G20 and Evolution of the Global Energy Governance System

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1、G20 and Evolution of the Global Energy Governance SystemDirectorandResearcher，InstituteforComparativePoliticsandPublicPolicy，SIISGlobalenergygovernancereferstoactionstakenbycountriesandrelevantstakeholdersaroundtheworldtocoordinateandsolvecross-borderenergyissues.Energyissuesmattertosecurityanddevel

2、opment.However，thecurrentglobalenergygovernancesystemisstilldecentralizedandfragmentary，andlacksawidelyrepresentative，coordinatedandeffectiveenergygovernancemechanism.Currently，theG20Summithasalreadybecomeanimportantplatformforfacilitatinginternationalcooperationonissuessuchaseconomy，environmentande

3、nergy.Energyhasalsobecomealong-termhot-spotissueformeetingsatalllevelsunderG20.TheG20SummitinSaudiArabiain2021listedstabilizingtheglobalenergymarketandpromotingcirculareconomyasimportantitemsintheagenda.Meetingsatalllevelsunderthesummitwerecommittedtooptimizingenergygovernanceandfacilitatingpost-pan

4、demicworldeconomicrecoveryandsustainabledevelopmentbymeansofformingtheEnergyFocusGroupEFGandproposingCircularCarbonEconomyCCE.Underthenewcircumstances，howtomakeG20moreeffectiveandrepresentativeinenergygovernanceandhowChinashouldachievein-depthparticipationinglobalenergygovernanceontheG20platformarei

5、ssuesworththinking.ChangesintheGlobalEnergyLandscapeandChallengesConfrontingEnergyGovernanceAchievingeffectivecontrolofinternationalactorsandinternationalaffairsbymeansofestablishingrules，normsandinstitutionsisthecorepurposeofglobalgovernance.Ontheinternationalenergylandscape，onthehand，countriesarou

6、ndtheworldarereleasingmeasurestoreducerelianceontraditionalenergiesastheclimatechangeissuebecomesmorerelevant;ontheotherhand，majorenergyconsumermarketsaredivertingtoemergingmarketandAsiancountries，whilebreakthroughsinenergydevelopmenttechnologiesandexploitationofshellgasresourcesarecausingprominentc

7、hangesintheenergysupplyforces.Nevertheless，thecurrentglobalenergygovernancesystemhasfailedtoreflecttherisingtrendofdevelopingcountryforcesandthereexistsahugegapbetweenthedevelopmentofglobalenergygovernanceanddemandfromtheinternationalsociety.Firstly，fragmentationofglobalenergygovernancemechanismshas

8、broughtaboutlowefficacyandevenfailureoftheenergygovernancesystem.AspointedoutbyProfessorRafaelLealArcasfromQueenMary，UniversityofLondon，“theglobalenergygovernancemechanismintodaysworldishighlyfragmented.Globalenergygoverningbodiesmainlyfallinto6categories，namely，inter-governmentalorganizations，inter

9、nationalsummits，internationalNGOs，multilateralfinancialinstitutions，regionalorganizationsandmixedentities.Thelargenumberofbodieshasreflectedthatthefragmentationoftheglobalenergygovernancemechanismisveryprominent.Meanwhile，thebodiesalsohavedrawbacksintheprocessofparticipatinginglobalenergygovernance.

10、ThemostrepresentativeoneistheInternationalEnergyAgencyIEA.Asanimportantorganizationintheglobalenergygovernancesystem，itsmembershavenotincludedemergingmarketcountrieslikeChinaandIndia.Inaddition，althoughtheIEAadvocatesforanopeningenergymarket，itlacksthecapacityinfacilitatingenergytradeandinformulatin

11、glegalframeworks.ThesecondexampleistheOrganizationofPetroleumExportCountriesOPEC.Asagroupofmajorpetroleumproducers，itsinternationalmonopolisticpositionhasbeenonthedeclineasthenumberofenergyexportcountriesoutsidethisorganizationisincreasing.ThefinaloneistheInternationalEnergyForumIEF.Asanorganization

