英文学术论文写作

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1、英文学术论文写作（综述）之一（0楼），英文学术论文写作（综述）之二（1楼），英文学术论文写作（综述）之三（2楼）；英文论文引言的写作技巧（3楼）英文论文摘要的写作技巧（4楼）英文论文正文的写作技巧（5楼）英文论文的结论部分写作要点（6楼）英文论文的标点 (7楼)英文学术论文写作（综述）之一：用英语写学术论文的目的主要有两个，一是参加国际学术会议，在会议上宣讲，促进学术交流；二是在国际学术刊物上发表，使国外同行了解自己的研究成果，同样也是出于学术交流的目的。不同的学科或领域、不同的刊物对论文的格式有不同的要求，但各个领域的研究论文在文体和语言特点上都有许多共性。了解了这些语言共性，便会起到触类旁

2、通的作用。对我国青年学者或学生来说，用英语写作的难点不是没有写作材料，不是不熟悉专业词汇，也不是没有打下良好的英语基础。用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。关于学术英语写作的语言技巧，我们已在第一部分作了较详细的介绍。此部分讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，我们都在此作较详细介绍，以便读者模仿练习，将写作工作化难为易。一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成：Title(标题)Abstract(摘要)Keywords(关键词)Table of contents(目录)Nomenclature(术语表)Introduction(引言)Method(方

3、法)Results(结果)Discussion(讨论)Conclusion(结论)Acknowledgement(致谢)Reference(参考文献)Appendix(附录)其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introd

4、uction写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。标题的写法论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本

5、章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。6.1 标题的长度标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 22) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 03) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 314) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell: A Sur

6、vey 6 4 0 25) Progress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials 7 4 1 26) Computer Simulation and Experimental Study on Cold Shut During Mold Filling 11 5 2 4英语科技论文中，标题不宜过长，大多为812个单词左右。表6.1和表6.2列出了一些学术论文的标题的字数及词性统计资料。表6.1 学术论文标题中字数及词性统计(一)标题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等7) On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Co

7、mponents 9 5 2 28) Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures: A Biomechanical and Comparative Study 10 4 1 49) Acoustics of Long Spaces: Theory and Application 7 4 l 210) Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of-Position Occupant 7 2 011) Semi-Integral Abutments in Bridge Seismic Design 6

8、 3 l 212) High Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling 9 7 0 213 ) Surface Engineering of Polymers for Biomedical Application 7 4 2 l14) The Design of User-Oriented Database of Material Performance Based on Client/Server Model 13 7 3 3.15) Impingement Heat Transfer of Diesel Flames in a

9、Rapid Compression and Expansion Machine 13 8 2 3平均（约） 9 5.5 1.5 2来源：中国第三届青年学术会议论文集，材料科学与工程技术。北京：中国科学技术出版社，1998。标 题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容词等1) Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by the Elderly 9 5 2 22) Dietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students 9 6 l 23) Knowledge of Cardiovascular Di

10、sease in University Students 7 4 2 l4) Severe Weather and the Automobile 5 2 0 35) Heavy Weight Contenders：a Look at Fat 7 4 1 26) A1uminutn：Is It Hazardous to YourHealth? 7 3 1 37) The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Survey 11 5 2 48) Sustaining the Discussion：Ecology in

11、the Humanities Classroom 8 4 l 39) Diversity in the Future WorkForce 6 4 1 l10) Models of Sustaining Human and Natural Development in an Urban Environment 11 3 2 611) Variation in Acorn Production and Chemistry of Two Oak Oak Species with respect to Topography 14 8 5 112) Traditional Versus Adult St

12、udiesStudents: the College Experience 8 5 0 313) Solving the Food Shortage Problem in Northeast and Northwest Africa Using Hydroponically Grown Peanuts & Solarly Distilled Water 18 10 1 714) Impact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality of Life 9 5 2 2标 题 单词总数 名词数 介词数 形容 词等15) Application of Digital I

13、mage Analysis for Helping to Define the Prognosis Of Selected Malignancies 14 6 3 5平均(约) 9.5 5 1.5 3来源：The Ohio Journal of Science Vol. 96(2)表6.1中列出的是中国科协第三届青年学术年会论文集中15篇英文论文的标题，平均9个单词。表6.2列出的是从The Ohio Journal of Science中随机挑出的15篇论文的标题，平均95个单词。要想用有限的字数概括全文的主旨，用词必须仔细斟酌和推敲，选择最简练、最准确、最贴切的词来表达全文的主要内容。6.

