Linux专业术语中英文对照

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1、Linux专业术语中英文对照（A） 帐户名称（Account Name） 等同于登录标识、用户标识或用户名。是指派给 UNIX/Linux 系统上用户的名称。可以在系统上对多个用户设置唯一的帐户名称，每个用户具有不同的访问（权限）级别。在安装完 Linux 之后，帐户名称由超级用户（Superuser）或 root 操作员指派。 Account Name Same as Login ID, User ID, or User Name. The name assigned to a user on a UNIX/Linux system. Multiple users can be set up

2、 on a system with unique account names, each with varying access (permission) levels. After Linux installation, account names are assigned by the Superuser, or root operator. AfterStep 用户界面（窗口管理器）之一，AfterStep 使得 Linux 的外观很象 NeXTSTEP，而且还有些增强功能。 AfterStep One of several user interfaces (window manager

3、s), AfterStep makes Linux look and feel much like NeXTSTEP, with enhancements. For more on AfterStep, go to www.afterstep.org. (Also, see Enlightenment, GNOME, KDE, and X Window System.) Awk（Aho、Weinberger 和 Kernighan） 一种编程语言，因其模式匹配语法而特别有用，通常用于数据检索和数据转换。一个 GNU 版本称为 Gawk。 Awk (Aho, Weinberger, and Ke

4、rnighan) A programming language useful for its pattern-matching syntax, and often used for data retrieval and data transformation. A GNU version is called Gawk. APM（高级电源管理，Advanced Power Management） 一种工业标准，它允许系统处理器和各个组件进入省电模式，包括挂起、睡眠和关机。APM 软件对于移动设备尤为重要，因为它节省了电池电量。 APM (Advanced Power Management) An

5、 industry standard for allowing the system processor and various components to enter power-saving modes, including suspend, sleep and off. APM software is especially important for mobile devices, because it saves battery power. 附加符号（Append Symbol） 两个键盘字符 （也就是 ）。通常用它将命令的输出发送到文本文件，将数据附加到文件的尾部，而不是替换现有的

6、内容。例如，ls -a output.txt 将当前目录列表发送到名为 output.txt 的文件，并将其添加到该文件的尾部。重复执行该命令会不断地将新数据添加到文件尾部。 Append Symbol The keyboard character, repeated (i.e., ). It is often used to send the output from a command to a text file, appending the data to the end of the file, rather than replacing the existing content. F

7、or example, ls -a output.txt sends the current directory list to a file called output.txt, and adds it to the end of the file. Repeating the command will continue to add new data to the end of the file. (Also, see Piping Symbol and Redirection Symbol.) 归档文件（Archive） 含有多个文件的单个大型文件，通常对其进行压缩以节省存储空间。经常创

8、建归档文件以方便计算机之间的传送。流行的归档格式包括 ARJ、TAR、ZIP 和 ZOO。它们都可以用来创建这样的归档文件。 Archive A single large file containing multiple files, usually compressed to save storage space. Often created to facilitate transferring between computers. Popular archival formats include ARJ, TAR, ZIP and ZOO. Also, to create such an

9、archive file. ARJ 流行的文件压缩归档工具，可以用于 UNIX/Linux、DOS/Windows 和其它操作系统。用这种方式压缩的文件的扩展名通常是 .arj 或 .ar。 ARJ A popular file compression/archival tool, available for UNIX/Linux, DOS/Windows, and other operating systems. Files compressed in this manner typically have .arj or .ar extensions. （B）后台进程（Background

10、Process） 运行时无须用户输入的程序。可以在诸如 UNIX/Linux 之类的多任务操作系统上运行多个后台进程，而用户则与前台进程交互（例如，数据输入）。有些后台进程（例如守护程序）从来都不需要用户输入。其它一些进程只是在用户忙于目前运行于前台的程序时才临时处于后台。 Background Process A program that is running without user input. A number of background processes can be running on a multitasking operating system, such as UNIX/

11、Linux, while the user is interacting with the foreground process (for example, data entry). Some background processesdaemons, for examplenever require user input. Others are merely in the background temporarily while the user is busy with the program presently running in the foreground. Bash（Bourne

