语言学概论复习重点题目

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1、语言学概论复习重点题目案!)(附答Lin guistics:I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the stateme nt and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets1. () The study of Ianguage as a whole is oftencalledlin guistics.can be simply defined as s

2、peech sounds we use when speaking Ian guage.A. PhonesB. SoundstheA. particular B. gen eral C. ordinary D. gen erativeC. Phon emes2. ()D. Speech soundssentence are3. () The two clauses in astructurally equal parts of the senten ce.A. simple B. complete C. complex4. () The goal ofis to exploreD. coord

3、 in atethe nature of Ianguage variation and Ianguage use among a variety of speech communities and in differe nt social situati ons.A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C.historical li nguistics D. gen eral li nguistics5. () Avowel is one that is producedwith the front part of the tongue maintai

4、ningthe highest positi on.A. back B. cen tralC. front D. middle6.()The ope n, back and long vowel isA.B.C.D.u7.()Lan guage cha nge is uni versal, con ti nu ous and,to a con siderable exte ntA. regular but not systematic irregular and systematicB.C. regular and systematicD.irregular but systematic8.(

5、)A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on thein vestigati on of Ian guage data.A. symbolic B. systemic C. systematicD. system9.( )semivowels”are sometimes calledA. vowels B. fricativeC. glides D.10.(n asalsis a typical toneIan guage.A. En glishB. Chi neseC. FrenchAmerica n En glish()A sentence i

6、s con sidered11.D.whe n itcon forms to the grammatical kno wledge in the mind of n ative speakers.)The nu mber of the lexical items in the mi nor lexical categories is and no newmembers are allowed for.A. large B. small C. limitlessA. right B. wrong C. grammatical D. un grammaticalD. fixed13.12.)Hum

7、a n beings are the only species that lear ns and acquires Ianguage explicitin structi on.through14.A. with B. without C. within D.)According to F. de Saussure,refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech comm un ity.A. parole B. performa neeC. la ngueD. la nguage15.

8、 () Acoustic phoneticians try to describe the properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues.A. oral B. men talC. physical D.recorded16.17.is con cer ned with all the sounds)that occur in the worlds Ian guages.A. Pho no logyB. Phon eticsMorphology D. Phon emics) transcriptionis reallytran

9、 scripti onrequired and used byphon eticia ns in their study of speech sounds. A. Broad B. DetailedC. WideC.thetheD.Narrow18.)The word “ motel ”isformed viawordC. acronymD.formati on rule ofA. clipp ing B. ble nding19.coin age()If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for“ correct ” behavior, i.

10、e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be.A. productiveB. arbitraryC.prescriptive D. creative20.(21.(), the stress of a compo und alwaysfalls on the first element, while the secondeleme nt receives sec on dary stress.A. Orthographically B. Phonetically Se

11、mantically D. Syntactically)is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the sentence structure of Ian guage.A. Morphology B. SyntaxC. LexicologyC.22.(is a kind of abbreviation)otherwise Ion ger words or phrases.A. Abbreviation B. Acro nym C. Clippofng23.(D. Ble nding)Those that affect the syntactic cat

12、egory and the mea ning of theroot as wellareA. stems B. affixesC. suffixes D.24.(prefixes. )the process by wh new words are formed by the addition affixes to the roots, stems, or words. A. Derivati onB. Compo undingBle ndingD. Back formati onrefers toichofC.D. Coordin ati on25. () Since the pho neti

13、c con trast betwee n /k/ in theword “ kill ” and /k/ in the word “ coal” is not a distinctive one, the two /k/-s are onlyA. phonemesB. phones C. segments26.(D. alloph ones)When /p/ and /b/ occur in the same environments and distinguish meaning, they are in.27.(28.(A. minimal pair phon emic con trast

14、 distributio nB. mi nimal setD.C.compleme ntaryat theend of stems can mo)the meaning of the origi nal word and in man： cases cha nge its part of speech.A. Roots B. Prefixes C. SuffixesFree morphemes)As /k/ in the word “came” and /g/ ina力word gameifyD.theare said to form a disti nctiveoppositi on in

15、En glish, they are.A. sounds B. phonemesC. allophones29.(D. varieties)The sounds produced without the vocal cordsvibrat ing aresoun ds.A. consonantalB. voiced C. vowel D.voiceless30.31.bro()are added to an existi ng form tocreate a word, which is a very comm on way to create new words in En glish.A.

