高中动名词与现在分词个性化讲义

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1、 金牌教练 助力一生学科教师辅导教案1 / 22 优学教育学科教师辅导教案讲义编号 lxh-lqb 006 学员编号：yx5-lqb049 年 级：高三 课时数：1课时学员姓名：刘权斌 辅导科目：英语 学科教师：李晓慧课 题高考英语语法精讲非谓语动词精讲与练习 授课日期及时段2013年 月 日 教学目的1. 掌握非谓语动词的概念2. 熟练运用非谓语动词之动名词教学内容高考英语语法精讲现在分词与动名词的区别现在分词与动名词统称为-ing 形式,但在意义和用法上还是有一些区别。掌握这些细微的区别，对于准确理解句子的意思还是有帮助的。 一、现在分词的基本用法分词的用法主要要掌握三点：1、分词已经转化

2、为形容词，强调事物的某个特点。例如：He is a promising young man. 他是一个有前途的年轻人。What you said is really inspiring. 你所说的真令从鼓舞。2、分词(包括分词短语) 仍然保留的正在进行时的特点，侧重于正在进行的特点。例如：Make less noise. Theres a sleeping child. 声音小点，有个孩子正在睡觉。The young man sitting between John and Mary is the editorof the campus newspaper. 坐在约翰和玛丽之间的那个年轻小伙子

3、是校园报的编辑。Those wishing to join this club should sign here. (正在)想加入本俱乐部的人在这里签名。The man, having been disturbed so badly, almost lost his memory. 由于正被严重困扰，这个人几乎失去了记忆。Any one having passed the test has got a prize. 任何通过考试的人都能得到一份奖品。I sometimes hear a girl singing downstairs. 有时我听到楼下有一个小姑娘在唱歌。3、分词短语相当于一个状

4、语从句。Arriving in Paris, I lost my way. 到了巴黎的时候，我迷了路。（时间）When crossing the street,do be careful. 过马路时要小心。Having lived in London for years, I almostk now every place quite well. 在伦敦住过多年，我几乎对每个地方都很熟悉。（原因）Football is played in more than 80 countries, making it a popular sport. 80多个国家都踢足球，因此足球成了一种很流行的运动。（

5、结果）I stood by the door, not daring to say a word. 我站在门旁，不敢说一句话。（方式）Being more careful, you can make fewer mistakes. 如果更细心，你会犯更少的错误。（条件）Once losing this chance, you cant easily find it. 一旦失去这次机会你就很难找回。He lay there thinking, with his hands behind his head. 他躺在那里思考着，双手放在头下。4、含有现在分词的独立主格结构，实际上也相当于一个状语从句

6、。All the tickets having been sold out,we had to wait for the next weeks show. 因为所有的票都卖出去了，我们只好等着看下周的演出。The football match (being) over, crowds of people poured out into the street. 足球赛结束后，人群便涌到大街上。Nobody (being) in,I didnt enter the hall. 因为里面没有人，我没进大厅。The river looks more beautiful, with flowers an

7、d grass growing on both sides. 这条河看上去更加漂亮，因为两岸长满了鲜花和绿草。二、动名词的基本用法动名词最大的特点，是它已经转化为一个表示某种活动或是某件事情的名词，因而它和名词一样可以作主语、表语、宾语。1、作主语(表示一件事)。例如： Breathing became difficult at that altitude. 在那个海拔高度呼吸变得很困难。Reading English aloud in the morning will do you a lot of good. 早晨朗读英文会给你带来许多好处。注 动名词作主语时，也常用It is 和Ther

8、e is 两种句型。例如：It is no use waiting for him any longer. 等他是没有用的。There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no littering about. 不许乱扔杂物。2、作表语(表示一件事)His part-time job is promoting new products for the company. 他的业余工作是为那家公司推销新产品。 Reading is for sure learning, but applying is also learning to

