四级长难句分析

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1、.长难句分析1Our linguistic语言上的and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是Our blindness and casualness are losing us. with wh

2、ich 引导一个定语从句修饰casualness. take notice of 意思是“注意到。 【译文】我们对语言、文化的无知，以及那种对其他国家形成的品味、手势、风俗和语言的漫不经心的态度，正使我们在世界上失去朋友，错过商机，丧失威信。 2A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to call for a lawn care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen with

3、out all those messy chunks of dirt lying around. 【分析】这是一个复杂的简单句；句子的主干是A simple trip eliminates all need and provides holes. messy chunks of dirt：乱七八糟的脏东西。 【译文】只要穿这种娇小的鞋在院子里走一走，就完全没必要请修剪草坪的专家了，因为这会形成大小适宜的洞为草坪提供氧气，周围还不会留下那些乱七八糟的脏东西。 3But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of e

4、lemental literacy than it is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-class reader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity and time and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. 【分

5、析】这是一个带有比拟级的句子，主干是：But my own worry today is less that than. 【译文】但我今天所担忧的不是广泛泛滥的文盲问题，而是更加奢侈一点的问题，即：对中产阶级读者读写技能下降了的担忧，他们不愿把安静的地方、难得的家庭生活的时机、时间和注意力用来读书，而典型的读书活动正需要这些。 4This violation of concentration, silence, solitude独处的状态goes to the very heart of our notion of literacy; this new form of part-reading

6、, of part-perception against background distraction, renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that most important tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves, which is to learn it by heart. 【分析】这是一个并列句。第一个分句的主干是：t

7、his violation goes to the heart of literacy.，第二个分句的主干是this new form renders,let alone 【译文】这种对精神集中、安静、独处状态的阻碍同阅读概念直接冲突；在娱乐背景下半读书半分散精力的读书新方式不可能专心致志地理解，更不要说任何一个人对真正喜爱的一首诗或一篇散文所能表示的最大赞赏是将其背诵下来。 5And with doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fading memory and

8、amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it is clear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to pel human beings to leave their tracks on the planets reddish surface. 【分析】句子的主干是it is clear that imperatives will have to pel human beings to lea

9、ve tracks on the planets reddish surface.；两个with分别引导两个伴随状语。 【译文】由于短期经济回报有疑问、冷战在人们记忆中迅速消失，以及越来越强调在大规模空间探险中的国际合作；很清楚，不是经济利益或国家利益，而是必须履行的使命将迫使人类在那个红色行星的外表留下足迹。 6The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the

10、Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite陨石from Mars. 【分析】句子的主干是This issue has been highlighted.由两地whether引导的从句做of的宾语；两个that所引导的从句分别做evidence和suggestions的同位语。 【译文】由于越来越多的证据说明这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富

11、的液态水，又因人们对落到地球上的火星细菌化石陨石的说法一直有争论，所以火星上是否存在过生命、是否延续至今的问题一直引人注目。 7What he has demonstrated, he believes, is that lack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system. 【分析】that和what分别引导两个表语从句；he believes是插入语，应该前置。 【译文】他认为，他所证明的是缺乏控制事件的能力会削弱免疫系统，而非经历本身。 8Jay Weiss,

12、 a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine, has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli dont develop sleep disturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. 【分析】that引导的宾语从句中又包含一个who引导的定语从句，修饰animals。 typical of sb.意思是“以为特征的。这句话中这个词组之前省略了，which i

13、s，是两个现象的定语从句。 【译文】杜克大学医学院的心理学家琼伟斯已经证明：被允许控制不快刺激的动物不会出现睡眠障碍，大脑化学成分也不发生变化，这些正是老鼠紧X的典型表现。 9The reasons why they dont, and why the environment has not been ruined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in response to popular pressure.【分析】句子的主干是The reas