12、Again SHell） Bourne Shell 的增强版。 Bash (Bourne Again SHell) An enhanced version of the Bourne Shell. BDF 字体 用于 X Window 系统的各种位图字体。 BDF Fonts A variety of bitmapped fonts for the X Window System. Bean JavaBeans 体系结构的组件。 Beans Components for the JavaBeans architecture. Beowulf 由相对廉价的计算机（包括 PC）组成的网络，这些计算

13、机可能使用不同的处理器和硬件体系结构，由 Linux 和特殊的系统级软件将它们联合成一个海量并行计算系统。最终结果是一个能够以较低成本获得超级计算机计算能力的系统。这类系统对于诸如气象建模之类的计算密集型任务而言是非常理想的，因为可以将计算分配到几十、几百甚至几千个同时运行的独立处理器上。有时也称为Beowulf 级超级计算机或者超级群集计算机。 Beowulf A network of relatively inexpensive computers (including PCs), potentially using different processors and hardware ar

14、chitectures, united by Linux and special system-level software into a massively parallel computing system. The end result is a system capable of supercomputer computation at a much lower price. This sort of system is ideal for compute-intensive tasks such as weather modeling, because the calculation

15、s can be divided among dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of separate processors all running simultaneously. Sometimes referred to a Beowulf-class supercomputer, or a super-cluster or hyper-cluster. For more on Beowulf technology, read the following Bin 一个含有可执行程序的目录，这些程序主要是二进制文件。 Bin A directory co

16、ntaining executable programs, primarily binary files. 二进制文件（Binary） 已被编译成可执行程序的源代码。在 UNIX/Linux 世界里，有些软件仅作为源代码分发；有些软件包既包含源代码又包含二进制文件；还有一些软件包则只以二进制文件格式分发。 Binaries Source code that has been compiled into executable programs. In the UNIX/Linux world, some software is distributed as source code only; o

17、ther packages include both source and binaries; still others are distributed only in binary format. 引导盘（Boot Disk） 一张软盘，其中含有操作系统（如 Linux）引导（启动）计算机并从命令行运行一些基本程序所需的足够内容。如果因某种原因导致系统表现为无法引导，那么引导盘是必需的。引导盘还用于对硬盘进行分区和格式化、恢复主引导记录（Master Boot Record）或者复制特定文件等。 Boot Disk A diskette (floppy) containing enough

18、of an operating system (such as Linux) to boot up (start) the computer and run some essential programs from the command line. This may be necessary if the system was rendered non-bootable for some reason. A boot disk can be used to partition and format the hard drive, restore the Master Boot Record,

19、 or copy specific files, among other things. Bot 机器人（Robot）的简称。它是一个程序，旨在在几乎没有人工干预下在因特网上搜索信息。 Bot Short for Robot. A program designed to search for information on the Internet with little human intervention. Bourne Shell 一种流行的命令行 shell，它具有的优点比 DOS 命令提示符多很多。 Bourne Shell A popular command line shell o

20、ffering many advantages over the DOS command prompt. (Also, see Bash and Korn Shell.) BSD（Berkeley 软件分发版，Berkeley Software Distribution）UNIX 加州大学伯克利分校开发的 UNIX。 BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution) UNIX UNIX distribution from University of California at Berkeley. Bzip2 一种较新的 UNIX/Linux 文件压缩程序，它比 Gzip

21、 提供更大的压缩比。 Bzip2 A newer file compression program for UNIX/Linux, providing smaller file sizes than Gzip. （C） CGI（公共网关接口，Common Gateway Interface） 在 Web 服务器上，用来在脚本和或应用程序之间传输数据，然后将该数据返回给 Web 页面或浏览器。CGI 脚本经常是使用 Perl 语言创建的，它能够生成动态 Web 内容（包括电子商业购物篮、讨论组、调查表单以及实时新闻等）。 CGI (Common Gateway Interface) Used o