14、2 标题的用词从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，标题中用得最多的是名词(包括动名词)，平均占总单词数的5060之高。其中有的标题中80以上的词为名词。除名词外，用得较多的是介词，有时使用形容词、冠词、连词、副词。标题是对全文重要内容的高度概括，因此用词要贴切、中肯，不能有任何随意性。为了便于检索，标题中所用的词尽量使用表达全文内容的关键词，下面举例说明标题中关键词的出现率。例1a 标题：On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Componentsb关键词：fatigue spotweld automobile life prediction 疲劳

15、 点焊 汽车 寿命预测b标题：Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Cold Shut During Mold Filling关键词：mold filling computer simulation cold shut casting铸件充型 计算机模拟 冷隔 铸造c标题：Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-of Position Occupant关键词：air bag out-of-position occupant安全气囊 离位乘员c 标题：New Fatigue Tes

16、t and Statistical Method for Metallic Materials Used in Vehicle Transmissions关键词：fatigue test statistical method test specimens疲劳实验 统计方法 试样分析：例1a中，有4个关键词，在标题里出现了3个，而标题中出现的两个名词词组fatigue life prediction 和 spot welded components都是文章的关键词。 在例1b中，有4个关键词，其中3个出现在标题里。标题中用了4个名词词组：computer simulation，experimen

17、tal study，cold shut，mold filling，其中3个是关键词。例1c中有2个关键词，在标题里都出现。标题中用了3个名词或名词词组：investigation，air bags deployment forces，out-of-position occupant，其中两个是关键词。例1d中有3个关键词，其中2个出现在标题里。从上面四个例子可以看出，标题中的用词多是文章的关键词，明确、精炼，将文章的主要内容予以高度概括。标题中用得最多的是名词或名词词组，一般不用动词或动词词组。如果用动词，则用非谓语动词形式，如动名词、不定式或分词。从表6.1和表6.2可以看出，在标题平均9个

18、单词中，有5.5个是名词，占一半以上。除名词外，用得较多的是介词of，in，on等，再其次是连词and和形容词。偶尔也需要用一些其他词性的词，如副词、冠词等。6.3 标题的结构学术文章的标题主要有三种结构：名词性词组(包括动名词)，介词词组，名词词组+介词词组。间或也用一个疑问句作标题(多用在人文社会科学领域)，但一般不用陈述句或动词词组作标题。(1)名词性词组名词性词组由名词及其修饰语构成。名词的修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语，有时也可以是另一个名词。名词修饰名词时，往往可以缩短标题的长度。以下各标题分别由两个名词词组构成。例2aSevere Weather and the Automobil

19、e(名词词组) (名词词组)bSoil Behavior and Critical Soil Mechanics(名词词组) (名词词组)cHigh Speed Flow Sensor and Fluid Power Systems Modelling(名词词组) (名词词组)dTraditional Versus Adult Studies Students: the College(名词词组) (名词词组)Experience(2)介词词组介词词组由介词十名词或名词词组构成。如果整个标题就是一个介词词组的话，一般这个介词是“on”，意思是“对的研究”。例3a On the Distribu

20、tion of Sound in a Corridorb On the Crushing Mechanism of Thin Walled Structures(3)名词名词词组+介词词组这是标题中用得最多的结构。例4aFundamentals of Flow Measurement (名词) (介词词组)bScattered Sound and Reverberation on Gity Streets and in Tunnels(名词词组) (介词词组)cDietary Supplement and Body Image in Female College Students(名词词组)