9、 a greater extent. 读书当然是学习，然而运用在很大程度上更是学习。Their task is exploring oil mines in the west. 他们的任务是在西部探查油矿。3、作宾语(表示一件事)He managed to escape suffering from the disease. 他设法避免患那种疾病。 I like playing chess with you , but not today . 我喜欢和你下棋，但不是今天。When did you begin learning (to learn) English? 你什么时候开始学英文的？He

10、 is fond of watching sports-games. 他喜欢观看体育竞赛。 Thank you for offering me so much help. 感谢你们给我提供了这么多的帮助。 I regret having said some rude words to my brother. 我后悔对我弟弟说了些粗话。 We have no idea of their having done such kind of thing. 我们不知道他们干过这种事情。 4、动名词可以有被动语态。例如：People hate being praised for nothing . 人们不

11、喜欢无缘无故的赞扬。The problem is far from being solved . 这问题远没得到解决。She didnt mind being left alone at home . 她不介意被一人留在家里。5、作定语动名词作定语，侧重于“用途”。例如：swimming pool 游泳池 reading material 阅读材料walking stick 手杖 opening speech 开幕词 listening aid 助听器 waiting room 候车室三、现在分词与动名词的区别根据上面的分析，我们可以概括出两者的区别。1、作定语的区别现在分词侧重正在进行的状态

12、，动名词强调它的用途。例如： sleeping dogs（现在分词，正在睡觉的狗) running water 自来水 （现在分词，正在流动的水）a running boy（现在分词，正在跑动的男孩）sleeping pills（动名词，用于安眠的药丸。）waiting room 候车室（动名词，用于候车的地方）The girl standing there is Wang Hua. 正站在那儿的女孩是王华。(现在分词)A little child learning to walk often falls. 正在学走路的小孩经常摔倒。(现在分词)2、作表语的区别分词作表语强调特点，动名词则表示

13、一件事。The story is interesting. （现在分词，强调故事有趣。）The match is exciting. （现在分词，强调比赛令人激动。）Laying eggs is her full-time job. （动名词，表示一件事。)The only thing that interests GiGi is drawing.（动名词，表示一件事。）3、动名词可以作主语、宾语，分词不行。His coming was unexpected. （动名词，表示一件事，作主语。）Do you mind my smoking here? （动名词，表示一件事，作宾语。）I admi

14、re the woman finishing the report.（现在分词，作定语，表示特点。） I admire the womans finishing the report.（动名词短语，作宾语，表示一件事。）All the tickets having been sold out,we had to wait for the next weeks show. （现在分词，相当于一个时间状语从句。）He lay there thinking, with his hands behind his head. （现在分词，相当于一个伴随状语从句。）注意: 分词不能做主语. 无论是现在分词

15、还是过去分词.做主语要用动名词.例如:Honey, why not bring alone some skincare cream for the trip?_to sunlight in Hainan will surely burn your skin.A. After having been exposedB. Being exposedC. ExposedD. Having exposed解析: A, C, 为分词不能做主语. D选项中expose 为及物动词,缺少宾语,也排除.非谓语动词顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。包括：不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。-ing分词1

16、. -ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式（以do为例）：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done-ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如：Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait.不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。2. -ing分词

17、的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(bein

18、g done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-i

19、ng分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)ing分词（短语）作主语：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Saying is easier th

20、an doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。2) -

21、ing分词（短语）作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。3) -ing分词作宾语：ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I dont think it possible living in such a

22、cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。They dont feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter.他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。 此类短语还有很多。如：look fo

23、rward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, be responsible for（对负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thankfor（因而道谢）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（献身于）, set about

24、（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, be afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做）, be interested in（对感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对感到羞愧）等等。注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游

25、戏。What can prevent us (from) getting married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children.除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。On hearin

26、g the news, all the pupils jumped with joy.听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。4) -ing分词作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring s

27、peech令人乏味的演出-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself.歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。When she

28、appeared, John, wearing a dirty and worn-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。5) -ing分词做状语：-ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures, she rem

29、embered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年。-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。ing分词短语作结果状语。如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。She w