22、n Web servers to transmit data between scripts and/or applications and then return the data to the Web page or browser. CGI scripts are often created using the Perl language, and can generate dynamic Web content (including e-commerce shopping baskets, discussion groups, survey forms, current news, e

23、tc.). CHS（柱面磁头扇区，Cylinder/Head/Sector） FDISK 在分区期间所需的磁盘信息。 客户机（Client） 向服务器请求服务（例如，电子邮件）的机器。 CHS (Cylinder/Head/Sector) Disk information required by FDISK during partitioning. CLU（命令行实用程序，Command Line Utility） 从命令行会话或 shell 运行的程序，如 Tar 或 Mkdir。 CLU (Command Line Utility) A program that is run from a

24、 command line session, or shell, such as Tar or Mkdir. 群集（Cluster） 由运行 Linux 的工作站（PC 或其它机器）组成的网络。（另请参阅Beowulf。） Cluster A network of workstations (PCs or other) running Linux. (Also, see Beowulf.) COLA 因特网新闻组 comp.os.linux.announce 的简称，该新闻组宣布一些与 Linux 相关的参考资料。 COLA A shorthand way of referring to th

25、e Internet newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce, where Linux-related materials are announced. 命令行界面（Command Line Interface）（CLI） 全屏或窗口化的文本方式会话，在该会话中用户通过输入命令来执行程序，这些命令可以带参数，也可以不带参数。CLI 显示来自操作系统或程序的输出文本，并为用户输入提供命令提示符。 Command Line Interface (CLI) A full-screen or windowed text-mode session where the user

26、executes programs by typing in commands with or without parameters. The CLI displays output text from the operating system or program and provides a command prompt for user input. 命令提示符（Command Prompt） DOS/Windows 和 OS/2 术语，是命令行界面的一部分，用户在该界面中输入命令。 Command Prompt The DOS/Windows and OS/2 term for the

27、 part of the command line interface where the user types commands. (Also, see Shell Prompt.) 编译（Compile） 将编程源代码转换成可执行程序。 Compile To turn programming source code into an executable program. 编译型语言（Compiled Language） 一种语言，它需要编译器程序将编程源代码转换成可执行的机器语言二进制程序。一经编译，就可从程序的二进制形式多次运行程序，而无需再次编译。编译型语言程序运行往往比解释型语言或伪

28、代码语言快，但却需要编译器（可能很昂贵），而且用编译型语言编程常常会比用解释型语言和伪代码语言编程难。编译型语言的例子有 C 和 C+、COBOL 以及 FORTRAN。 Compiled Language A language that requires a compiler program to turn programming source code into an executable machine-language binary program. After compiling once, the program can continue to be run from its bi

29、nary form without compiling again. Compiled languages/programs tend to be faster than interpreted or p-code languages, but require compilers (which can be expensive), and are often more difficult to program in than interpreted and p-code languages. Examples of compiled languages are C and C+, COBOL,

30、 and FORTRAN. 编译器（Compiler） 用于将编程源代码转换成可执行程序的程序。 Compiler A program used to turn programming source code into an executable program. 控制台应用程序（Console Application） 不需要（即便是提供了）图形用户界面就能运行的命令行程序。 Console Application A command line program that does not require (or perhaps even offer) a graphical user int

31、erface to run. Cron Linux 守护程序，它在指定时间或按指定间隔执行规定的任务。 Cron A Linux daemon that executes specified tasks at a designated time or interval. （D）守护程序（Daemon） 操作系统的后台进程，通常具有 root 安全级别许可权。守护程序通常隐藏在后台，直至被某个事件（例如特定的时间或日期、时间间隔、收到电子邮件等）触发后它才会进入活动状态。 Daemon A background process of the operating system that usual

32、ly has root security-level permission. A daemon usually lurks in the background until something triggers it into activity, such as a specific time or date, time interval, receipt of e-mail, etc. 桌面（Desktop） 操作系统用户界面，旨在表示一个在上面放东西的办公桌。操作系统的桌面并不使用有形的电话、电灯、收发箱等，而是使用程序及数据图标、窗口、任务栏和类似的东西。Linux 可以使用许多不同的桌面