12、fordialoguesbetweenenergyproducersandconsumers，itsinfluenceislimitedanditsenergytradeandinvestmentarealsoconstrainedbymanybilateralorregionalagreements.Secondly，publicgoodsinglobalenergygovernanceareinsufficient.Forgoodglobalenergygovernance，publicgoodsincludingastableglobalenergymarketsystem，stable

13、relationsbetweenenergyproducersandconsumers，consensusonenergygovernancewithcooperationanddevelopmentasitscore，andthesharingofknowledgeonthedevelopmentandutilizationofenergyareessential.Forindividualcountries，however，energyissuesmattertotheirsovereignsecurityandnationaldevelopment.TheIEFdefinesenergy

14、securityas“uninterruptedenergysupplyprovidedatanaffordableprice.Fromtheperspectiveofrealism，duetotheprotectionoftheirowninterests，thecompetitiononenergysecurityamongcountrieswithzero-sumgamemindsetswillfurtherescalategeopoliticalconflictsanddestabilizetheinternationalstructure.Astheconventionalreali

15、smandzero-sumgamemindsetinwesterncountriesrise，thedeficitinglobalpublicgoodssupplyhasworsened，andthepassiveinteractionsbetweencountrieswillleadtotheabsenceofenergygovernancepublicgoodswhicharemainlyprovidedbybigcountries.Takethe2021oilpriceplummetasanexample，SaudiArabia，theUS，Russia，outofconcernfort

16、heirownnationalinterestsandasgeopoliticalconflictsexacerbated，failedtoreachadealinthenegotiationonOPEC+oilproductioncutinMarch2021，andtheinternationaloilpricefellby10%.Geopoliticalgamingbetweenbigcountrieshaveonceagaintriggeredimbalanceintheinternationalenergyorder.Thirdly，newdevelopmentintheglobale

17、nergylandscapehasbroughtnewchallengestoglobalenergygovernance.Thetrendof“theeastrisesandthewestfallsintheglobalenergygovernancehasintensifiedrivalryonthesayonenergybetweenbigwesternpowersandemergingmarketcountries.Currently，asshownintable1，energyconsumptiondemandfromemergingmarketcountriesareontheri

18、seandthefocusofglobalenergygovernancehasalsoshiftedhere.Asenergyconsumptionsoarsandtheglobalenergyconsumptionmarkettransferstoemergingmarketcountries，theconsumptionofenergygloballywillhaveincreasedby50%by2050.MostofthenewincreaseswillcomefromAsia，andthoseinIndiaandChinainparticularwillbethefastest.A

19、sthegovernancestructureanddistributionofpowerwithinthecurrentglobalenergygovernanceframeworksarenotallreasonable，emergingmarketcountriesthataremovingtowardsthecenterofglobalenergygovernancearetakingtheinitiativetoparticipateinformulatingglobalenergyrulesandglobalenergygovernance.Asvestedinterestsand

20、originaldominatorsofthecurrentglobalenergysystem，westernbigpowerswillnevereasilyforgotheirdominantposition.Therefore，theconflictsbetweenemergingmarketcountriesandconventionalenergydominantcountriesmightcontinuetoexacerbateastheyviewitheachotherfordominanceoftheenergygovernancesystem.Thisconflictbrou

21、ghtbythenewdevelopmentintheglobalenergylandscapewillbringnewchallengestoglobalenergygovernance.G20intheGlobalEnergyGovernanceSystemEnergysecurityhasalwaysbeenapriorityissueattheG20LeadersSummit.G20membersincludebothmajorenergyproducersandconsumers，asshownintable2.First，G20sattentionontheenergyissueh

22、asbeenrising.Fromanambiguousmentioningoftheenergysecurityissueatthebeginningtodiscussingtheestablishmentofastableenergymarket，andtothefocusshiftontogreenenergyandthentothecircularcarboneconomyandcleanenergyissues，thechangingissueshaveshownthatG20sunderstandingoftheglobalenergysecurityissuehasbeendee

23、pening，andthatglobalenergygovernancehasgraduallybeenintegratedintotheG20LeadersSummitagenda.Second，theG20LeadersSummithasfocusedmoreandmoreoninstitutionalizedsolutionstoproblemsinglobalenergygovernance.AttheAntalyaSummitin2021，itwasproposedthatcoordinationwithinG20shouldbestrengthenedandlong-termvol

