Others其它1987202.8835.844.46162.58 16.82 92.251988236.0843.894.89187.29 15.69 100.151989265.8850.075.4

48、4210.38 15.65 99.771990270.8657.706.06207.11 14.51 92.221991324.3369.706.88247.75 14.89 102.981992385.4988.559.09287.86 14.32 110.671993143.25131.7811.47 4.05 32.941994186.25172.2514.00 3.86 35.691995240.65223.4917.17 3.96 38.551996389.33339.5822.47 27.29 5.47 52.561997282.60241.4311.59 29.58 3.58 3

49、2.671998308.23198.19 5.4733.7347.8423.003.65 31.211999338.52235.43 5.0135.8939.6522.543.77 29.582000382.64265.45 5.9240.3338.3532.583.86 28.572001430.00309.00 6.0041.0038.0036.003.92 26.242002447.90323.80 7.2027.2037.6052.103.72 23.692003456.68333.57 5.2329.3128.7159.853.36 21.032004469.92320.84 6.4

50、121.3135.1386.232.94 17.802005554.42385.82 4.7819.2935.93108.593.00 17.522006640.79421.68 4.4922.1337.65154.842.96 16.53 地方政府有非预算收入Local governments also have off-budget revenues (called “the Little Golden Box”), which is unlawful.非预算收入估计占 预算收入的30-40%左右，或占GDP的4-5%左右The size of the off-budget revenue

51、 is about 30-40% of local government revenue and about 4-5% of GDP.取缔非预算收入是完全可能的，但这会限制地方政府的自由、挫伤地方政府积极性 Eliminating the off-budget revenue is possible, but it will reduce local governments fiscal freedom.非预算收入非预算收入 Off-budgetary Revenue财政收入占GDP的比重Government revenue share in GDP 预算收入、预算外收入、社会保障贡献 Bud

52、getary Revenue, Extra-budgetary Revenue, Social Security Contribution 26% 加上非预算收入 Adding off-budgetary revenue 5% 总共 Total 31%有关国家财政收入占有关国家财政收入占GDPGDP的比重的比重Government Revenue Share in GDP of Selected Regions国家国家CountryCountry工业化国家工业化国家Japan 日本United States 美国Australia 澳大利亚Ireland 爱尔兰Switzerland瑞士 Gr

53、eece 希腊Luxembourg 卢森堡Spain 西班牙Canada 加拿大UK英国 New Zealand 新西兰Germany 德国Italy 意大利France 法国YearYear年份年份20052006200620062005200620062006200620062006200620062006%32.3233.9936.2637.1237.3239.5339.6940.441.6741.9342.3143.8245.6250.81CountryCountryAsia Asia 亚洲亚洲Singapore Singapore 新加坡新加坡Hong Kong 香港Thailand

54、 泰国Vietnam 越南Macau 澳门ChinaChina中国中国Malaysia 马来西亚Bhutan 不丹Mongolia 蒙古Maldives 马尔代夫Europe (East)Europe (East)东欧东欧Kyrgyz Republic Kazakhstan Albania YearYear200520052005200620042006200820082003200020032006200620062005%19.919.920.0421.9525.0725.4231.031.026.0735.8938.7361.2422.0422.3824.89中国主要税种占总税收的比重中

55、国主要税种占总税收的比重 Revenue Shares of Major Taxes in China (%)2022-4-734II.4 中国税制面临的挑战中国税制面临的挑战 Challenges for Chinas Tax System Ineffective in redistributing income 不能有效调节收入分配 High Tax Rates 税率过高 Shortage of local government revenue 地方政府财政收入不足 In effective in stimulating consumption 不能有效刺激消费II.4.1 不能有效调节收

56、入再分配不能有效调节收入再分配 Tax System Ineffective in Income redistribution大部分税种不是累进税大部分税种不是累进税 增值税: 最大税种，税率17%，2008年占总税收33% 2009年后属于消费型，原来相当于单一所得税 营 业税：按营业额收, 税率6%，2008年占总税收14% 企业会将税金加入成本，提高价格，消费者不论收入高低，付一样的价格 因此，增值税和营业税都是累退的 个人所得税：不考虑家庭负担,累进税率5%-45%, 占总税收不到7% Most taxes are not progressive VAT：Tax rate 17%, a

57、ccounted for 29% of total tax revenue in 2010 Business Tax: Tax rate 6%, 15% Consumption tax & VAT on imports:14% Domestic Consumption tax: 8% VAT, business tax, consumption tax are regressive 66% Personal income tax: 6.6% Corporate income tax: 17.5% 没有个人财产税、遗产税、赠与税没有个人财产税、遗产税、赠与税 No personal proper