16、 Inflectional affixes B. Free morphemeC. Derivatio nal affixes D. Stems()is a process of sema ntic cha nge inwhich a word loses its former meaning and acquires a n ew, sometimes related meaning. A. Sema ntic n arrowi ng B.ade ning C. Sema ntic borrow ingSema nticD. Semanticshift32.studies howsounds

17、are put33.34.()together to con vey meaning in comm uni cati on. A. Pho no logyB. MorphologyC.Lexicology D. Pho netics)Stress in English is used to semantically important words.A. signal B. stand out C. identifyD.sin gle)refers to the physiological effectof one sound on ano ther.A. Sound assimilatio

18、n B. In ternal borrowi ngC. Elaborati onD. Rule simplificatio n35.()A comp ound word con sists of.A. two or more tha n two wordsB.two morphemesC. two root morphemesD.twoor more morphemes36.()Of all the speech organs, theis/arethemost flexible.A. mouthB. lips C. ton gueD. vocalcords37.()“ alive ” and

19、 “ dead” areA. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC.(;omplemen tary anton ymsD. None of the above38.()The meaning carried by the inflectionalmorpheme is.A. lexicalB. grammaticalC.morphemicD. sema nticII.Directions:Fill in the blanks in each ofthefollowing statements with one word, the first let

20、ter of which is already give n as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed tocha nge the letter give n.1. En glish is an iIan guage.2. The affixes occurring at the beginning of a word arecalled p.3. IPA sta nds for In ter nati onal Phon etic A.4. The pho nemic feat

21、ures that occur above the level ofthe segme nts are called sfeatures.5. Cis a process of combi ning two or morewords into one lexical un it.6. Pstudies Ianguage in relation to themind.7. Human capacity for Ianguage has a gbasis,but the details of Ianguage have to be taught and lear ned.8. If a lingu

22、istic study describes and analyzes theIanguage people actually use, it is said to be d.9. Pis in terested in the system of sounds ofa particular Ian guage.10. Fmorphemes are in depe ndent un its ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves.11. Bis a process of forming a new word by comb ining

23、parts of other words.12. An En glish speaker and Chin ese speaker are both able to use a Ianguage, but they are not mutually intelligible. This is a case of c tran smissi on.13.14.15.distributi on means thattheallophones of the same phoneme always occur in differe nt phon etic en viro nmen ts.a rr-I

24、 b I“力“力“力“ g 力“Affixes like im- , il- , un- , -tion , -or“ -hood” , are called daffixes.The two clauses in a complex sentencethe other.Moder nlin guisticsgives priority toform of lan guage.A bound r can never stand byalthough it bears clear, definite meaning.Language is pin that it makes possibleco

25、nstruction and interpretation of new signals its users.oldun equal status, one s,16.17.18.theitselftheby19.occur at the begi nning of a word and suffixes at the end.20. Historicallin guists are concerned with thehistorical d of Ianguages and theprocesses in volved in Ian guage cha nge.21. Lin guisti

26、cs is gen erally defi ned as the sstudy of Ian guage.22. Dmeans that Ianguage can be used to23.24.25.2627.refer to thi ngs which prese nt or not prese nt, real or imagi ned matters in the past, prese nt , or future, or in faraway places.The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the s

27、tructure of a sentence is l.Lying across the glottis are the vcords,which are not really cords or strings as the name in dicates, but two membra nes.Sis the sub-discipli ne of lin guistics thatstudies the social significance of Ianguage variation and Ianguage use in different speech communities in c

28、ludi ng regi on al, eth nic and social groups.Iaffixes manifest various grammaticalrelati ons or grammatical categories such as n umber, degree, and case.A dstudy of Ianguage is a historicalstudy; it studies the historical development of Ianguage over a period of time.28. In terms of morphemic an al

