A Study on English Textual Analysis

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1、A Study on English Textual Analysis姚佳力【Abstract】Somelinguisticexpertsusethetermdiscourseanalysistomeanthestudyofhowthesentencesinanoralorwrittentextpatterntogethertocreatemeaningandcoherence.Otherfunctionallinguistshaverecognizedthepowerfulrolethatlanguageplaysinourlivesandseenmeaning-makingasaproce

2、ssthroughwhichlanguageshapesandisshapedbythecontexts.Allinall，inordertomakesenseofatext，readersorlistenershavetodependonsometextualandcontextualelementsofaparticularsituation.Andthisbringsustheconceptofcohesionandcoherence，whichhasbeenstudiedaspartofthefieldofdiscourseanalysis.【Keywords】text；context

3、ualelements；cohesion；coherence【摘要】一些語言学专家使用专业术语“篇章构造分析来形容文章中的句子以怎样的形式组合成有意思的篇章让读者可以理解。其他功能语言学家们也已经认识到了语言在我们生活中所起的作用，尤其是在篇章构造中所传达出来的意思是怎样被读者理解的。因此，在阅读和说话过程中，人们总是会依赖于一些篇章或句子中的提示语或提示因素来区分其内在含义。这个观念在语言学中就被称为“一致性或“连接性，也是应用语言学中的一个分支学科。【关键词】篇章篇章因素一致性连接性IntroductionDiscourseanalysisDAisdefinedasthestudyofla

4、nguageabovethelevelofasentence，ofthewayssentencescombinetocreatemeaning，coherenceandaccomplishpurposesGeeHandford，2020.Somelinguisticexpertsusethetermdiscourseanalysistomeanthestudyofhowthesentencesinanoralorwrittentextpatterntogethertocreatemeaningandcoherence.Otherfunctionallinguistshaverecognized

5、thepowerfulrolethatlanguageplaysinourlivesandseenmeaning-makingasaprocessthroughwhichlanguageshapesandisshapedbythecontexts.Allinall，inordertomakesenseofatext，readersorlistenershavetodependonsometextualandcontextualelementsofaparticularsituation.Andthisbringsustheconceptofcohesionandcoherence，whichh

6、asbeenstudiedaspartofthefieldofdiscourseanalysis.CohesionandCoherenceDefinitionandDiscussionCohesion：Cohesionisverymuchrelatedtotextsthathavetextualandsemanticrelationsinatextformthebasisofcohesion.Atextisasemanticallyunifiedpassagebothinspokenandwrittenforms.Theconceptoftextualisusuallytoexpressthe

7、propertyofbeingatext.Ifatexthastextual，itmeansthatstretchoflanguageisheldtogetherbycohesivedevices.Cohesionispartofthelinguisticsystemanditoccurswhertheinterpretationofsomeelementinthediscourseisdependentonthatofanother.Theonepresupposestheother，inthesensethatitcannotbeeffectivelydecodedexceptbyreco

8、ursetoitHallidayHasan，1976.Thepotentialforcohesionliesinthesystematicresourcesofreference，ellipsisandsoonthatarebuiltintothelanguageitself.Forexample，ifIseeawordpotatoinatext，itwillnothavecohesiveforcebyitselfunlessthereisasamewordoranothermeaningrelatedword，say，vegetablethathasoccurredpreviouslyint

9、hetext.Therefore，therealizationofcohesiondependsnotonlyontheselecionofsomeoptionfromwithintheresourcesbutalsoonthepresenceofsomeotherelementwhichresolvesthepresuppositionthatthissetsupHallidayHasan，1976.Coherence：Althoughcohesivedeviceshelpatexthangtogetherortobecohesive，theydonotnecessarilygiveitco

10、herence.Thatistosay，atextcanbecohesivewithoutbeingcoherentunderparticularsituations.Ifcohesionreferstotheinternalpropertiesofatext，coherenceontheotherhandreferstoitscontextualproperties，whichistosay，itisthewayinwhichitrelatestoandmakessenseinthesituationinwhichitoccursPaltridge，2000.JustlikeCrombie1

11、985said，peoplecommunicatenotbymeansofindividualwordsorclausesorevenofindividualsentencesbutratherbymeansofcoherentstretchesofinterrelatedclausesandsentences，themeaningofthemcanbeunderstoodonlyinrelationtothelinguisticandsituationalcontextinwhichitoccurs.Generallyspeaking，thereissituationalcoherence，

12、asituationinwhichitcouldoccurandgenericcoherence，whichneedstooccurwithinthecontextofaparticularcommunicativecontext，eventorgenre.ChimomboandRoseberry1998notedthatmanycontextualdevicescanworktofacilitatecoherence.However，thesharppointtobenoticedintheseisthesituationalandcommunicativecontextinwhichthe

13、textoccurs.DiscussionAswehavenotedabovethatcohesionreferstotheexplicitlinguisticdevicesthatlinkthesentencesinatext.Sincethesedevicesaremanifestedatthesurfacelevelofatext，cohesionshouldberelativelystraightforwardtoidentify.Inordertomakesenseofconnectednessinatext，cohesionisanessentiallinguisticelemen