14、ons have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation. 两个why均引导定语从句修饰reasons. in response to popular pressure做regulation的后置定语。【译文】为什么它们没发生，为什么环境被消灭，这同价格、技术创新、社会变革和政府因公众压力所制定的规章有关。 10What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the

15、 price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. 【分析】这是简单的复杂句，句子的主干是What has happened is that。主语是what引导的主语从句，谓语是that引导的名词性从句；该从句中every time 引导一个时间状语从句，为第三层从句。 【译文】所发生的事情是这样的：每当一种原料看来将要短缺，价

16、格就上升，相应地人们就寻找新的供给来源，尽量找到少用这种材料的方法，或者寻找替代品。 11Not too many decades ago it seemed obvious both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed peoples natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin (亲戚) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial rela

17、tionships with passing acquaintances. 【分析】句子的主干是it seemed obvious that ，that之后引导一个很长的主语从句；该从句的谓语动词有三个：changed, loosened, substituted. 【译文】几十年前，在普通群众和社会学家看来这是一个“明显的事实：现代社会改变了人们的自然关系，淡化了他们对亲戚和邻居的责任感，取而代之的是点头之交的浅薄关系。 12 Nor are residents of large munities any likelier to display psychological symptoms

18、of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller munities. 【分析】这是一个含有比拟级的倒装句；a feeling of not belonging是插入语，进一步解释alienation的含义。 【译文】同小城市居民相比，大城市居民也没有更可能表现压力或疏远即无归属感的心理病症。 13 As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of the

19、 future, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changed in the past and how those changes have transformed human existence. 【分析】句子的主干是earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution。As引导一个时间状语从句，两个how分别引导宾语从句，做understanding的宾语。 【译文】本周，当环境保护专家聚集在里约热内卢考虑今后

20、的全球气候时，地球科学家们在理解过去气候的变化以及这些变化怎样改变了人类的生存方面正处在根本转变的过程中。 14Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces that have bined to change the planetsenvironment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back again over a time period stretching back

21、hundreds of millions of years. 【分析】句子的主干是Researchers have begun to piece together an illuminating picture。That引导一个定于从句修饰forces。 【译文】地球环境从热变冷，从潮湿变枯燥。然后又周而复始，这一过程可追溯至几亿年前，强大的地质和天文力量结合在一起使地球环境发生了这些变化，研究人员开场将这些组合成了一幅清晰的图画。 15 New research now suggests that climate shifts have played a key role in nearly

22、 every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of primates (灵长目动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs, from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. 【分析】复杂的简单句，句子的主干是New research now suggests that，that引导宾语从句，冒号后面的成分

23、是对a key role 的说明。 【译文】目前，新的研究说明，气候变化在人类进化的每一个重大转折点都起了重要作用：从大约6500年前灵长目动物的出现到人类祖先直立起来用双腿走路，从人类大脑的迅速膨胀发育到农业的兴起。 16 In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without reg

24、ard to other cultures or ethnic groups. 【分析】句子的主干是the goal is to describe behavior。Regard是名词，而不是动词。 【译文】本位方法的目标是用对一种文化或民族中的人有意义的、重要的术语去描绘该文化或民族的行为，不考虑其他文化或民族。 17 The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly merce and greed (贪婪) on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer discipl

25、ines such as philosophy and literature. 【分析】复杂的简单句，句子的主干是The MBA has borne the mark of lowly merce and greed. such as 做discipline的同位语，ruled以过去分词的形式做campuses的后置定语，on the tree-lined campuses 做地点状语。 【译文】MBA是20世纪的产物，在纯学术学科如哲学和文化占主导地位的绿树成荫的大学校园里，它往往是低俗的商业铜臭和贪婪的标志。 18 This is nearly 16 times the number of

26、 business graduates in 1960, a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA is vital for young men and women who want to run panies some day. 【分析】句子的主干是This is nearly 16 times the number of business graduates in 1960，a testimony 相当于which is a testimony。that 后面引导一个同位语从句修饰assumption，其中又包含一个以who