33、环境，包括 KDE、GNOME 和 X11，它们可以由用户安装。（另请参阅GUI、窗口管理器和X Window 系统。） Desktop The operating system user interface, which is designed to represent an office desk with objects on it. Rather than physical telephones, lamps, in/out baskets, etc., the operating system desktop uses program and data icons, windows,

34、 taskbars, and the like. There are many different desktop environments available for Linux, including KDE, GNOME, and X11, that can be installed by a user. (Also, see GUI, Window manager and X Window System.) 设备驱动程序（Device Driver） 一种程序，它充当操作系统与设备（端口、驱动器、监视器、打印机等）之间的媒介，它向操作系统说明该设备具备哪些能力，同时将操作系统命令转换成该

35、设备可以理解的指令。 Device Driver A program that serves as an intermediary between the operating system and a device (ports, drives, monitors, printers, etc.) defining to the operating system what capabilities the device has and translating the operating system commands into instructions the device understan

36、ds. 分发版（Distribution） 将 Linux 内核（核心）连同各种用户界面、实用程序、驱动程序及其它软件打包成可交付给用户的软件包。分发版通常是以免费下载或廉价 CD-ROM 软件包的形式提供给用户的。流行的分发版包括 Caldera OpenLinux、CoreLinux、Debian、Red Hat、Slackware、SuSE、TurboLinux 及其它软件。 Distribution A packaging of the Linux kernel (core) with various user interfaces, utilities, drivers, and o

37、ther software into a user deliverable. Often available as a free download or in a low-cost CD-ROM package. Popular distributions include Caldera OpenLinux, CoreLinux, Debian, Red Hat, Slackware, SuSE, TurboLinux and others. Dpkg（Debian 软件包管理器，Debian Package Manager） 可从因特网下载的打包及安装工具，它包含在 Debian Linux

38、 中，但与其它分发版兼容。它生成具有 .DEB 扩展名的文件。与 RPM 类似。 Dpkg (Debian Package Manager) A packaging and installation tool for Internet downloads, included with Debian Linux but compatible with other distributions. It produces files with a .DEB extension. Similar to RPM. （E）Emacs（用 MACroS 进行编辑，Editing with MACroS） 一个

39、流行的文本编辑器。 Emacs (Editing with MACroS) A popular text editor. Enlightenment 用户界面（窗口管理器）之一。 Enlightenment One of several user interfaces (window managers). （F） 文件系统（File System） 一组程序，它们告诉操作系统如何访问及解释存储在磁盘或磁带驱动器或者其它存储媒介上的内容。常见的文件系统包括：FAT 和 FAT-32（DOS/Windows）、HPFS（OS/2）、NFS、NTFS（Windows NT/2000）以及其它文件系统

40、。 File System A set of programs that tells an operating system how to access and interpret the contents of a disk or tape drive, or other storage medium. Common file systems include: FAT and FAT-32 (DOS/Windows), HPFS (OS/2), NFS, NTFS (Windows NT/2000), and others. 过滤器（Filter） 一种程序，它（从文件、程序输出或命令行输入

41、）读取数据作为输入，根据一组预定义条件处理输入（如按字母顺序排序），然后输出处理过的数据。一些常见的过滤器包括 Awk、Grep、Sed 和 Sort。 Filter A program that reads data (from a file, program output or command line entry) as input, processes it according to a set of predefined conditions (for example, sorted alphabetically) and outputs the processed data. So

42、me filters include Awk, Grep, Sed and Sort. Finger UNIX/Linux 命令，它提供登录用户的有关信息。 Finger A UNIX/Linux command that provides information about users that are logged on. 前台进程（Foreground Process） 在多任务操作系统（诸如 UNIX/Linux）中，前台进程是用户当前与之交互的程序（例如，数据输入）。随着用户在程序之间切换，会导致这些程序在不同的时刻处于前台。在层叠的窗口环境中，前台进程是最前面的窗口。 Foregr