14、ttoturntosothatreaderscansuccessfullyinterpretthatconnectednessofthetext.Whilethereisnotmuchcontroversyongrammaticalcohesion，thenotionoflexicalcohesionattractsquiteafewdiscussionsamonglinguists，especiallyonCollocation，becauseitisquitedifficulttodefinelexicalcohesion.Ifcohesionreferstotheexplicitling

15、uisticdevicesinatext，thencoherenceistheimplicitlinkswithinatext.Itisclearthatonlythecohesionapproachtoconnectednessisnotadequate，thus，anothernotsoobvioustiethatexistsbelowthesurfacelevelhasbeenidentifiedascoherence，whichrequiresreadersmentalinterpretationofthetextPaltridge，2000.Theconnectednessconce

16、ivedinthiswayisoftencalledPsycholinguisticApproach.Languageusersestablishcoherencebyactivelyrelatingthedifferentinformationunitsinthetext.Generallyspeaking，therearetworespectsinwhichtextscancohere，oneisReferentialCoherencesmallerlinguisticunits，oftennominalgroups，mayrelatetothesamementalreferentandt

17、heotherisRelationalCoherencetextsegments，oftenconceivedasclauses，areconnectedbycoherencerelationslikeConditionConsequencebetweenthem.Crombiestaxonomymentionedpreviouslyisrelatedtotherelationalcoherence.ImplicationsforTeachingandLearningEnglishNon-nativeteachersofEnglishwouldalwaysfindteachingsentenc

18、estructureveryimportant.Subsequently，weshouldfocusonmeaningratherthanformwhenitcomestoteachingsyntax.Sentenceortextanalysisishelpfulundertheconditionthatlearnershavefirstlyunderstoodthemeaningrelationswithinorbetweenthesentences.Therefore，itcanprovidesignificantinsightintothecognitiveprocessesofread

19、ingandwriting.Itcanalsoassistteacherstoeffectivelyevaluatethetextqualityinthecontextofwrittencompositiondesign.Theapproachofcohesionseemstobeeasiertoteachthancoherencebecauseitismoreonthesurfacelevel.Overtlinguisticelementsandstructurescanbelocatedtofindtheconnectednessinthetext.Whatismore，someconce

20、ptsofcohesion，suchasrepetitionandsubstitution，haveexactlythesameequivalenceinChineselanguage，whichmakesitmoresensibletolearners.Inaddition，byapplyingcohesion，lexicalterminologiescanalsobetaughttolearners.Forexample，byintroducingsynonymsandantonymswillenlargerlearnersvocabulary.Thedifficultythenliesi

21、ntheapproachofcoherencesinceitrequiresthefunctionoflearnerscognitivedomain.Withouttheconceptofcoherence，learnerswillnotbeabletowriteandreadproficiently.Buttolanguageteachersitisindeedaheadachetoimpartthiskindofknowledgetolearnersbecausethinkingisacomplicatedprocess.InthiscaseIthinkconsciousness-rais

22、ingisanappropriateapproachtoadopt.Byprovidinglearnerswithmodelsandusefultoolsofcoherence，theywilleventuallymakesenseofsemanticandpragmaticrelationsofthelanguage.Finally，oneresourcereadersuseininterpretingtextsisbackgroundknowledgewhichallowsthemtoidentifyimplicitlinksbetweentheconceptsandproposition

23、sinthetext.Theseconceptuallinksarethebasisofpropositionalcoherencewhichplaysagreatroleinprovidingunitytowrittentexts.Toanalyzepropositionalcoherence，teacherscouldusetopicalstructureanalysisandapplyittoclassroom.Itcouldallowteacherstoidentifycoherencebreaksorpointsinthetextsatwhichtheimplicitlinksofp

24、ropositionalcoherencecouldbeconsideredproblematicandsincethisapproachhasbeenusedsuccessfullytoanalyzestudentswritingtooConnorFarmer，1990.Ifthisisthecase，theapplicationwouldbebeneficialtolanguageteaching.ConclusionCohesionandcoherencearetwoconceptsfundamentaltoEnglishlanguagelearningandteaching.Contr

25、arytotraditionalgrammars，theyarerelativelynewtolanguageteachingpractice.Fromthetwoanalysesoftheadvertisingtext，wecansaythatcohesionandcoherencearetwodifferentprocessesofunderstandingthesemanticrelationsinthetext.Whilecohesionismoreidentifiableonthepage，coherencedependsmoreonreadersmentalactivityandt

26、heircapacityofinterpretingthemessagethattheproducerofthetextintendstoconvey.Whenlearnersgettoknowthetwoterminologicalterms，theywillgraduallyimprovetheirreadingandwritingskills.IflearnersintendtoreachadvancedlevelofreadingandwritingEnglish，inter-propositionalrelationsareessentialforthemtolearnbecause

27、itwillhelpthemtoobtainaprofoundlinguisticabilitytotheinterpretationofatextandsubsequentlyproducetheirownversionsmorenative-like.References：【1】Crombie，W.1985.Processandrelationindiscourseandlanguagelearning.Oxford，England：OxfordUniversityPress.【2】Halliday，M.A.K.Hasan，R.1976.CohesioninEnglish.BurntHill，England：Longman.【3】Muller，S.2020.Discoursemarkersinnativeandnon-nativeEnglishdiscourse.Amsterdam/Philadelphia：JohnBenjaminsPublishingCompany.