21、(名词词组) (介词词组)dKnowledge of Cardiovascular Disease in University Students(名词) (介词词组) (介词词组)eDiversity in the Future Work Force(名词) (介词词组)fProgress on Fuel Cell and Its Materials(名词) (介词词组)gDamping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy(名词词组) (介词词组)hAcoustics of Long Spaces：Theory and Application(名词) (介词词组) (

22、名词词组)i. Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces(名词) (介词词组)on Out-of-Position Occupant(介词词组)j. Models of sustaining Human and Natural Development(名词) (介词词组) in an Urban Environment(介词词组)标题中的介词词组一般用来修饰名词或名词词组，从而限定某研究课题的范围。这种结构与中文的“的”字结构相似，区别是中文标题中修饰语在前，中心词在后。英文正好相反，名词在前，而作为修饰语的介词短语在后。例5a Progress

23、on Fuel Cell and lts Materials燃料电池及其材料进展b Computer Simulation and Experimental Study On Co1d Shut During Mold Filling铸件充型中冷隔过程计算机模拟及其实验研究c. On the Fatigue Life Prediction of Spot Welded Components点焊汽车构件疲劳寿命预测c Investigation of Air Bags Deployment Forces on Out-Of-Position Occupant安全气囊对离位乘员作用力的分析与研究(

24、4)其他形式对于值得争议的问题，偶尔可用疑问句作为论文的标题，以点明整个论文讨论的焦点。例6a Do Electromagnetic Fields Affect the Way Plants Grow?b Do Specific Ambient Odors Enhance Short Term Memory Function?c130 Heterotrophic Protozoa Release Major Quantities Of Dissolved Organic Phosphorous in Lake Water?有的标题由两部分组成，用冒号(：)隔开。一般来说，冒号前面一部分是研究的

25、对象、内容或课题，比较笼统，冒号后面具体说明研究重点或研究方法。这种结构可再分为三种模式。 模式1 研究课题：具体内容例7a Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology：Barriers and Needsb Fire Resistant Steels for Construction：Design，Properties and MicrochemistrycAcoustics of Long Spaces Theory and ApplicationdImpact of Cancer：Coping Process and Quality

26、 of Life模式2 研究课题：方法性质例8a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell：A Surveyb. Absorbable Implants in Finger Fractures. A Biomechanical and Comparative Studyc. The Use of Technology in Higher Education Programs: a National Surveyd. Development of New Public Water Supply Well-fields Using Electromagnetic Conductance: Two

27、 Case Studies模式 3 研究课题：问题焦点a. Aluminum: Is It Hazardous to Your Health?b. Noise: Good? Bad? Maybe Both?c. Manure: Friend or Foe?思考题下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans3. How to Use Water Resources for Irri

28、gation in Semiarid Land4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices8. Yellow Fe

29、vers Effect on Transportation and Commerce9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science10. A Qualitative / Quantitative Analysis of the Administrative Management Institute at Cornell University11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicabilityto the

30、 Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis参考答案下面这写论文标题是否合适？如果不合适，请修改。1. Auditory Perspectives of Different Types of Music (合适)2. Electromagnetic Fields Have Harmful Effects on Humans (不合适）改为 :Harmful Effects of Electromagn

31、etic Fields on Humans3. How to Use Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land（不合适)该为: Using Water Resources for Irrigation in Semiarid Land4. Water Quality Can Be Protected Through the Successful Integration of Research and Education( 不合适)该为: Protecting Water Quality Through the Successful Inte

32、gration of Research and Education5. The Single Community Concept: A Model for Adult Environmental Education (合适 )6. Physics and Art: Conceptual Linkages Can Be Uncovered（不合适）改为: Physics and Art: Uncovering Conceptual Linkages7. Diamond Is Used for Electronic Devices(不合适)该为 :Use of Diamond for Electr

33、ic Devices8. Yellow Fevers Effect on Transportation and Commerce (合适）9. The Nature of Student Science Project Is Compared with Educational Goals for Science(不合适)改为: The Nature of Student Science Projects in Comparison to Educational Goals for Science10. A Qualitative / Quantitative analysis of the A

