Life Cycle Costing Guidelines.docx

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1、Life Cycle Cost Analysis Guidelines2010Iowa Office of Energy IndependenceWallace State Office Building502 East Ninth StreetDes Moines, Iowa 50319 (515) 725-0431Fax (515) 725-0438Intentionally left blankSection 1: Professional CertificationThe first form required is the Certificate of Responsibility

2、(refer to the following page). The report must be certified by either a registered Architect or a licensed Professional Engineer in Iowa.Iowa has adopted the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code as its energy code for commercial buildings, so this is the base case for each alternative studied

3、. The analyst is to answer the question at the bottom of the form to verify that all design options in the report comply with the energy code.Certificate of ResponsibilityProfessional EngineerSEALI hereby certify that this engineering document was prepared by me or under my direct personal supervisi

4、on and that I am a duly licensed Professional Engineer under lhe laws of the State of Iowa.(signature)(date)Printed or typed nameMy license renewal date is December 31,.Pages or sheets covered by this seal:Registered ArchitectSEALI hereby certify that the portion of this technical submission describ

5、ed below was prepared by me or under my direct supervision and responsible charge. I am a duly registered architect under the laws of the state of Iowa.Printed or typed nameSignatureDateRegistration ExpiresDate IssuedPages or sheets covered by this seal:YesNoDo the designs in this report meet Iowa e

6、nergy code requirements as adopted from the 2009 International Energy Conservation Code?Section 2: Executive SummaryThe Executive Summary is to include: an explanation of the purpose of the report a summary of important findings of the reporta description of important assumptions and special design

7、considerations used in the analysis system selection recommendations based on lowest life cycle cost Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Summary formThe Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Summary form must be provided in the Executive Summary (refer to the next page). The Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Summary form tabulates

8、the findings of each system alternative evaluated in the report and provides the derivation for the annual energy budget for the base case and for the facility alternatives yielding the lowest life cycle cost. The derivation of the annual energy budget should not double count energy consumption data

9、, such as lighting energy that is often also included in HVAC system energy consumption calculations.Life Cycle Cost Analysis Guidelines -2010Life Cycle Cost Analysis SummarySystemDescriptionOption NumberElectricity (kWh)Natural Gas (Therms)Annual mmBtuAnnualEnergy Cost ($)EUI(Btu/sq.ft./year)Life C

10、ycle Cost ($)Initial Cost ($)Lighting / ElectricalDomesticHot WaterBuildingEnvelopeHVACSystemsElectricityGenerationNotes:1. Designate each recommended system (which is the system with the lowest life cycle cost).2. The Base Case are the systems with the lowest initial cost.Base Case TotalsRecommende

11、d Systems TotalsDifference (Base Case minus Recommended)Building Areasquare feetSection 3: Project Summary InformationThe second form required is the Project Summary Information form (refer to the following page). The form is divided into four areas including a project summary, a listing of institut

12、ion and design professional contact information, and a description of special design considerations or constraints.The project summary section includes general information about the building as well as specific building design information. Fill in notes pertaining to the following: Building TypeBuil

13、ding Square Footage Number of FloorsEstimated Number of Occupants Slab-on-grade? Partially below grade? Mechanical cooling? Renewable resources used? On-site electric generation? Estimated annual occupancy hoursThe next two sections are to provide project contact information (including support staff

14、) involved in the report preparation.The final section provides space to describe special design considerations requested by the institution or constraints that limit the choice of design alternatives. Design constraints that affect system alternatives selection must be documented here as well as in

15、 the report documentation.Project Summary InformationProject SummaryProject Name Institution Name City State Zip Building Type Building Square Footage Number of Floors Estimated Number of Occupants Slab-on-grade? Partially below grade? Mechanical cooling? Renewable resources used? On-site electric g

16、eneration? Estimated annual occupancy hours Institution ContactContact Person TitleEmail Address City State Zip Telephone Fax Design Professional ContactsArchitectural Firm Architect Name TitleSupport Staff Name TitleEmail Address City State Zip Telephone Fax Engineering Firm Engineer Name TitleSupp

17、ort Staff Name TitleEmail Add ress City State Zip Telephone Fax Special Design Considerations Section 4: Assumptions FormThe Assumptions Form provides a central location for documenting assumptions made in the analysis (refer to the next page). Assumptions regarding initial energy rates used in the