58、ty tax, inheritance tax, gift tax 财产税的理论根据： 特别消费税 资本税或财富税 公共设施使用费，公共服务，如学校、公园、道路、警察等 Rational for property tax: Excise tax Capital tax or wealth tax User fee, provide services to the property, such as schools, parks, roads, police protection, etc 30年代中国进行了一系列财税改革，引入累进的所得税和遗产税等直接税。 2007年联邦财政收入组成年联邦财政

59、收入组成 US Aggregate Federal Receipts by Source 特别消费税 Excise Taxes 3% 遗产和赠与税 Estate and Gift Taxes 1% 公司所得税 Corporate Income Tax 14% 个人所得税 Individual Income Tax 45% 雇佣税(社保） Employment Taxes 34% 其它税 Other Receipts 3% 没有个人财产税、遗产税、赠与税没有个人财产税、遗产税、赠与税 No personal property tax, inheritance tax, gift tax 财产税的

60、理论根据： 特别消费税 资本税或财富税 公共设施使用费，公共服务，如学校、公园、道路、警察等 Rational for property tax: Excise tax Capital tax or wealth tax User fee, provide services to the property, such as schools, parks, roads, police protection, etc 30年代中国进行了一系列财税改革，引入累进的所得税和遗产税等直接税。美国目前没有联邦财产税 2002年 州 政府财产税占总财产税的比重 3.5% 地方政府 96.5%In the U

61、S now, property tax is not a federal tax. In 2002, total $279 billion State governments: $9.7 billion 3.5% Local governments: $269 billion 96.5%美国平均财产税率为 1.4%，其中德克萨斯为 2.6%，加州为0.68%US Federal government estate tax rate美国联邦政府遗产税 Year Exclusion Amount Max/Top tax rate 年年 豁免额豁免额 最高税率最高税率 2001 $675,000 5

62、5% 2002 $1 million 50% 2003 $1 million 49% 2004 $1.5 million 48% 2005 $1.5 million 47% 2006 $2 million 46% 2007 $2 million 45% 2008 $2 million 45% 2009 $3.5 million 45% 2010 repealed 0% 2011 $1 million 55% 中国的税制是利于经济增长的，不利于收入再分配Chinas tax system is growth-oriented, not equality-oriented 从一定意义上讲，中国的税

63、制正式西方主流经济学家所倡导的 In some sense, Chinas tax system is somewhat the tax system US mainstream economists proposed 他们想要更多的储蓄，我们想要更多的消费 They want more savings，we want to more consumption 他们建议增加消费税、减少储蓄税 They suggest more tax on consumption and less on savings增值税 VAT 17%公司所得税 Corporate Income Tax 25%社会保障贡献

64、 Social Security Contributions 28% Wages （20% Retirement，8% Healthcare） 个人所得税 Personal Income Tax 5-45%In the Forbes Tax Misery Index, China Rank No 2 The index based on corporate income tax, personal income tax, wealth tax, social security tax, and sales tax根据福布斯2009年税负痛苦指数，中国内地的税负痛苦指数高居全球第2，仅次于法国。

65、 这个指数的依据包括公司所得税、个人所得税、财富税、雇主及雇员社会保障金及销售税的税率.II.4.2 高税率 High Tax Rates美国公司所得税Federal Corporate Income Tax Rates in the US 2010联邦税联邦税FederalTaxable Income ($)0 to 50,00050,000 to 75,00075,000 to 100,000100,000 to 335,000335,000 to 10,000,00010,000,000 to 15,000,00015,000,000 to 18,333,33318,333,333 an

66、d up税率税率Tax Rate15%25%34%39%34%35%38%35%州州State NebraskaNevadaNew Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico 5.58% 7.81% 0 8.5% 9% 4.8% 6.4% 7.6%$0 $100k0$0$0$0 $500K$1M个人所得税率 Personal Income Tax: 边际税率 Marginal tax rate 香港HK 2-17% 新加坡Singapore 3.5-20% 美国US 10-35% 中国边际税率高 Chinas marginal tax rate is highII.4.3 II.4.3 地方财政收入短缺地方财政收入短缺 Shortage of Local Government Revenues地方政府发挥重要作用的时代已经到来The time for local government to play a more important role has come;中国正在快速城市化，对公共基础设施和其它公共品的需求在增加 China is in the period