34、dministrative Management Institute at Comell University (合适)11. The Americans With Disability Act and Its Applicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Populations: A Statistical Analysis ( 不合适)该为: The Americans With Disability Act and Its A

35、pplicability to the Mentally Ill, Human Immune-Deficiency Virus and AIDS Populations: A Statistical Analysis英文论文引言的写作技巧 引言的写作技巧学术论文中的引言(Introduction)是对全文内容和结构的总体勾画。引言尽管不像摘要那样有一定的篇幅限制和相对固定的格式，但在内容和结构模式上也有需要遵循的规律。本章首先介绍这些规律，然后探讨需要掌握的语言技巧。8.1 引言的内容与结构布局引言的主要任务是向读者勾勒出全文的基本内容和轮廓。它可以包括以下五项内容中的全部或其中几项：介绍某研

36、究领域的背景、意义、发展状况、目前的水平等;对相关领域的文献进行回顾和综述，包括前人的研究成果，已经解决的问题，并适当加以评价或比较；指出前人尚未解决的问题，留下的技术空白，也可以提出新问题、解决这些新问题的新方法、新思路，从而引出自己研究课题的动机与意义；说明自己研究课题的目的；概括论文的主要内容，或勾勒其大体轮廓。如何合理安排以上这些内容，将它们有条有理地给读者描绘清楚，并非容易之事。经验告诉我们，引言其实是全文最难写的部分。这是因为作者对有关学科领域的熟悉程度，作者的知识是渊博、还是贫乏，研究的意义何在、价值如何等问题，都在引言的字里行间得以充分体现。我们可以将引言的内容分为三到四个层次

37、来安排(如图8.1所示)。第一层由研究背景、意义、发展状况等内容组成，其中还包括某一研究领域的文献综述；第二层提出目前尚未解决的问题或急需解决的问题，从而引出自己的研究动机与意义；第三层说明自己研究的具体目的与内容；最后是引言的结尾，可以介绍一下论文的组成部分。第一层：1) Introducing the general research area including its background, importance, and present level of development2) Reviewing previous research in this area第二层： Indica

38、ting the problem that has not been solved by previous research, raising a relevant question 第三层：Specifying the purpose of your research第四层：1) Announcing your major findings 2) Outlining the contents of your paper 图8.1 引言的结构布局之一值得注意的是，引言中各个层次所占的篇幅可以有很大差别。这一点与摘要大不一样，摘要中的目的、方法、结果、结论四项内容各自所占的篇幅大体比例一样(见7

39、.2节)。而在引言中，第一个层次往往占去大部分篇幅。对研究背景和目前的研究状况进行较为详细的介绍。研究目的可能会比较简短。引言与摘要还有一点不同的是，摘要中必须把主要研究结果列出，而在引言中(如果摘要与正文一同登出)结果则可以省略不写，这是因为正文中专门有一节写结果(results)，不必在引言中重复。下面这段引言的例子摘自一篇关于混合电动汽车的研究论文，大部分篇幅介绍研究背景。例1A Hybrid Internal Combustion Engine/Battery Electric Passenger Car for Petroleum Displacement I. Forster an

40、d J. R. Bumby INTRODUCTION 1 The finite nature of the worlds oil resources and the general concern about automobile emissions have prompted the adoption of energy conservation policies and emphasized the need to transfer energy demand from oil to other sources of energy, such as natural gas, coal an

41、d nuclear. 2 A transfer of energy from oil to electricity can be achieved to a limited extent in the road trans- port sector by the increased use of electric vehicle. However, such vehicles are limited in range due to the amount Of energy that can he realistically stored on-board the vehicle without

42、 affecting payload. As a consequence of this, electric vehicles must he used in situations where daily usage is well defined, for example, in urban delivery duty. Indeed, it has been in such vehicles as the urban milk delivery vehicles that electric traction drives have been traditionally applied wi

43、th a great deal of success. Currently the demand is for urban electric vehicles to he developed with greater traffic compatibility in terms of speed and range. 分析：第一层(第15段)：介绍混合电动汽车的研究背景、意义、目前的发展水平，需要解决的问题等。第1段：指出混合电动汽车的研究背景。世界石油资源的有限性及人们对汽车排放问题的广泛关注使得能源转换问题尤为重要。第2段：使用电动汽车能够从某种程度上实现能源转换。但问题是电动汽车的续驶里