43、ound Process In a multitasking operating system, such as UNIX/Linux, the foreground process is the program that the user is interacting with at the present time (for example, data entry). Different programs can be in the foreground at different times, as the user jumps between them. In a tiered wind

44、owing environment, it is the topmost window. FreeBSD（免费伯克利软件分发版，Free Berkeley Software Distribution） 类似于 Linux，因为它包含许多 GNU 程序，并且它运行的许多软件包与 Linux 所运行的相同。但一些内核功能的实现却不尽相同。、 FreeBSD (Free Berkeley Software Distribution) Similar to Linux in that it includes many GNU programs and runs many of the same pac

45、kages as Linux. However, some kernel functions are implemented differently. (Also, see BSD UNIX.) FTP（文件传送协议，File Transfer Protocol） 与其它计算机（常常是软件资源库）来回传送文件的方法。 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) A method of transferring files to and from other computersoften software repositories. （G） GCC（GNU C 编译器，GNU C

46、Compiler） 由 GPL 管理的一个高质量 C 编译器。 GCC (GNU C Compiler) A high-quality C compiler governed by the GPL. GIMP（GNU 图像操作程序，GNU Image Manipulation Program） 一种用于 Linux 的、流行的图像编辑器绘图程序。 GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) A popular image editor/paint program for Linux. GNOME（GNU 网络对象模型环境，GNU Network Object M

47、odel Environment） 一种用于 Linux 的用户界面（窗口管理器），它是用 Gtk 构建的。 GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) One of several user interfaces (window managers) for Linux, built with Gtk. GNU（GNU 不是 Unix，GNU is Not Unix）项目 麻省理工学院（MIT）自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation，FSF）为开发和促进替代专有 UNIX 实现的产品所进行的项目。GNU 软件使用 GPL

48、许可证。 GNU (GNU is Not Unix) Project An effort of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Free Software Foundation (FSF) to develop and promote alternatives to proprietary UNIX implementations. GNU software is licensed under the GPL. GNU/Linux 等同于 Linux。之所以这么称呼，是因为 Linux 分发版中包含的许多组件都是 GNU 工具。

49、GNU/Linux Same as Linux. So-called because many of the components included in a Linux distribution are GNU tools. GPL（GNU 通用公共许可证，GNU General Public License） 一种公用及再分发许可证。 GPL (GNU General Public License) A common usage and redistribution license. Grep（全局正则表达式及打印，Global Regular Expression and Print）

50、一个工具，它在文件中搜索文本字符串，然后输出任何含该模式的行。 Grep (Global Regular Expression and Print) A tool that searches files for a string of text and outputs any line that contains the pattern. Gtk/Gtk+（GIMP 工具箱，GIMP ToolKit） 一个功能强大而且快捷的开放源码图形库，用于 UNIX/Linux 上的 X Window 系统，程序员可以用来创建按钮、菜单及其它图形对象。 Gtk/Gtk+ (GIMP ToolKit) A

51、powerful, fast open source graphics library for the X window System on UNIX/Linux, used by programmers to create buttons, menus and other graphical objects. (Also, see GNOME, Motif and Qt.) GUI（图形用户界面，Graphical User Interface） 图标、窗口及屏幕上其它图形图像的集合，它们提供了用户与操作系统交互的方法。 GUI (Graphical User Interface) The

52、collection of icons, windows, and other onscreen graphical images that provide the users interaction with the operating system. Gzip（GNU zip） UNIX/Linux 最初的文件压缩程序。最新的版本生成扩展名为 .gz 的文件。（扩展名 .z 或 .Z 表明是较老版本的 Gzip。）压缩是为了使文件紧凑以节省存储空间并缩短传送时间。（当与 Tar 结合使用时，生成文件的扩展名可能为 .tgz、.tar.gz 或 .tar.Z。） Gzip (GNU zip)

53、 The original file compression program for UNIX/Linux. Recent versions produce files with a .gz extension. (A .z or .Z extension indicates an older version of Gzip.) Compression is used to compact files to save storage space and reduce transfer time. (When combined with Tar, the resulting file exten