18、analysis are to be provided. The energy rates should be entered for both summer and winter, as applicable. In the case of on-site electricity generation, this should also include information about utility buyback rates.The next area provides a location to document other assumptions made in the analy

19、sis. Examples of other assumptions include the quantity of domestic hot water used annually, and maintenance costs.The final area on the Assumptions Form provides a location to document references used. These references include, but are not limited to, those used to perform calculations and those us

20、ed to estimate construction costs. Additional pages may be added as necessary to list all of the assumptions and references.Assumptions FormEstimated Average Initial Fuel Costs:Natural Gas ($/Therm)Electricity ($/kWh)Electricity ($/kW Demand)Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) ($/gal)Other (Specify)Assump

21、tions Relating to Fuel CostsSummerWinterOther Assumptions1.2. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzmzzzzzzzzzzzzzz3. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzReferences1.3. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzSection 5: Discount Factor SummaryFactors used in the report are to be recorded in the Discount Factor Summary form (refer t

22、o the next page). As mentioned previously, these factors are from the annual supplement to Handbook 135 Energy Price Indices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis from U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) for Iowa. This document is updated and posted e

23、ach April.Intentionally left blankDiscount Factor SummaryDiscount Factor SummarySample data from ASHB07.pdf (3.0% Discount Rate (DOE)YearTable ReferencesA-1 nonfuel SPV factorA-2 nonfuel UPV factorBa-2 fuel UPV factor (Commercial)ElectricNaturalGas25*0.47817.4117.6714.89Section 6: Life-Cycle Cost An

24、alysisThe life cycle cost calculations for each alternative are presented in this section of the report. The forms provided in Appendix A of these guidelines are the preferred reporting method. A set of forms are to be presented for each case. These forms come from Appendix B of the Life-Cycle Costi

25、ng Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program, National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST) Handbook 135, 1995 Edition. This manual can be ordered or downloaded on the internet as mentioned previously. Directions for the use of each form are presented on the adjoining pages in Append

26、ix B.The analysis of each system (domestic hot water, lighting, envelope, HVAC, and electricity generation) should begin with a base case that would be expected to provide the lowest installed cost that still meets the energy code but, due to lower efficiency, usually result in high operating. The o

27、ther options should provide a tradeoff of higher installed cost for lower operating and (potentially) lower life cycle costs. In each case, the system with the lowest life cycle cost must be recommended.Domestic Hot WaterEvaluate three domestic hot water systems and document the rationale to justify

28、 their consideration for the facility. Systems selection could compare varying efficiency levels, systems using different fuels, a central system versus a distributed system, a solar- assisted versus a non-assisted system, a variety of control strategies, or large central equipment versus a modular

29、installation, for example.LiahtinaEvaluate three lighting systems for the primary use of the building (classrooms for example) and document the rationale to justify their consideration for the facility. Include a variety of lamp types, ballast features, and control strategies. The analysis may also

30、require the study of secondary use lighting (such as for gymnasiums and for parking lots, for example).Buildinq EnvelopeEvaluate three building thermal envelopes and document the rationale to justify their consideration for the facility. Building envelope parameters may vary wall and roof insulation

31、 type and thickness, and window type.HVAC SystemEvaluate three HVAC systems and document the rationale to justify their consideration for the facility. The design alternatives recommended previously for the domestic hot water system, lighting system, and building thermal envelope should be used in t

32、he analysis of the envelope and HVAC systems. HVAC system parameters may vary system type, central and modular equipment, distribution system type, control strategies, etc.Each mechanical system alternative must be different. Three variations of essentially the same system is unacceptable. For examp

33、le three variations of geothermal heat pumps do not provide a fair analysis of other viable solutions. Therefore, three different HVAC design alternatives must be evaluated.OnSite Electricity GenerationWhen applicable, use all of the recommended building systems to evaluate three design alternatives

34、 for on-site electricity generation. Potential alternatives include engine generators, micro-turbines, fuel cells, steam turbines, wind turbines, solar arrays (photovoltaic systems), etc. In the case of wind turbine electricity generation, refer to the Offices current version of the Wind Feasibility

