研究生英语学术论文写作考试大概

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1、.Gone up increased set up established Put up with tolerate looking into investigating Figure out determine put into practice implementCome up with developed make up constituteGet rid of eliminate keep up maintainGone down decrease thinking considering.Structure of Data CommentaryData commentaries us

2、ually has these elements in the following order.1. location elements and/or summary statements2. highlighting statements3. discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data可能涉及到排序题，有例如下：A computer virus is a program that is specifically and mali

3、ciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.As can be s

4、een, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventab

5、le.In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.While it may be possible to lessen

6、 the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software.Theory and common beliefs. The start Implications.信息性摘要An informative abs

7、tract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information.信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。比较流行的信息性摘要架构有：ObjectiveMethodologyResultsC

8、onclusionsBackgroundPurpose and aimMethodsResultsConclusionsBackground+purposeMethodologyResultConclusion.Appendix 1 常用词汇、短语的用法Above“above” 可用于指称前面提到的信息，但只能以一个段落或前几个句子中曾出现过的信息为限。“above”不能用来说明前几个段落甚至前几页中曾经出现的信息，否则读者会感到迷惑，不清楚“above”所指的信息是什么。e.g. (1)The above explanation will help answer this question.

9、 (刚提及)否则就应该用下列写法(2) We can adopt the explanation described earlier to answer this question.(3) We can apply the explanation introduced in Section 2 to answer this question.As mentioned above, as mentioned previously 这两个短语的用法有些不同。“as mentioned previously” (as mentioned earlier) 通常用来指几个段落或几页前所提到的内容。作者

10、想指明前几个句子所提到的内容时，可以使用“as just mentioned”。 建议撰写科技论文的作者尽可能使用较准确的词来代替“as mentioned above”或 “as mentioned earlier”。例如，当作者指的是上一节中的内容，则可用 “as mentioned in the preceding section” 来表达，而不用“as mentioned above”。Appendix若论文、著作或研究报告只有一个附录，则在文章中应该使用“the Appendix”。若有两个以上的附录，则采用“Appendix A”，“Appendix B”或“Appendix I”

11、, “Appendix II” 来指称这些附录，而且“Appendix”前可不加冠词。e.g. The properties of various materials used in the design and analysis of heat pipes are presented in Appendix C.As follows “as follows”, “the following”, “as shown below” 都是正确的形式，而“as followings”， “as the followings”, “as below” 等都是不正确的形式。e.g. (1) Soluti

12、ons for equation (1) and (2) can be derived as follows.(2) Commonly used methods include the following:Aspect在英文科技论文中，aspect及area之类的词，常常是累赘而应该加以省略的词。累赘：(1) Regarding the application aspect of Genetic Algorithm (遗传算法), many approaches have been proposed.累赘：(2) In the area of application of Genetic Al

13、gorithm, many approaches have been proposed.简洁：(3) Many approaches to application of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed.简洁：(4) Many applications of Genetic Algorithm have been proposed.Based “Based” 这个词常出现在论文的题目中，用于名词短语“基于某物或某方法的.”之中，以使该名词短语简洁。e.g. (1) 基于气泡堆积法的非结构化网络生成bubble packing method based u

14、nstructured grid generation(2) IEEE 802.15.4-based body sensor networkBased on 若句首出现以based on开头的过去分词短语，则必须注意过去分词表示的被动行为对象是句子中的主语。然而，在绝大多数以based on开头的句子中，based on开头的过去分词短语却不能合理地修饰句子的主语。由此看来，还是应该用on the basis of，by，from, According to或其他词来替代based on，否则就需要重写句子，以便使读者清楚地了解是什么的“基础”。正：(2) From Eq. (6), it i

15、s obtained that.佳：(4) On the basis of the experimental results, we conclude that.佳：(5) From the experimental results, we conclude that.佳：(6) the experimental results show that.在下列例句中，以based on开头的短语就可以正确地修饰句子的主语。这个句子的含意是Nikon Cool Pix 995照相机是以“advanced digital technology”为基础的。 Based on advanced digit

16、al technology, the Nikon Cool Pix 995 camera provides the excellent performances.Belong 在英文中， “belong”通常表示属某人的财产 (后加“to”)及应归入某部分和适合的意思。但在科技论文中，想要表示某个项目属于某种类型时，通常不使用“belong”，而用“to fall into the category of”, “to be a form of” 或 “to be classified as”e.g. (1) The building belongs to the college. (2) Th