24、untarycooperationframeworksbeestablished.AttheHangzhouSummitin2021，itwasfurtherproposedthatamoreeffectiveandinclusiveglobalenergyframeworkbebuilt.ThechangesintheG20LeadersSummitdeclarationshavereflectedthatG20isworkingtobuilditsenergysecuritygovernancefunctionintoalong-termandinstitutionalizedone.Fi

25、nally，G20haslinkedtheenergyissuewithawiderangeofissuessuchaseconomy，environment，andsustainabledevelopment.Takethe2021RiyadhSummitasanexample，thesummitproposedthat“accesstoclean，sustainableandaffordableenergyisthebasisforreducingpovertyandfacilitatingeconomicgrowth.Theapproachoflinkingdevelopmentande

26、nvironmentwithenergysecurityhasreflectedtheflexibilityofG20asaninformalglobalgovernanceinstitution，whichwillenableG20toparticipateinglobalenergygovernancemoreefficiently.Aspointedoutinthe2021G20RiyadhSummitLeadersDeclaration，G20will“ensureastableanduninterruptedsupplyofenergytoachieveeconomicgrowthw

27、hilerespondingtothechallengesbroughtaboutbythepandemic，andbecommittedto“leadingenergytransitionstorealizethe3E+SEnergySecurity，EconomicEfficiency，andEnvironment+Safety，and“promotingopen，competitive，andfreeinternationalenergymarkets.Atthemeetingsatdifferentlevelsunderthissummit，theimportanceofenergyg

28、overnancehasbecomeevermoreprominent，andwerediscussedalongwiththeissuesofsecurity，climatechange，sustainabledevelopmentandglobaltrade，togetherdevelopingandtransformingglobalgovernanceinthecontextoftheCOVID-19pandemic.Firstly，achievingstabilityinenergysecurityandenergymarketsisvitalintheglobalenergygov

29、ernanceprocess.Energysecurityisthekeytoglobalenergygovernance，andenergymarketsstabilitymatterstoglobaleconomicdevelopment.Tosafeguardglobalenergysecurity，G20hasestablishedashort-termEnergyFocusGroupasadvocatedbytherotatingpresidencySaudiArabia，whichdiscussedarangeofmeasures，includingtheadjustmentofe

30、nergyproduction，monitoringofconsumptionandsupplyreserves，anddatatransparency.Intermsofstabilizingtheenergymarket，energyministersfromG20memberstatesreachedconsensusonfurtherenhancingenergysecurityandstrengtheningmarketsstability，andpledgedtoincreaseenergydatacomprehensivenessandtransparency，enhanceth

31、ereliabilityandflexibilityoftheenergysystem，andhelpmobilizepublicandprivateinvestmentinvariousenergysectors.Secondly，constructingcleanerandmoresustainableenergysystemsthroughcircularcarboneconomyisthefuturedevelopmentorientationofglobalenergygovernance.AccordingtotheCommuniqueoftheG20EnergyMinisteri

32、alMeeting，circularcarboneconomyisaholistic，integrated，inclusiveandpragmaticapproachtomanagingemissionthatcanbeappliedreflectingcountrysprioritiesandcircumstances.TheRiyadhsummithasforgedconsensusonspeedingupthepromotionofthecircularcarboneconomyapproach，andprovidedtheapproachandguidanceoncircularcar

33、boneconomy.Thecircularcarboneconomyapproachisbuiltonthebasisofthe“4Rframework，namely，reduce，reuse，recycleandremove.ThecircularcarboneconomyguidancehasprovidedG20membersandothercountrieswithtoolsbasedontheirnationalconditions，demandsandpriorities.Inaddition，achievingcarbonneutralitywasalsoafocusatthi

34、ssummit.Aroundthistarget，thissummithasraisedtwosub-agendaitemsofmanagingemissionforsustainabledevelopmentandbuildingacleanenergysystemforthenewera.Tobespecific，SaudiArabiawillcontinueitseffortsinimprovingthecoordinationamongdifferentemissionreductionprograms，whiledevelopingenergysolutionsandtechnolo