54、sions may be .tgz, .tar.gz or .tar.Z.) （H） Home 目录 用户登录之后所在的目录。 Home Directory The directory the user is placed in after logging on. HTML（超文本标记语言，Hyper Text Markup Language） 用于设计 Web 页面的标准标记语言。标记tag或格式化命令允许 Web 页面设计人员确定突出显示、定位图形及创建超链接等等。 HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) The standard markup language

55、 for designing Web pages. Markup tags, or formatting commands, allow the Web page designer to specify highlighting, position graphics, create hyperlinks, etc. HTTP（超文本传输协议，Hyper Text Transport Protocol） 一组创建的准则，用于请求和发送基于 HTML 的 Web 页面。 HTTP (Hyper Text Transport Protocol) The set of guidelines creat

56、ed for requesting and sending HTML-based Web pages. （I）Init 操作系统装入后立即运行的第一个进程。它以单用户方式启动系统或生成 shell 来读取启动文件，并打开指定用于登录的端口。 Init The first process to run immediately after the operating system loads. It starts the system in single-user mode or spawns a shell to read the startup files, and opens ports d

57、esignated as login ports. 解释型语言（Interpreted Language） 与编译型程序不同，每次运行解释型程序时都要由解释器程序实时地将源代码转换成二进制形式，而编译型程序由编译器一次性将源代码转换成可执行代码，随后从其二进制形式运行。解释型语言（以及用它们编写的程序）往往要比编译型语言及伪代码语言程序慢，并且通常只有有限的底层操作系统功能访问权限或直接访问硬件的权限。但从另一角度来说，它们无需编译器（可能非常昂贵），并且经常包含在操作系统中，通常比编译型语言更容易编程。解释型语言的例子有 BASIC、Perl、Python 和 REXX/Object REX

58、X。Interpreted Language Unlike a compiled program, which is converted from source code to an executable one time, by a compiler, and then run from its binary form, an interpreted program is converted to binary on the fly each time it is run, by an interpreter program. Interpreted languages (and thus

59、their programs) tend to be slower than compiled and p-code languages/programs, and generally have limited authorization to low-level operating system functions or direct hardware access. On the other hand, they do not require compilers (which can be expensive), are often included along with operatin

60、g systems, and are usually easier to program than compiled languages. Examples of interpreted languages are BASIC, Perl, Python and REXX/Object REXX. （J） Java Sun Microsystems 开发的、独立于操作系统的面向对象编程语言。Java 通常用于 Web 服务器。Java 应用程序和 applet 有时以下载的形式提供给用户，以便在他们的系统上运行。Java 编程语言可以编制应用程序或较小的 Javaapplet。Java 是 C

61、+ 语言稍加简化的版本，通常是进行解释而不是编译。 Java An object-oriented programming language developed by Sun Microsystemsto be operating system independent. Java is often used on Web servers. Java applications and applets are sometimes offered as downloads to run on users systems. Java programming can produce applicatio

62、ns, or smaller Java applets. Java is a somewhat simplified version of the C+ language, and is normally interpreted rather than compiled. Java Applet 嵌入在 Web 页面内的小型 Java 程序，它在浏览器内运行，而不是作为独立的应用程序运行。Applet 不能够访问本地计算机上的一些资源，如文件和串行设备（调制解调器、打印机等），通常也不能通过网络与其它计算机通信。 Java Applets Small Java programs that ar

63、e embedded in a Web page and run within a browser, not as a stand-alone application. Applets cannot access some resources on the local computer, such as files and serial devices (modems, printers, etc.), and generally cannot communicate with other computers across a network. JavaBeans Java 语言的组件体系结构

64、。JavaBeans 组件称为 Bean。 JavaBeans A component architecture for the Java language. JavaBeans components are called Beans. JavaScript 跨平台万维网脚本编制语言，似乎与 Java 有关。它可以用作服务器端脚本编制语言、由服务器解析的 HTML 中的嵌入语言以及浏览器中的嵌入语言。 JavaScript A cross-platform World Wide Web scripting language, vaguely related to Java. It can be used as a server-side scripting language, as an embedded language in server-parsed HTM