17、is problem can be classified as a nonlinear programming problem. (3) The total tool wear (工具磨耗) observed in the ceramic cutting tool (陶瓷刀具) can be divided into two main broad categories such asBesides在正式的英文论文中，不宜用连接词“besides”来表达“此外”之意，应该使用“in addition”，“moreover”或“furthermore”。佳：(2) In addition, sen

18、ding these massages electronically eliminates the need for 100 pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.佳：(3) Moreover, sending these massages electronically eliminates the need for 100 pieces of paper that people glance at and throw away.Better在英文科技论文中，当我们比较两个事物的时候，最好不要告诉读者其中一个比另一个“更好”（

19、“better”），而应该使用更精确的词。e.g. (1a) The gas turbine is better than the stream engine.(1b) The gas turbine (燃气涡轮) is more efficient than the stream engine.(2a) Our algorithm is better than the conventional one.(2b) Our algorithm is faster than the conventional one.Can “Can”可以用来帮助造出通顺的句子，但在有些情况下，为了简洁起见，英文句

20、子中的“can”常被省略。e.g. (1a)The finite element formulations(有限元数值、公式) can be expressed in the non-dimensional form as follows. (1b)The finite element formulations are expressed in the non-dimensional form as follows.在英文科技论文的结果、讨论的章节中，常出现“It can be noted from the figure that”、“It can be observed that”、“Fro

21、m Fig.5 it can be seen that” 这样的句子中的can不能被省略。(2) From the above figure, it can be noted that the notch wear(沟槽磨损) in both of the ceramic(陶瓷) cutting tool increases with cutting speed.Conclusion, conclude科技论文中，常用“state conclusion”、“draw conclusion” 或”present conclusions”这样的搭配，而不用“make conclusion”或“gi

22、ve conclusion”。或者有时候只需使用动词“conclude”。佳：(2) Finally, we state a conclusion in section 5.佳：(4) The final section states the conclusion of the paper.佳：(5) Section 5 concludes the paper.Display, show, exhibit“display”、“show”和exhibit” 可用于表示“呈现”、“显示”之意。“以图标表示”所对应的动词常为“show”或“display”，“show的使用更为普遍。若用“exhib

23、it”则显不自然。e.g. 佳：(1) The relationship of Num and Cd for the various of A and Pl is shown in Fig. 6.佳：The relationship of Num and Cd for the various of A and Pl is displayed in Fig. 6.GiveGive是个意思不精确的词，要防止在撰写英文科技论文中滥用give。在大多数情况下，要表达 “提出”、“给出”之意，使用state、present或Propose这些意思较为精确的词要比使用give好很多。在许多中国学生撰写的研

24、究论文的导论中常常可以见例“The final section gives the conclusions”这样不自然的句子。此句可以改写成：佳：The final section states the conclusions of the paper.佳：Section 5 concludes the paper.佳：The conclusions of the paper are stated in section 5.精确：(2) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is presented in this pa

25、per.精确：(3) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is described in this paper.精确：(4) The concept of “Sequential Combustion” developed by ABB is stated in this paper.精确：(6) First we will state the governing equations in the Cartesian coordinates.i.e. i.e.是拉丁文短语id est的缩写，其意思是“即是”。i.e.

26、是非限定短语所以必须使用逗号将其与句子分开The idea of The idea of的意思与中文的“这个概念”或“这个主意”类似。在撰写科技论文时，当作者想解释提出的方法或理论背后的基本概念时，不宜用the idea of，而应使用the idea behind或the idea underlying。佳：(2) The main idea behind the proposed method is to use an iterative algorithm to eliminate the effects of the under-relaxation factor.佳：(3) The

27、main idea underlying the proposed method is to use an iterative algorithm to eliminate the effects of the under-relaxation factor.IllustrateIllustrate的意思是“举例或以图表等说明”。因此其宾语(对象)应该是一个论点或方法。“to illustrate an example”这种表达方式是不正确的。正: (2) Figure 3 shows different examples of pore-level and system-level chem

28、ical non-equilibrium.正：(4) An experimental example will show how LDV can be applied to measure velocity.Introduce科技论文中，尽量用explain，describe或state来代替introduce.佳：(2) We will describe the advantage of an informational abstract later.佳：(3) We will state the advantage of an informational abstract later.Ma