29、ysis, ccanbe viewed as the comb in ati on of two or sometimes more tha n two words to create new words.29. An acronym is a word created by combining theletters of a n umber of words.30 The description of a Ianguage as it changes through time is a dstudy.The study of all these social aspects of Ian g

30、uage and its relati on with society is known as s.O, a compound can be written as oneword with or without a hyphen in between, or as two separate words.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as i_ The long vowels

31、are all t31.32.33.34.vowels and the35.short vowels are lvowels.A scomm un ity is a group of people whoform a comm unity and share the same Ian guage or a particular variety of Ian guage.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segme nt which occurs in the same place i

32、n the strings, the two words are said to form a mpair.37. Lan guage is a system of aused for huma n comm uni cati on.vocal symbols38. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a f verb or a verb phrase.Chomsky defi nes compete nee as the ideal users kof the

33、rules of his Ian guage.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in comm on, i.e, they are all b.Mis a branch of grammar whichstudies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Scan be defi ned as the study of meaning.The39.40.41.42.43.d_refers to.44.theconcep

34、tualist view holds that there is no link between a linguistic form and what itRreal, physical world; it deals with the relati on shipmeans what a lin guistic form refers to inbetween the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experie nee.45. Words that are close in meanings.46. When two

35、words are identical indifferent in spelling and meaning, they h.are calledsound, but are called47. R opposites are pairs of words thatexhibit the reversal of a relati on ship betwee n the two items.sentence consists of a single clause48. A swhich contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone a

36、s its own senten ce.49. A smay be a noun or a noun phrase isentence that usually precedes the predicate.for川.Directions: Judge whether each of the follow ng statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F false in the brackets in front of each stateme nt.butanyis1. () Modern linguistics is mostly

37、 descriptive,sometimes prescriptive.2. () Distinctive features are the same toIan guage.3. () One of the clauses in a coordi nate sentencethesubord in ate to the other.4.()In English and many other Ianguages, subject usually follows the verb and the direct object usually precedes the verb.)The most

38、vigorous and on going cha nge in the historical development of a Ianguage is the cha nge in its vocabulary.8.( speech soun ds.9. (unit of Ian guage.10.11.12.13.(rules.)Historical linguistics studies Ianguage change )Lan guage is a social activity carried out in a certa in social en vir onment by hum

39、a n beings.)A synchronic study of Ian guage is a historical study.)The structure of words is not governedby6. () SLA sta nds for sec ond Ian guage acquisiti on.7. () The writing system of any Ianguage is always alater inven ti on, used to record the speech.)Both pho no logy and pho netics are studie

40、s of )The root of a word is the smallest meaningful14.the)Epenthesis is a change that involves in serti on of a consonant or a vowel sound to the middle of a word.15.)Language is vocal becausethe primarymedium is sound for all la nguages.16study of the is concerned()Pho no logy is defi ned as thepho

41、nic medium of Ianguage; it with all the sounds that occur in the worldsIan guages.17. () Depe nding on the con text in which stress isconsidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and sentence stress.18.19.()WH moveme nt is obligatory in En glish whichchanges a sentence from affirmative in

42、terrogative.()Morphology and syntaxstudy thetosameaspect of Ian guage.20.only words be said towith21.22.23.24.)Stress is a relative notion;two or more syllables canword stress, and mono syllabic words can not be said to have word stress.ave)Free morphemes are the same as bound morphemes.)Lan guage c

43、ha nge is differe nt from the cha nge in the grammar.)An acronym is a shortened form of a word o phrase which represe nts the complete form )Some Ianguages are more challenging(uire as a n ative Ian guage.25. () The ultimate objective of Ian guage is to creategrammatically well formed senten ces.26.