30、as so angry that she threw the toy on the ground, breaking it into pieces.她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly.年轻人跟在老人的后面

31、开始慢慢地走起来。-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一个状语从句。如：A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small.一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：Hi

32、s hair became grey with the years passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。6) -ing分词作补语：-ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：I noticed a man r

33、unning out of the bank when I got off the car.我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人

34、们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。5. -ing分词的复合结构： -ing分词的复合结构通常由物主代词、人称代词宾格、名词所有格或者名词的普通格+-ing分词构成，在句子开头时必须用物主代词和名词所有格，通常在句中作主语和宾语。如：His coming made us very happy. 他的到来使我们大家都很高。He was awakened by someones knocking at the door. 他被某人的敲门声吵醒了。1. ing分词作主语和表语时与不定式的区别： -ing分词和动词不定式作主语和表语的主要区别在于：在表示比较抽象的一般的多次性行为时多用-ing分词；在表示具

35、体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。如：Smoking is forbidden here. （泛指吸烟）这里禁止吸烟。Its not good for you to smoke so much. （指你吸烟）吸这么多烟对你的身体不好。My job is teaching. 我的工作是教书。My job is to teach you English this term. 我这一学期的工作是教你们英语。2. 高中阶段能接-ing分词作宾语的常见动词： mind（介意）, suggest（建议）, enjoy（欣赏，）, admit（承认）, appreciate（感激，欣赏）,

36、 avoid（避免）, delay（推迟）, dislike（不喜欢，厌恶）, escape（逃脱）, finish（完成）, forgive（宽恕）, imagine（想象）, keep（保持）, miss（错过）, practise（训练）, resist（抵抗，抵制）, risk（冒险）, deny（拒绝，否认）, consider（考虑）等。3. 有些动词既能接不定式，又能接-ing分词，含义有所不同。如：forget, remember, regret等词后面接不定式表示不定式动作后于谓语动作，而后接-ing分词作宾语表示分词动作先于谓语动作。如：Do you remember se

37、eing me before? 你记得以前见过我吗？Remember to lock the door when you leave. 离开时要记得锁门。动词mean, stop, try, go on等动词后面接分词和接不定式作宾语，意思也有所不同。如：I try not to think about that. 我尽量不去想那件事。Would you please try doing that again? 请你再试一次好吗？I mean to change it for another one. 我想换成另外一个。Missing the train means waiting for a

38、nother hour. 误了这班车就意味着再等一个小时。Having finished the exercises, we went on to learn the new words in the next unit.做完练习以后，我们继续学习下一单元的单词。After a short rest, they went on working. 短暂地休息以后，他们又继续工作。He stopped talking when the bell rang. 铃响的时候，他停止了讲话。While working, he stopped to talk with Tom at times. 工作的时候

39、，他不时地停下来和汤姆谈话。注意：有时人们把stop后的动词不定式理解为目的状语。动词allow, advise, forbid, permit等可直接跟-ing分词作宾语，不可以接动词不定式作宾语，但可接不定式作宾语补语。如： Please permit me to say a few words. 请允许我说几句话。We dont permit smoking here. 我们这儿不允许吸烟。动词need, require, want作“需要”解时，后面接-ing分词或不定式的被动式。如：The room wants cleaning/to be cleaned. 这个房间需要打扫。The

40、se little children require looking after carefully/to be looked after carefully.这些小孩需要细心地照料。动词like, hate, prefer等后面，如表示一般性动作，多用-ing分词；如指特定的具体的某次动作，多用不定式。如： I like swimming, but I dont like to swim with you. 我喜欢游泳，但我不喜欢和你一起游泳。I prefer walking to school every day. 我情愿每天步行去学校。I prefer to stay at home t

41、oday. 今天我情愿呆在家里。动词begin, start后面，如表示有意识地开始做某事，常用-ing分词，否则用不定式更多一些。如：We began to do that job last year. 我们去年开始做那工作的。 They started talking about the film at once. 他们立刻开始谈论那部电影。注：下面几种情况多用不定式作宾语：a. 当start, begin本身用于进行时态时。When the teacher came into the room, he was starting to write to his parents.老师走进教室