29、tch 在对不同的资料进行比较时，使用agree或其他词表示 “一致”之意，通常比使用match恰当。原句：（1）The computed lift coefficients(升力系数）match the experimental data.更恰当：2) The computed lift coefficients agree with the experimental data.(3) The computed lift coefficients are in agreement with the experimental data.(4) The computed lift coeffic

30、ients are consistent with the experimental data.(5) The experimental data confirm the accuracy of the computed lift coefficients.ModernModern的意思比较复杂它可以指of the present or recent times(如欧洲近代史，自1475年迄今)，也可以指modern inventions and discoveries(即现代的发明与发现)。因此，在一些句子中，使用modern这个词不能清楚的表明作者所指的究竟是什么时代。在科技论文中，若提到

31、“现代技术”，使用contemporary这个词耍比modern会使意思更加清楚。清楚：（2）The contemporary digital video interactive (DVI) technology offers another kinds of compression, edit-level video, done on the developers DVI system in real time.Of撰写科技论文时， 不能把中文的“的”这个字统统翻译成英文的of， 例如有些人把of和in混淆使用。正：(2) The use of reformulated gasoline h

32、as helped vehicle manufacture to meet CARB standards without a costly investment in infrastructure for alternative fuels. 文中的“的”有时实指“关于”， “针对”的意思， 此时应使用about, on , concerning 或regarding, 而不能用of。正：(4)Professor Robinson has done some interesting research on fuzzy logic control.正：(6) This is a book abo

33、ut the design of rapid access memory.On the contrary, in contrast, in comparisonOn the contrary 用于否定或反驳前一个句子或分句所提出的论点，in contrast （或by contrast）用于介绍一个与前一个所陈述的观点强烈对照的新观点。in comparison（或by comparison）是用来提出新的信息并与前一个句子所提到的信息作比较或对照。 (1) He argue that this strategy has increased sales. On the contrary, sa

34、les revenue has dropped 20% since the strategy was adopted.（2）Approach A provides high speed at the cost of increased memory requirement（内存需求量）. In contrast, approach B is slower but requires much less memory.(3) The parallel design is quite complex. In comparison, the serial design is much simpler.

35、PhenomenaPhenomena是复数形式， 其单数为phenomenon。Phenomenon的意思是“现象”，常用在中文中， 但在英语中较少使用。一般说来，英文句子中的phenomenon可以省略，最好使用具体的文字来描述所指的对象。简洁:(2) We must also consider the radiation effect.Present, proposePresent和propose这两个动词都是“提出”的意思， 但意思稍有区别。“present”指提出来给他人参考之用， 而“propose”有“建议”或“推荐”之意。科技论文的作者可以以“present”某个自己不完全赞同的

36、论点或方法。相反， “propose”一个论点或方法，等于建议或推荐别人也应该接受。 科技论文中常用到的 “the proposed method”或 “the proposed technique”等短语是用来指论文中所推荐的方法或技术， 此时使用“presented”是不合适的。正：(2) In addition, the transcribability from surface nature of mold to the surface of polymer by the proposed method was experimentally confirmed.Recently在中文中

37、， 作者习惯把表示时间的副词放在句首，如“目前”、“近年来”、“近几年”等。但是在撰写英文文章时，不要按照中文的习惯来书写。把表示时间的单一副词如Recently或Currently放在句首，语法上没有错误，但使英文句子显得不够自然，如下列两句所示。（1）Recently, many researchers have investigated Magnetocaloric effect (MCE).（2）Currently, Magnetocaloric（磁热效应） effect (MCE) is attracting a great deal of attention.若将Recently等

38、副词置于动词旁边或至句尾，则这些句子较为通顺自然。（3）Many researchers have investigated Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) recently.（4）Magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is currently attracting a great deal of attention.此外，Recently这个字的意思比较模糊。建议科技论文的作者使用更加明确的词语来表示时间，如in the past decade或 in the last three years。Refer论文中引述参考文献时，不要使用refer的被动

39、语态，应该写成主动态的祈使句。正: (3) For a detailed description of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL), referred to (Tanaka,2000).正: (4) A detailed description of the elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) can be found in (Tanaka,2000).Research 表示某方面或某题目的研究，使用research on这个组合，不能使用research of。另外，在当代英语中，research是个