44、 () Suffixes, i n con trast with prefixes, are addedacqto28.wide range of things, free fromcaused by separation in time and29.30.place.)Wheninformation, thoughts and feelings from one pers on to ano ther or as an attempt to con trol each others behavior, we thi nk that Ian guage is now fun cti oning

45、as a means ofin trapers onal comm uni cati on.)A scientific study of Ianguage is based onIanguage users use it to convey(what the lin guist thi nks.31.32.)The location of one of the suprasegmental features in En glish stress does dist in guish meaning.) Most English words are closed categoriesbecaus

46、e the number of the lexical items into the end of stems.27. () Sound assimilatio n refers to the physiologicaleffect of one sound on ano ther.()It is the property of arbitrariness thatprovides speakers with an opport unity to talk about a barriersthese categories is fixed and no new members are allo

47、wed for, so they are known as major33.(34. (35. (36. (37. (38. (39. (lexical categories.)Language as the most important tool for huma n comm uni cati on is both an ope n system and a closed system as well. It is closed because its forms in terms of sentences are regular, stable and con text free. It

48、 is ope n because of its being variable, and con text sen sitive.)What any in dividual speaker says with in the same speech community is known as idiolect.)A coordinate sentence contains two clauses which hold unequal status, that is, with one subordi nati ng the other.)It seems that with the help o

49、f Ian guage people may “think ” better, and here it is believed that Ianguage is exerting its function of in terpers onal comm uni cati on.)Gen eral li nguistics studies the basic con cepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study.)Languages vary in the order o

50、f the subject, the verb and the object.)The distinction between Saussures Iangueand Chomskys compete nee lies in that the former is a matter of social conven ti ons while40.41.42.43.44.45.46.the latter emphasizes the property of the mind of each in dividual.()Words are the smallest unit of Ian guage

51、 thatcan not be broken down into even smaller comp onen ts.()Blending is a process of combining two ormore words into one lexical un it.()Phonetics deals with how sounds are puttogether and used to con vey meaning.()Lin guistic performa nee is esse ntially a socialphe nome non but not a con text dep

52、e ndent behavior.()There are actually many othercomm uni cative systems rather tha n huma n Ian guage that are also rule gover ned.()Morphology is divided into threesub-bra nches:in flecti onalmorphology,lexical morphology andderivati onalmorphology.()In some sense we may use the termdiachr onic lin

53、 guistics in stead of historical47. (48. (49. (50. (51. (52. (53. (54. (55. (lin guistics.)The greatest source of modification of the air stream is found in the oral cavity.)Both phono logy and pho netics are studies of sound though they have differe nt emphases.)Gen erally speak ing, the sta ndard

54、Ian guage is more effective in expressing ideas than any other dialect coexisting with it.)Major lexical categories are ope n categories.)The most dramatic morphological loss concerns the loss of gen der markings only.)In modern linguistic studies, the written form of Ianguage is given more emphasis

55、 than the spoke n form for a n umber of reas ons.)Voic ing is a phono logical feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and En glish.)The compo und word bookstore is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compo und is the sum total of the meanings of its comp o

56、nen ts.)Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as BritishEn glish and America n En glish but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, with in British En glish or America n En glish.)Sense is concerned with the relati on ship the56. (between the lingu

57、istic element and non-linguistic world of experienee, while the refere nee deals with the in here nt meaning of the lin guistic form.57. () Lin guistic forms hav ing the same sense mayhave differe nt refere nces in differe nt situati ons.58. () In semantics, meaning of Ianguage iscon sidered as the

58、intrin sic and in here nt relation to the physical world of experienee.IV. Explain the following terms briefly:1. Design feature: Design features refer to the defi ningproperties of huma n Ian guage thatdisti nguish it from any ani malsystem ofcomm uni cati on,such as arbitrari ness,duality,creativi

59、ty, displaceme nt, cultural tran smissi on, etc.2. Synchronic: a kind of description which take fixed in sta nt (usually, but not n ecessarily, the prese nt), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kin d.3. Diachronic: study of a Ianguage is carried through the course of its history.

60、4. Prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. lay ing dow n rules for Ian guage use.5. Descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described.6. Arbitrari ness: one desig n feature of huma n Ian guage, which refers to the fact that the form