27、引导的定于从句。 【译文】这几乎是1960年商科毕业生的16倍，从而证实了人们的普遍假设，即MBA对那些想在将来某一天开公司的青年男女来说非常关键。 19 The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-Mart Stores Inc., has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worth of a business degree and whether manag

28、ement skills can be taught. 【分析】句子的主干是The success has helped inspire self-conscious debates. whether 引导一个宾语从句和the worth 一同做over 的宾语。 【译文】比尔盖茨和其他非MBA，如已故Wal-Mart 连锁店的Sam Walton的成功，在商校校园里引起了有关工商学位的价值和管理技能是否可以通过教育获得等问题的自发讨论。 20 Motivated in part by Christian passion (怜悯) for the helpless as well as a p

29、ractical political impulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers pensation law in 1884. 【分析】复杂的简单句，motivated 相当于As he was motivated ，在句中做原因状语。句子的主干是Chancellor Bismarck created the worlds first workers pensation law in 1884. 【译文】

30、局部是出于一个基督徒对无助人的怜悯，同时也出于削弱社会党工人运动的支持这一实际政治动机，俾斯麦首相在1884年创立了世界上第一部工人赔偿法。 21 Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehow hollow-that, misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy what are essentially social, psychological and

31、 spiritual needs with material things. 【分析】这个句子的构造比拟复杂，句子的主干是many have a sense. 第一个that引导sense的同位语；第二个that引导hollow的同位语；misled by a consumerist culture是原因状语；what引导satisfy的宾语从句。 【译文】于是，工业国家的许多人感觉到他们富足的世界不知何故变空了由于受到消费中心主义文化的误导，他们试图满足社会的、心理的和精神上的对物质的本质需求，但毫无成果。 22 A new study by Dan Farmer, a gifted pro

32、grammer, using an automated investigative program of his own called SATAN, shows that the owners of well over half of all World Wide Web sites have set up home without fitting locks to their doors. 【分析】句子的主干是A new study shows that，using作方式伴随状语，that引导一个宾语从句，该从句的主干是the owners have set up home 【译文】天才的程

33、序员，丹法穆用他自称为“撒旦的自动调查程序所做的一项最新研究说明，万维网一多半的主人建立了不上锁的家。 23 Of Ezekiel Cheever, the most famous schoolmaster of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, his onetime student Cotton Mather wrote that he so planned his lessons that his pupils came to work as though they came to play, and Alfred North Whitehead, almost

34、 three hundred years later, noted that a teacher should make his/her students glad they were there. 【分析】这是一个并列复合句，第一个分句的主语是his onetime student Cotton Mather；第二个分句的主语是Alfred North Whitehead；两个分句各代一个宾语从句。【译文】曾经是Ezekiel Cheever, 这个马塞诸州海湾殖民地最著名的校长的学生，Cotton Mather 写到，他备的课程能让学生们感觉“上学就像玩一样，过了大约三百年，Alfred

35、North Whitehead 注意到一个教师必须使他/她的学生“快乐上学。 24 A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making peoples vision sharpe

36、r than that of cats. 【分析】这是一句比拟长的简单句。句子的主干是contact lens will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision. under development作主语的定语，而making peoples vision sharper than that of cats作目的状语。 【译文】在H大学的应用物理系研制的一种新型的高性能的隐性眼镜将不仅可以娇正普通的视力缺陷，还能把正常的夜间的视力提高5倍，使得人们的视力比猫还敏锐。 25 Bil

37、les lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 2000, and one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer, who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days. 【分析】这是一个并列符合句，前一个分句的主干是Bill

38、es lenses are expected to reach the market；后一个分句的主干是one tentative plan is；who 引导一个菲限定性定语从句来修饰 manufacturer。 【译文】比尔的眼睛希望在2000年上市，初步方案是利用因特网把患者的视力缺陷信息从眼镜商传到制造商，然后，制造商在两三天内制作好并将其寄出。 . v.实操练习题1In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School of Medicine conditioned使形成条件反射 mice to a