35、giestohelpbuildacleaner，moresustainableandmoreaffordableenergysystem.Thirdly，weshalloptimizetheglobalenergygovernancemechanismtoaddressmajorchallengessuchasworldeconomyrecessioninthecontextoftheCOVID-19pandemic.AstheG20EnvironmentMinisterialMeetingCommuniquestates，againstthebackdropoftheCOVID-19pand

36、emicandclimatechange，thesustainablemanagementofnaturalresourcesandenergyiscoretoearthprotectionandgrowthresumption.Anorderlyglobalenergygovernance，astableenergysupplyandstableenergymarketswillbethebasisforworldeconomicrecovery，resumptionofsupplychainsandproduction，andsustainabledevelopment.Energyist

37、hebasisofhumanactivities，andmoreimportantlyaguaranteeforworldeconomicsystemoperation.InordertoachievethevisionstatedintheG20TradeandInvestmentMinisterialMeetingCommuniquethattradeandinvestmentmustactasimportantenginesofgrowth，productivity，innovation，jobcreation，developmentandpovertyreduction，G20shou

38、ldtakecoordinatedactiontoenhanceglobalenergycooperationandconstructionofenergygovernanceframeworks，andtoensureglobalenergyaccessibility.TheG20globalenergygovernancemechanismwillbecomeanimportantpowertoensureworldeconomicrecovery.ActingPointsforChinatoParticipateinGlobalEnergyGovernanceAsChinasrelian

39、ceonimportofenergycontinuestogrow，asufficient，stableandaffordableenergysupplywillbeapreconditionforChinatoachieveitslong-termgoalsthrough2035.However，Chinasenergysecurityhasalwaysbeenfacedwithcomplexsituationsandmultifacetedconstraints.Astheworldtodayisundergoingprofoundchangesunseeninacentury，theac

40、tiveparticipationofemergingmarketsanddevelopingcountriesrepresentedbyChinainmultilateralenergygovernanceplatformssuchasG20willbeanunstoppabletrend.ParticipatingintheG20energygovernancewillbeconduciveforChinatointegrateintotheexistingglobalenergygovernanceplatform，fullygraspthegamingrulesandpowerstru

41、ctureofglobalenergygovernance，balanceinternationalenergycooperationwithnationalinterests，andascertaintheconvergingpointbetweenChinasnationalinterestsandtheexistingglobalenergymechanism.Firstly，weshallfacilitatetheG20Summittoplayabetterroleasaplatformforcoordinationandconsultation，andguidingmembersto

42、activelyparticipateinreshapingtheglobalenergygovernancemechanism.MostG20membersarebigenergyproducersandconsumers，whichenablestheG20LeadersSummittoenjoyaspecialpositionintheglobalenergygovernancesystem.First，G20mayplayacoordinatingroleamongdifferentenergyorganizationsandotherinternationalenergymechan

43、isms.Second，theG20LeadersSummitmaygiveplaytoitsleadingroleasaninformalpoliticalandeconomiccoordinationplatformintimesofenergypricesfluctuationsandevenenergysecuritythreats.Astheworldslargestenergyconsumerandoilandgasimporter，Chinashouldleverageitshugeenergyconsumptionmarketandturnitintothecapacityto

44、influenceenergyorganizationssuchastheIEAandOPEC，andactivelyworktoachievecoordinatedinteractionbetweentheBeltandRoadregionalenergygovernanceandtheG20platform.Onmajorissueslikeenergysecurityandclimatechange，ChinarepresentstheinterestsofdevelopingcountriesamongG20members，andshouldactivelycoordinatebetw

45、eenemergingmarketanddevelopingcountriesandtraditionalwesternenergydominantcountries，andbetweenenergyproducersandenergyconsumers，soastohelpG20trulybecomeaneffectivecoordinationandconsultationplatformforglobalenergygovernance.Secondly，weshallstrengthencooperationinkeyenergyareasandfieldsviatheG20platf