40、不可数名词，因此只能用单数形式。(1) Much research on urban heat island has been published.Respectively在科技论文中常用到respectively这个字。在某些句子中，若省略respectively，句子会更加直接，更易理解。值得注意的是，若respectively的句子提到多种项目，则易使读者感到迷惑。(1) The initial values of H, S, X, Y, L, B, and the total amount of passage at the air and refrigerant sides are

41、9.5, 0.2, 1.7, 1.5, 9.3, 110, 215, 19, and 20. respectively.若确需表达这么多的数值，则应该考虑使用表格列出。注意：必须用逗号把respectively这个词与句子的其他部分分隔开来。So far在科技论文的文献回顾部分中，不要使用so far或until now 来表示“到目前为止”的意思，应该使用to date。然而，当句子采用现在完成时态时，可省略to date, 因为现在完成时态本身就表明“从过去到目前为止”的意思。佳：(2) To date, little research has been done on this ferr

42、omagnetic material.佳：(3) Little research has been done on this ferromagnetic material.Type of Type of, form of 及kind of 中type, form 及kind 的数和接在介词of 后面的名词的数必须一致。此外，在科技论文中，用type of通常比用kind of 恰当。(1) We adopt a new type of senor for measuring pressure.(2) There are three types of methods used in busine

43、ss data processing.Unlike Unlike放在句首以表达“与x不同”或“不同于x”之意。若把“differing from”或different from”放在句首，则使句子很不自然。佳：(3) Unlike previous works, this book emphasizes applications of information systems and issues facing managers and users.正：(4) Unlike the direct MCE measurements, the indirect experiments allow t

44、he calculation of both Tad (T)H and Sm (T)H.ParaphraseOriginal Source (A totalitarian) societycan never permit either the truthful recording of facts, or the emotional sincerity, that literary creation demands.Totalitarianism demands the continuous alteration of the past, and in the long runa disbel

45、ief in the very existence of objective truth. (written by George Orwell)Paraphrased Version Orwell believed that totalitarian societies must suppress literature and free expression because they cannot survive the truth, and thus they claim it does not exist.(1) Deep waters that were once off limits

46、to oil explores are suddenly accessible, partly because of advances in floating rigs. 以前开发不了的深海海域现在也能够涉足，部分原因是由于浮式钻机技术的进步。 Keya. Deep water exploring oil had once been impossible before, but now it becomes practicable in part because the floating rigs have developed much.b. Oil explorers are now sud

47、denly able to operate in deep waters where they couldnt get to, in part because there are developments in floating rigs.(2) A liver cell has a different job from a blood cell and proteins to match.肝细胞与血液细胞分工不同，而且与之匹配的蛋白质也不同。KeyA liver cell plays a different role compared with a blood cell and the pr

48、oteins inside a liver cell are different from those inside a blood cell.(3) This suggests that there is a great deal of plasticity in the growing embryo that still allows it to develop successfully even when a significant proportion of its genes are malfunctioning. 这表明胚胎在生长发育过程中有较大的可塑性，即使大部分基因发生突变，仍

49、能成功发育。KeyIt can be concluded from the cloning studies that the growing embryo bears a lot of plasticity which enables it to develop successfully even under the condition that there are a great proportion of malfunctioning genes.(1). The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the

50、 sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate, Jacques Cousteau told the camera. The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragilit

51、y of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity. From Captain Cousteau, Audubon (May 1990):17.(1).According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate natural mechanism that controls the earths climate. He fears that human activity could inte

52、rfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earths heat, and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the oceans and atmosphere (Captain Cousteau 17).(2). The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad joke becaus

53、e everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land, and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Coun

54、t Basie became the heroes of the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, Americas break with the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.(2). During the twenties l

55、awlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one. Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young p

56、eople, as many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young flappers, women who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey 25).(3) Of the more than 1000 bi

57、cycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From Bike Helmets

58、: Unused Lifesavers, Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.(3). The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of vic

59、tims annually, half of whom are school children (Bike Helmets 348).(4). Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. Hes the most realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still

60、life. The Casbah Gate depicts the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near the sultans palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon, i

61、ncluding the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, Bright Lights. Newsweek (26 March 1990): 50.(4). Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions of one experiencing the scene first

62、 hand. For instance, The Casbah Gate takes one to the walled city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultans palace, where one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go th

63、rough the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).(5). While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering so far, its unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the worlds tallest building. The question is: Just how high can

64、a building go? Structural engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, Reaching for the Sky. Dial (May 1990): 15.(5). How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than th