35、 Study Guidelines.Recommended SystemsBriefly note each of the recommended systems, however, most of this discussion should be provided in the Executive Summary. The set of combined systems should be used to find the detailed energy use prediction on the Life-Cycle Cost Analysis form in the Executive

36、 Summary.Section 7: AppendixThe report appendix is to include supporting information. The contents of the appendix should include sketches of the planned building layout, energy use calculations, and any other pertinent information necessary to document the justification for the recommendations that

37、 are made.Intentionally left blankGuideline AppendicesIntentionally left blankAppendix ALife Cycle Cost Analysis FormsIntentionally left blankLIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS1. PROJECT IDENTIFICATIONPROJECT TITLEF LOCATIONDoE REGIONBASE DATE.SERVICE DATE.DESIGN FEATURE,CONSTHAINTSTYPE OF STUDY: X Energy and

38、_ OtherWater Conservation &(OMB A-94)Renewable Resources(FEMP)BASE CASE AND ALTERNATIVES FOR LCC ANALYSIS(A)(B)AnalystPhoneDate of StudyTable of ContentsIntroductionWhen RequiredTiming of a Life-Cycle Cost AnalysisReview and Approval ProcedureTechnical RequirementsIncremental Financing4Analysis Proc

39、edure5Resources6Standard Format for Life Cycle Cost Reports7Section 1: Professional Certification9Section 2: Executive Summary113579999900111111112235799999001111111122Section 3: Project Summary InformationSection 4: Assumptions FormSection 5: Discount Factor SummarySection 6: Life-Cycle Cost Analys

40、isDomestic Hot WaterLightingBuilding EnvelopeHVAC SystemsOn-Site Electric GenerationRecommended SystemsSection 7: Appendix21Guideline Appendices23Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Forms25A. Equipment Service Lives33This booklet was prepared with a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). However, anyo

41、pinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s), and donot necessarily reflect the view of the DOE.1. Project IdentificationINSTRUCTIONSStep 1. PROJECT IDENTIFICATIONEnter project name and fiscal year. Enter location. Enter DoE region (from Annual Suppl

42、ement). Enter Base Date and Service Date. Enter design feature to be evaluated. List constraints. Add page if needed. Designate study as energy conservation study or OMB study.Step 2. BASE CASE AND ALTERNATIVESGive title and brief description of base case and alternatives to be analyzed.Step 3. GENE

43、RAL INFORMATIONEnter name of analyst, telephone number, and date study was completed.LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS3. INPUT DATA SUMMARYProject TitleAlt. IDTYPE OF COST OR BENEFIT (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)One-Time Amounts$-Amount on BD $x1O3LJ $x106JYears fromInvestment- related?Data SourceDiff. Esc. RateDisc

44、ount Factor TableBDSDYesNoNo.Annually Recurring Amounts$-Amount on BD $x103U $x106UNumber of Payments fromInvestment- related?Data SourceDiff. Esc. RateDiscount Factor TableSDYesNoNo.Water:Energy:Diff. Esc. Rates for ENERGY Projects Embedded in Discount FactorsBD = Base Date SD = Service Date3. Inpu

45、t Data SummaryINSTRUCTIONSStep 1. IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVE Enter project title and identification data for alternative from Project Identification worksheet.Step 2. ANALYSIS INPUT DATACol. (1) Enter types of costs or benefits as of the Base Date (BD): One-time amounts:Examples: Planning/Constru

46、ction (P/C) or Acquisition Costs Capital Replacement CostsMajor Repair Costs Disposal Costs Resale, Retention, or Salvage ValueNote:P/C or Acquisition Costs may be assumed to occur in a lump sum at thebeginning of the study period. All other one-time costs are assumed to occur at any time during the

47、 analysis period, the specific time depending on when they are actually expected to occur.Annually recurring amounts:Examples: Routine OM&R Costs and Custodial Costs Energy Costs: Electricity, distillate, residual, etc. Water CostsCol. (2) Enter $-amounts as of the Base Date. (Designate as thousands

48、 or millions.)Col. (3) For one-time amounts, enter the number of years after the Base Date (BD) and Service Date (SD) for which the costs or benefits occur.For annually recurring amounts, enter the number of annual payments expected over the length of the study period.Col. (4) Designate as investmen