44、程比内燃机车短。所以目前要解决的问题是提高电动汽车的速度和续驶里程。3 Although urban delivery vehicle applications will help to reduce the dependence of the road transport sector on petroleum-based fuels, the major part of this market requires vehicles that are not limited in range and have a performance compatible with internal com

45、bustion, i.e. engine vehicles. The use of advanced traction battery technology to overcome the range limitation of electric vehicles is one possible solution. However, this would still result in a vehicle limited in range and may in itself create additional problems. For example, due to the much gre

46、ater on- board stored energy, the charging time required will be greater than at present. 4 The range limitations of the pure electric vehicle can be overcome by using a hybrid i.c. engine/electric drive which incorporates both an i.c. engine and an electric traction system. Al- though such a vehicl

47、e can be designed to meet a number of objectives, it has been argued that a vehicle which seeks to remove the range limitation of the electric vehicle while substituting a substantial amount of petroleum fuel by electrical energy is the vehicle most worth pursuing. With the emphasis of the vehicle d

48、esign on the electric drive train, the intention may be to operate in an all-electric mode under urban conditions and to use the i.c. engine for long-distance motorway driving. The hybrid mode could then he used for extending urban range and/or improving vehicle accelerative performance on accelerat

49、or kick-down.5 The concept of a hybrid electric vehicle capable of substituting petroleum fuel is not new, 第3段：市场要求电动汽车的续驶里程及工作性能与内燃机汽车媲美，但是，即使先进电池可以提高电动汽车的续驶里程，但还会有一些问题不能解决。 第4段：续驶里程可以通过使用混合电动汽车来提高。混合电动汽车上既装有内燃机，又装有电动驱动系统，在必要时使用其中一种系统。第5段：回顾并评述前人关于混合电动汽车Bosch and Volkswagen having built vehicles in

50、 the 1970s. More recently, the advent of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research, Development and Demonstration Programme in the United States of America initiated the design and construction of a Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) with the principal aim of substituting petroleum fuel by wall plug ele

51、ctricity. 6 As part of the NTHV programme, a large number of conceptual studies were conducted but on vehicles aimed at the American passenger car market. In this paper optimization studies were conducted, but now on a vehicle suitable for the European medium-sized passenger car market. Such optimiz

52、ation studies are important as, with two sources of traction power available, the way in which they are controlled, and their relative sizing, is fundamental to the way the vehicle performs.7 Before examining in detail the optimum control strategy for the drive train, Section 2 defines the hybrid ar

53、rangement under study. A description of the optimization process using an appro英文论文摘要的写作技巧 摘要的写作技巧英文摘要(Abstract)的写作应用很广。不仅参加国际学术会议、向国际学术刊物投稿要写摘要，国内级别较高的学术期刊也要求附上英文摘要。学位论文更是如此。论文摘要是全文的精华，是对一项科学研究工作的总结，对研究目的、方法和研究结果的概括。本章主要介绍摘要的组成部分、写作方法、各部分的语言特点以及典型句型。1. 摘要的种类与特点摘要主要有以下四种。第一种是随同论文一起在学术刊物上发表的摘要。这种摘要置于

54、主体部分之前，目的是让读者首先了解一下论文的内容，以便决定是否阅读全文。一般来说，这种摘要在全文完成之后写。字数限制在100150字之间。内容包括研究目的、研究方法、研究结果和主要结论。第二种是学术会议论文摘要。会议论文摘要往往在会议召开之前几个月撰写，目的是交给会议论文评审委员会评阅，从而决定是否能够录用。所以，比第一种略为详细，长度在200300字之间。会议论文摘要的开头有必要简单介绍一下研究课题的意义、目的、宗旨等。如果在写摘要时，研究工作尚未完成，全部研究结果还未得到，那么，应在方法、目的、宗旨、假设等方面多花笔墨。第三种为学位论文摘要。学士、硕士和博士论文摘要一般都要求用中、英文两种