42、的时候，他正开始写信给他的父母亲。b. 当start, begin后接表示心理活动的动词时。Hearing the news, he started to think of a good way to solve the problem.一听到消息，他就开始考虑一个好办法来解决这个问题。c. 当句子的主语是无生命的东西时。We were about to leave when it began to rain. 我们正准备离开，天开始下雨了。4. -ing分词作表语的两种不同含义： -ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Their job is building houses. 他们

43、的工作是盖房子。The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。5. -ing分词作定语的两种不同含义： ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如：reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆flying s

44、uit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市an ordinary-looking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a touching

45、story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事working people= people who are working 劳动人民6. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别： 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：Do you hear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the d

46、oor.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？7. 高中阶段常见的带介词to的短语，后接-ing分词或名词。如：admit to（承认）, contribute to（捐助、贡献）, get down to（着手做）, give way to（让位于），keep to （坚持、遵守）, lead to （导致）,look forward to（期待）, take to（从事）, turn to （求助于）, stick to（忠于

47、、坚持）, point to（指向、表明）, see to （注意、处理）, be used to （习惯于）, devote oneself to （献身于）, be equal to （胜任的、等于）, be familiar to （为熟悉）. 高中阶段有一些固定的-ing分词短语，如generally speaking（一般来说）, judging from（根据来判断）, considering（考虑到）, talking of（谈到，提到）, supposing（假如）等，它们的逻辑主语和句子的主语不一致。这种短语可以被称之为句子的状语，也可当作一个插入语。如：Judging fr

48、om his accent, he must come from Canada. 从他的口音看他一定来自加拿大。Considering how poor he was, we decided to let him attend the concert for free. 考虑到他是多么的穷，我们决定让他免费听音乐会。选择填空： 1. The officers narrowly escaped _in the hot battle.A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed 2._ the letter, he went o

49、ut to post it.A. Writing B. Being writing C. Having written D. Written 3. Dont you remember _? A. seeing the man before B. to see the man before C. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before 4. People couldnt help_the foolish emperor in the procession. A. laugh at B. to laugh at C. laughing a

50、t D. laughing on 5. Were looking forward _ the photo exhibition. A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting 6. The girl _under that tree is my sister. A. sitting B. sits C. is sitting D. sat 7. This sentence needs_. A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved 8. _ anything

51、about the accident, he went to work as usual. A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing 9. The next morning she found the man_in bed, dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 10. There was terrible noise_the sudden burst of light. A. followedB. following C. to be followed D. being follow

52、ed 11. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 12. “Cant you read?” Mary said_to the notice. A. angrily pointingB. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing13. How about two of us _a walk

53、down the garden? A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking14. -I must apologize for _ahead of time. -Thats all right. A. letting you not know B. not letting you know C. letting you know not D. letting not you know 15. -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret

54、_ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 16. Would you _ me your identification card, sir?A. mind to show B. mind showing C. trouble to show D. trouble showing 17. He suggested_ on Saturday. A. to have a meeting B. having a meeting C. a meeting to have D. that having a meeting 1

55、8. It is no good _to come now. He is busy. A. if you ask him B. to ask him C. asking him D. that you ask him19. Although punctual himself, the professor was quite used _ late for his lecture. A. to have students B. for students to be C. for students being D. to students being 20. He dressed himself

56、quickly and _ his schoolbag, went to school. A. carried B. to carry C. carrying D. carries21. _ for several weeks, the city needed food. A. As having flooded B. being flooded C. Having been flooded D. To flood22. _ ill worried my parents greatly. A. I fell B. Me falling C. My falling D. I falling23. She is writing a letter to a friend of hers, _ him to attend the meeting. A. having invited B. inviting C. to invite D. invited24. Our town has dozens of factories, _several saw mills. A. included B. are including C. are included