39、void saccharin糖精 by simultaneously feeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immune systems caused stomach upsets. 参考译文1975年，罗切斯特大学医学院的心理学家Robert Ader在使老鼠对排斥糖精形成条件反射的试验中，喂食老鼠糖精的同时给它们注射了一种药剂，这种药在破坏老鼠的免疫系统的同时还会引起腹痛。 2The Times newspaper agrees, plaining tha

40、t quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorial supervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.参考译文泰晤士报对此有同感，它报怨说，由于学生人数激增，教学质量受影响，因为个别指导不得不让位于“欧洲大陆国家高校里惯有的大规模生产方式。 3By studying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to cla

41、y articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the most recent switch 730,000 years ago. 参考译文通过研究岩石，陶器等一系列材料中含有的矿物颗粒，先前的研究人员已能够确认早在1.7亿年发生的磁场两极转化现象，以及发生在73万年以前的最新一次两极转化现象。 4Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap fo

42、od for our own population, the factory farming industry also argues that “hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the poultry industry.参考译文工厂养殖业已不满足于我国人口提供廉价食物的可疑说法，进一步提出了“让贫困国家从家禽养殖业的开展中受益的论调。 5Bottom retail pricesanywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those in Europe and Asiahave attracte

43、d some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind $79 billion in 1994. 参考译文比欧洲和亚洲低30%70%的零售价价格吸引了约四千七百万的游客于1994年涌入美国，而这些游客为美国留下了79亿美元的收入。 6It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive欺骗性的packaging rumpus喧嚣started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of ce

44、reals consumed by him, Mrs. Hart, and their children were being higher and narrower, with a decline of net weight from 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price. 参考译文参议员哈特一家在购置合装麦片时发现，包装盒变高了，变窄了，食品的分量也减少了，然而价格却分文未降。据说，由此在公众和议会中引发了一场关于欺骗性商品包装的轩然大波。 7The producers of packaged products argue

45、strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain even weights and volumes, but no one in the trade ments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred by endless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used for improving a products market position. 参考译文生产包装产品的商家

46、竭力反对在改变了包装上原有分量的商品，但他们却丝毫不反对为了扩大产品的市场优势，用于不断改变包装的大小、用料、形状、制作工艺以及商品的净重的大笔花费。 8The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject. 全句的字面意思是：传记作家不得不在与传主所处的摇摆不定位置之间跳来跳去。 隐含之义为：传记作家必须与传主保持适当距离，并要时常调整与传主间的距离。 9Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, mit suici

47、de, or go to jail, puter criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be charged but that they be given good remendations and perhaps other benefits. 参考译文其他的XX者或者逃亡国外，或者自杀，或者进监狱，计算机犯罪分子却不同，他们可以逃避惩罚，并且要挟不要指控他们，甚至还要求为他们出具有利的推荐信或者为他们提供其他好处，他们的要求往往能够得到满足。 10Coleman concludes t

48、hat excellent job performance is so mon these days that while doing your work well may win you pay increases, it wont secure you the bigpromotion. 参考译文科尔曼得出的结论如下：如今出色的工作表现十分普遍，虽说工作出色你可以加薪，但你未必能够高升。 11The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny for cultural bias than the Longman

49、dictionary because the latter does not hesitate about viewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. 参考译文因此，牛津词典比朗读曼词典更经得起文化偏见的严格审视，因为后者总是说英语国家的视角来评判其他国家的文化现象。 12And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest of the world is deepened

50、 by the simple mindedness as he sees it-of citizens, social workers, doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals less severely in the hope that this will make them reform. 参考译文由于警察认为人们市民，社会工作者，医生，立法人员以及法官头脑简单比方，法官不是重罚以消除犯罪而是量刑从轻以期促使罪犯改正自新因此，他们与社会之间的隔膜更深一层。

