09英语考研真题

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1、2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank andmark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humansare. 1 the fruit- fly experiments described

2、 in Carl Zimmerspiece in the ScienceTimes on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an4in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes m

3、ore upkeep, burns morefuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the thingsthey ve apparently learned is when8to .Is there an adaptive value to9 intelligence? That s the question behind th

4、is newresearch. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our ownintelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I ve ever met.Researchon animal intelligence also makes me wonder what exper

5、iments animalswould 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , isrunning a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ranthe labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, ourmemory for terrain. They would try to decide

6、 what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results areinconclusive.1. A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine2. A tended B feared C happened D threatened3. A

7、thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer4. A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority5. A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward6. A off B behind C over D along7. A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual8. A fight B doubt C stop D think9. A invisible B limited C indefinite D differ

8、ent110. A upward B forward C afterward D backward11. A features B influences C results D costs12. A outside B on C by D across13. A deliver B carry C perform D apply14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance15. A if B unless C as D lest16. A moderate B overcome C determine D reach17. A

9、at B for C after D with18. A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise19. A fundamental B comprehensive C equivalent D hostile20. A By accident B In time C So far D Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by c

10、hoosing A, B, C orD. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains onauto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. Not chbut habit rules the unreflecting herd, William Wordsworth said in the

11、 19th century. Inthe ever-changing 21st century, even the word habit carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity andinnovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously developnew habits, we create parallel syna

12、ptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, thatcan jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But donbt other trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure areworn into the hippocampus, they rethere to stay. Instead, the new habits wedeliberately ingrain into ourselves

13、create parallel pathways that can bypass those oldroads.The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder, says DMarkova, author of TheOpen Mindand an executive change consultant forProfessional Thinking Partners.Butwe are taught instead to ?decide, just as our president calls himse

14、lf ?the Decider. She adds, however, that to decide is to kill offall possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the manyother possibilities. All of us work through problems in ways of which wereunaware, she says.Researchersin the late 1960 covered that humans are born wit

15、h the capacity toapproach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half ofthat capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable2during the first decade or

16、so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure,meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. This breaks the major rule in the American belief systemthat anyone can do anything, explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2

17、006 book This Year I Will. Ms. Markova s business partner. That s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youregood at and doing even more of it createsexcellence. This is whderveeloping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casual

18、 B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided 23. ruts (in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markova s comments sugge

19、st that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could

20、 be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost hispaternal (fatherly) wisdom or at least confirm that he s dsa tdh. eAkl li dh e needs todo is shell our $30 for paternity testing

21、 kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another$120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first becomeavailable without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operatingofficer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two do

22、zen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundreddollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted childrencan use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionategenealogistsa- nd supports bu

23、sinessesthat offer to search for a family gseographicroots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending itto the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom tocompare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, Thereis a kind of false precision

24、 beinghawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing, says Trey Duster, a New3York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has manyancestors-numberingin the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestrytesting only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome

25、inherited throughmen in a father s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, eventhough, for example, just three generations back people also have six othergreat-grandparents or, four generations back, 14

26、 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the referencecollections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies d otn rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research proj

27、ects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending onthe company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK s _.Aeasy

28、 availabilityBflexibility in pricingC successful promotionD popularity with households27. PTK is used to _.Alocate one s birth placeBpromote genetic research C identify parent-child kinshipD choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.Atrace distant an

29、cestorsB rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic informationD achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _.Adisorganized data collectionB overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.AFors an

30、d Againsts of DNA testingB DNA testing and It s problemsCDNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poorcountries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress inboth area is undoubtedly necessary

31、for the social, political and intellectual4development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view thateducation should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economicdevelopment in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, becauseneweducational sy

32、stems there and putting enough people through them to improveeconomic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of aresearch institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can betrained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radi

33、callyhigher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not longago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S.economic perform

34、ance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the

35、 job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discoveredthat illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistentlymet best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry s work.What is the real relationship

36、between education and economic development? Wehave to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development ofeducation even when governments don t force it. After all, that s how education gstarted. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnhave time to won

37、der much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanitybegan to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity psroductivity potential, they could in turnafford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a nec

38、essary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required byadvanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broaderformal education. A lack of formal education, howeve

39、r, doesn t constrain the ability ofthe developing world ws orkforce to substantially improve productivity for theforested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain whyeducation isn devetloping more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the imp

40、ortant of education in poor countries_.A is subject groundless doubtsB has fallen victim of biasC is conventional downgradedD has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system_.5Achallenges economists and politiciansBtakes efforts of generationsC deman

41、ds priority from the governmentD requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the Japanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productiveCthe U.S workforce has a better educationD the U.S workforce is more organi

42、ze34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged_.A when people had enough timeB prior to better ways of finding foodC when people on longer went hungD as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education _.A results d

43、irectly from competitive environmentsB does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivityD cannot afford political changesText 4 The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers andpolitical leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to th

44、e standardhistory of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was Somuch important attached to intellectual pursuits According to many books and articles,New England lseaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellec

45、tual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about thechurch-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with ourexamination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the origina

46、l Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New Englandcolonies were the scenesof important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of MassachusettsBay included men of impressive educationand influence

47、 in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came toMassachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like JohnWinthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before hejourneyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching

48、both NewWorld and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere ofintellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well6educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependentsand servants, leftliterary compositions to be analyzed, The in

49、 thinking often had a traditionalsuperstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, leftan account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexualconfusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisivemoment when he op

50、ened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle hisfate, and read the magical words: comeout from among them, touch no uncleanthing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people. One wonders what Danethought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in purita

51、n churched.Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Dane s, as oclergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had notcome to the New world for religion . Our main end was to catch fish. 36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New Eng

52、land_.A Puritan tradition dominated political life.B intellectual interests were encouraged.C Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.D intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders_.A experienced a comparatively peaceful early

53、 history.B brought with them the culture of the Old WorldC paid little attention to southern intellectual lifeD were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay_.A were famous in the New World for their writingsB gained increasing importance

54、in religious affairsC abandoned high positions before coming to the New WorldD created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often_.A influenced by superstitionsB troubled with religious beliefsC puzzled by church ser

55、monsD frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England_.A were mostly engaged in political activitiesB were motivated by an illusory prospectC came from different backgrounds.D left few formal records for later referencePart B Directions:Directions: In the foll

56、owing text, some sentences have been removed. ForQuestions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into eachof the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of7the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Coinciding with the groundbreaki

57、ng theory of biological evolution proposed byBritish naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencerargued that all worldly phenomena,including human societies, changed over time,advancing tow

58、ard perfection. 41._.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory ofcultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of thefounders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspectsof culture changed together in the evolution o

59、f societies.42._.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologistFranzBoas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction toanthropology. 43._ . Boas felt that

60、the culture of any society must be understood as the result of aunique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionarystage or type of culture. 44._.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture inAmerican anthropology, largely through the in

61、fluence of many students of Boas. But anumber of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory ofculture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important culturalachievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according todiffusi

62、onists, then spread to other cultures. 45._.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist mile Durkheim developed a theory ofculture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religiousbeliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship betweenthe function of society and culture known as functionalism became a major themein European, and especially British, anthropology.A Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had asingle origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known