49、t-related or non-investment-related.Col. (5) List data sources on a separate sheet and enter references here.Col. (6) Enter differential escalation rates(s) for costs other than energy, if applicable.Col. (7) Enter number of appropriate Discount Factor Table (for region, fuel type, sector, discount

50、rate, differential escalation rate) from Annual Supplement to Handbook 135.LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS4. PRESENT-VALUE CALCULATIONSProject TitleAlt. ID(1) INVESTMENT- RELATED AMOUNTS(2) $-Amount on BD $x 103U $x106U(3) Discount Factor(4) Present Value (4) = (2)x (5) PV TOTALS(5) = Summation of (4) by t

51、ypeInitialInvestmentSCapitalReplacements + SDisposalCosts+ SSalvage/Resale Value- STOTAL INV.-RELATED COSTSSOPERATION-RELATED AMOUNTS$-Amount on BD $ x 103 J Sx106UDiscount FactorPresent Value (4) = (2)x(3)Annual OM&R$Non-AnnualOM&R+ $Energy+Water+OtherTOTALOPERATION-$REL. COSTS$TOTAL PV LIFE-CYCLE

52、COSTS=$BD = Base DatePresent-Value CalculationsINSTRUCTIONSStep 1. IDENTIFICATION OF ALTERNATIVES Enter project name and identification data for base case or alternative.Step 2. PRESENT VALUE CALCULATIONCol. (1) Enter costs and benefits by category (investment-related or operation-related).Col. (2)

53、Enter $-amounts as of the Base Date, from column (2) of Input Data Summary.Col. (3) Enter discount factors from tables identified in column (7) of Input Data Summary.Col. (4) Multiply $-amount (column (2) by discount factor (column (3) and enter present value in column (4).Step 3. LIFE-CYCLE COST CA

54、LCULATIONCol. (5) Sum all investment-related costs (including resale, retention, or salvage values, if any, that have to be subtracted from costs). Enter in box. Sum all operation-related costs and enter in box. Add total investment-related costs and total operation- related costs from boxes and ent

55、er Total PV Life-Cycle Costs for alternative in bottom part of worksheet.Appendix BEquipment Service LivesRecommended Economic Lifetimes of Various Mechanical SystemsEQUIPMENT ITEMECONOMIC LIFE(yrs)absorption liquid chilling system20air compressors20air conditioner single package, air-cooled, hermet

56、ic10air conditioner with remote air-cooled condenser10air-cooled single package air conditioner, hermetic10air-cooled split system air conditioners10air handling units horizontal and vertical20-25air side equipment20boilers20-25burners10central station units20centrifugal chillers20-30centrifugal com

57、pressors, multistage30centrifugal compressors, single stage20centrifugal liquid chilling systems20-30chillers, absorption20chillers, reciprocating, up to 150 TR12chillers, reciprocating, 150 TR and up14coils, heating and coolingindefinitecomm, air conditioners, remote a.c. condenser10comm, water-coo

58、led conditioners, single package10compressors, reciprocating v/w, hermetic12compressors, reciprocating v/w, open14compressor units, vertical single-acting30condensers, evaporative, ammonia20condensers, evaporative20condensers, horizontal shell and tube, ammonia20condensers, horizontal shell and tube

59、20condensers, remote air-cooled12condensing units, reciprocating v/w, hermetic12condensing units, reciprocating v/w, open14condensing units, vertical single-acting30controls, electric and pneumatic20cooling coilsindefinitecooling towers, masonry fill45cooling towers, metal fill15-20cooling towers, w

60、ood fill15-20diesel engines10-12electric furnaces10continuedEQUIPMENT ITEMECONOMIC LIFE(yrs)electric heating, add on10electric motors20-25evaporative condensers20evaporators, ammonia30evaporators, pinned coil, ammonia20evaporators, spiral pinned, ammonia20fans, backward curved (airfoil)20fans, coil

61、multiple space conditions20fans, coil multiple space conditions20fan coil room conditions20fans, forward curved20fans, utility sets20float regulators, high pressure, ammonia30float regulators, low pressure, ammonia30furnaces, gas fired10furnaces, oil fired10gas fired furnaces10gasoline engines10heat pumps, single package, air-to-air20*heat pumps, single package, water-to-air20*heat pumps, split system, air-to-air20*hermetic year-round air conditioners14