46、orm.Asiaisbecomingamajorareaofenergyconsumption.Energysecurity，energystabilityandreshapingoftheglobalenergyorderisgettingmoreandmoreimportanttoAsia.WithG20astheplatform，Chinamayworktofacilitatein-depthcooperationbetweendifferentcountriesinAsia，andbetweenenergyproducersoutsideAsiaandenergyconsumersin

47、Asia，andmobilizeG20memberstoexchangedataonoilandgasproduction，transportationandstorage，energyfinanceandfuturesmarketandconductjointresearch，soastoenhancetransparencyinenergymarketsatthelevelsofrealeconomy，financialmarket，andpolicymechanisms.Inaddition，renewableenergyisakeyissueinglobalenergygovernan

48、ce.TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAssociationIRENAwasestablishedin2021，andwascommittedtoprovidingsupportforcountrystransitiontosustainableenergy.Chinaaccededtoitin2021.IfChinastrivestopromotecooperationbetweenG20andIRENA，itwillbeconduciveforG20tostrengthenitsgoverningfunctionsonrenewableenergyandgre

49、enlow-carboneconomyissues，andChinamayparticipatedeeperintotheglobalrenewableenergygovernanceprocess.Thirdly，weshallpromoteissuenexus，andcoordinatingenergygovernance，globallowcarbonconstructionandsustainabledevelopmentwithintheG20frameworktocontributeChinastrengthintoG20sin-depthparticipationinglobal

50、energygovernance.AgainstthebackdropoftheCOVID-19pandemic，theinternationalcommunitygenerallypreferseekinggreenandflexibleeconomicrecovery，whichmeansnexusbetweenissueslikeenergy，environmentanddevelopmentwillbeenhanced.AsUrsulavonderLeyen，presidentoftheEuropeanCommissionpointsout，“theoldgrowthmodelbase

51、donfossilfuelsandpollutionhasbecomeoutdated.Therefore，promotingissuenexusandcoordinatingenergygovernance，globallow-carbonconstructionandsustainabledevelopmentwithintheG20frameworkwillhelpimprovetheorderofglobalenergygovernance.InSeptember，2021，Chinadeclaredthatitwouldstrivetopeakcarbondioxideemissio

52、nsby2030，andachievecarbonneutralityby2060.Practicingandpromoting“greenrecoveryoftheworldeconomywithconcreteactions，Chinaiscontributingstrengthtoglobalenergygovernancebystrengtheningitscoordinationandenergygovernancecapacity，andthroughin-depthparticipationinglobalenergygovernance.Fourthly，weshallstre

53、ngthenChina-EuropecooperationwithintheG20frameworktogivefurtherplaytotheguidingroleofChinaandEurope.AstableglobalenergygovernancesystemisinlinewiththeinterestsandvalueappealofbothChinaandEurope.Inits14thfive-yearplan，Chinaproposesto“activelyparticipateinthereformoftheglobaleconomicgovernance，andenco

54、urageG20toplayaroleinfacilitatinginternationaleconomiccooperation，and“attachesimportancetosafeguardingenergyandstrategicminingresourcesecurity.Likewise，sincetheCOVID-19pandemicbrokeout，theEUhasalsoattachedimportancetoenergysecuritygovernance.Duringthepandemic，theEUElectricity，NaturalGasandOilCoordin

55、ationGroups，theEUOffshoreAuthoritiesGroup，andtheEUNuclearSafetyRegulatorsGroupperformedwellinEUenergyriskpreventionandcross-borderenergycoordination.ChinaandEUarebothimportantenergyconsumptionmarketsandimportantforceswithinG20，possessinghugeinfluenceintheglobalenergymarket.basedontheircommoninterest

56、sandvaluesonissuessuchasclimate，environmentandsustainabledevelopment，ifChinaandEuropestrengthencoordinationandcooperationonglobalenergysecurity，giveplaytoEUsexperienceadvantageinformulatinginternationalnormsandChinasrepresentativeadvantageasanemergingmarketcountry，andworktogethertoadvanceandguidethereshapingoftheglobalenergygovernancesystemwithintheG20framework，itwillbeconduciveforeconomicglobalizationtomovetowardamoreopen，inclusive，balanced，andwin-windirection.