55、语言写。学位论文摘要一般在400字左右，根据需要可以分为几个段落。内容一般包括研究背景、意义、主旨和目的；基本理论依据，基本假设；研究方法；研究结果；主要创新点；简短讨论。不同级别的学位论文摘要，要突出不同程度的创新之处，指出有何新的观点、见解或解决问题的新方法。第四种是脱离原文而独立发表的摘要。这种摘要更应该具有独立性、自含性、完整性。读者无需阅读全文，便可以了解全文的主要内容。以上四种摘要具有许多共性。无论哪种摘要，内容一般都包括：(1)目的(objectives，purposes)：包括研究背景、范围、内容、要解决的问题及解决这一问题的重要性和意义。(2)方法(methods and m

56、aterials)：包括材料、手段和过程。(3)结果与简短讨论(results and discussions)：包括数据与分析。(4)结论(conclusions)：主要结论，研究的价值和意义等。无论哪种摘要，语言特点和文体风格也都相同。首先必须符合格式规范。第二，语言必须规范通顺，准确得体，用词要确切、恰如其分，而且要避免非通用的符号、缩略语、生偏词。另外，摘要的语气要客观，不要作出言过其实的结论。下面从内容、结构布局和语言特点三方面着手，讨论摘要的写作方法和技巧。2. 摘要的内容与结构一般来说，摘要必须包括研究目的，研究方法，研究结果，主要结论等内容。也就是说，摘要必须回答“研究什么”、

57、“怎么研究”、“得到了什么结果”、“结果说明了什么”等问题。2.1 学术期刊论文摘要这种摘要随同全文一起发表，简短精炼是其主要特点。只需简明扼要地将研究目的、方法、结果和结论分别用12句话加以概括即可(如图所示)。至于研究背景或宗旨应在论文的Introduction部分较详细介绍，不必在摘要里介绍。TitleAuthor(s), addressObjectives,purpose,hypotheses . Methods,materials,procedures .Results,data,observations,discussion . Conclusions .期刊论文摘要结构布局例1D

58、OES ALUMINUM ENTER THE LIQUID OONTAINEDIN POP CANS AND ALUMINUM COOKWARE?Daniel T. MossCampbell, 353 North King St., Xenia OH 45385Objective: 1This investigation was performed to see if the aluminum in pop cans (易拉罐)and aluminum cookware enters the liquid they contain. It was hypothesized that alumi

59、num does enter the liquids in aluminum cans and cookware. Methods and Materials: This experiment was performed by testing seven different types of carbonated beverages and water boiled in aluminum cookware for three hours. Every hour a sample was removed for testing. The cookware consisted of a new

60、and old aluminum pot. The colorimetric method was used to determine the concentration of aluminum. Results: The results showed that aluminum was present in carbonated beverages and in the water boiled in the cookware. Conclusions: It was concluded that aluminum existed in carbonated beverages and su

61、bstances cooked in aluminum cookware, and that the concentration of aluminum increased with time. (126 words)(本章选文中黑体部分为编者注。)分析：本摘要共8句话，126个词。第1句话指出了研究目的：装在易拉罐或铝制炊具中的液体是否含有铝。第2句是假设，铝可能真的会进人装在铝制罐子或炊具中的液体之中。第36句是实验材料、时间与方法。第7句是实验结果。第8句是结论：存放于铝制容器或炊具中的液体内含有铝，而且存放的时间越长，铝含量越高。例1中的主要句型结构如下：This investigat

62、ion was performed to see 表示研究目的It was hypothesized that 表示假设This experiment was performed by testing 表示实验过程和方法The colorimetric method was used to determine 表示测量方法The results showed that 表示实验结果It was concluded that 表示结论例2FACTORS INVOLVED IN POAG:CAROTENOID INTAKE, EYE COLOR, ANDGIRTH MEASUREMENTSC. A. Greenell and D. M. SpillmanDepartment of Physical Education, Health and Sports Studies,Phillops Hall, Miami University, Oxford Oh 45056Ob