51、 13The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but, custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most monplace. 参考译文对于人脑的内部活动，我们认为特别值得研究。但对于传统风俗，我们却觉得那不过是最最平常的行为而已。 14John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping th

52、e behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the language of his family. 参考译文约翰杜威曾经十分认真地说过，风俗习惯对个人的行为的影响与个人对传统习惯的影

53、响之比，正如一个人母语的词汇总量与他儿时从家庭用语中学会的儿童用语之比。 15Through the study of instruments, as well as painting, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in th

54、e development of most of the instruments in the symphony orchestra. 参考译文通过对图片、文字记载以及乐器等的研究，我们可以了解一千多年以前近东音乐传入中国的情况，也可以勒出近东音乐的影响涉及欧洲并导致交响乐的大局部乐器开展和演变的大致轮廓。 16Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of info

55、rmation simultaneously and acting on them quickly. 参考译文由于在其进化期间，人类的生活节奏较为缓慢，人脑形成了固有的缺陷，不能同时接收来自多个渠道的信息并迅速进展处理。 17No one looking ahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip, would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal puters, digital

56、 munications and factory robots. 参考译文如果20年前的人们预想现在的情况，恐怕谁也无法预见到仅集成电路块一项创造，一旦将其运用于个人电脑、数字通信和工厂机器人身上，会给世界带来怎样的变化。 18Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.

57、 参考译文然而，有趣的是，如果长相平平的女士和漂亮的女士都有突然获得成功，人们会认为长相平平的女士的人际关系比漂亮女士好，而她们的能力却不如漂亮女士。 19Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the “how to aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual

58、 aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. 参考译文大多数的这类书和一些章节强调如何进展采访，而不是研究采访的概念性问题，比方采访的概念性问题，比方采访的背景以及含义。这些章节主要见于，但也不限于，报章杂志、播送手册以及新闻报道的书籍中。 20In the second stage, the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods and services was irrelevant; if

59、the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they would have to be obtained in the marketplace. 参考译文在第二阶段，作坊经济生产提供这些新产品或新效劳的效率是否低下已无关紧要。如果作坊成员要分享工业化的成果，他们必须到市场上去获得这些新产品和新效劳。 21Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of the horse drawn carriage illegal and then impractica

60、l, and the appearance of television to a source of background music, so most of the fruits of economic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce the goods or services or purchase them in the market. 参考译文正如汽车的问世使得马车成为非法品、继而使其毫无用武之地，电视的出现使收音机的娱乐功能收缩为只用来播放一些背景音

61、乐一样，多数的经济成果并没有给家庭作坊经济提供更多的选择余地：是自行提供这些产品或效劳，还是到市场上去购置，它已别无选择。 22Ironically挖苦性地, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate kno

62、wledge about aperson (e.g., disclosures and truthful statements). 参考译文具有挖苦意义的是，在培养满意的人际关系方面，那些使我们不能很好地了解他人的事情如隐秘、欺瞒却跟那些有助于我们了解他人的事情如自我展示、实话一样重要。 23Making Apple puters capable of running IBM software is Apples effort at making the Mackintosh patible with IBM puters and thus more popular in the office

63、, where Apple hopes to increase sales. 参考译文通过使自己的产品能够运行IBM软件，苹果公司希望使Mackintosh机与IBM电脑兼容、进而使其更适合办公室应用。苹果公司希望增加其产品在办公室应用方面的销量。 24 In terms of our capacity to sample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes are at least approximately correct, one suspects

64、that a reverse order is more reasonable. 参考译文然而，考虑到我们对有关领域的研究能力，以及我们对这些领域的认识至少大体正确这一点，也许以相反的顺序排列这三类学科更为合理。 25Even the folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending, organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilar from the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, even though it is built upon the very imperfect samples of p