非谓语动词

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1、非谓语动词整理人：孙英峰 时间：2008年7月20日顾名思义，非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的动词。包括：不定式、现在分词、过去分词和动名词。不定式1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式（以do为例）：主动式被动式一般式to doto be done完成式to have doneto have been done进行式to be doing/完成进行式to have been doing/2. 不定式的语法作用1) 不定式作主语：To see once is better than to hear a

2、hundred times. 百闻不如一见。To master a foreign language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门外语不是一件容易的事。在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式短语移到谓语之后，使句子显得平稳一些。如：Its good manners to wait in line. 排队等候是很有礼貌的。It made us very angry to hear him speak to his mother like that. 听到他那样跟他妈妈说话我们很生气。2) 不定式作表语： The most important thing

3、is to put theory into practice. 最重要的事情是把理论付诸实践。 The greatest happiness is to work for the happiness of all. 最大的幸福就是为大家的幸福而工作。3) 不定式作宾语： He wanted to know the truth. 他想知道真相。I prefer to be starved to death rather than beg.我宁愿被饿死也不愿乞讨。He pretended to have read the book when I asked him about it. 我问到他的时

4、候，他假装读过这本书。另外，不定式在某些复合宾语中作宾语时，人们常常用it代表不定式，而将真实宾语放在补足语之后。如：Do you think it better to translate it in this way? 你认为这样翻译是不是更好？I feel it a great honor to be invited to speak at the meeting before so many students. 我觉得被邀请在会上面对这么多学生发言是一件很光荣的事情。4) 不定式作补语： 不定式可以和名词或代词一起构成复合结构作动词的宾语，这时不定式被称为宾语补足语。如：I would

5、like you to help me with my English exercises. 我想请你帮我做英语练习。I never expected the shoes to be worn out so soon. 我从来没想到鞋子这么快就穿破了。注意：动词help后面接不定式作宾语或宾语补足语可以带to也可以不带to。如：Who can help me (to) carry this heavy box? 谁能帮我拎这个重箱子？ 在make, let, have等使役动词和hear, see, watch, notice, feel，observe等感官动词后的复合宾语中，动词不定式不带

6、to。I often hear her sing in the next room. 我经常听到她在隔壁唱歌。They make the baby go to bed at 7:00 p.m. every day. 他们每天让孩子晚上7：00上床睡觉。注意：get, leave等词也有“让”“叫”的意思，和使役动词意思相近，但它们后面的不定式作宾语补足语必须要有to。如：Ill get him to try it again. 我将让他再试一次。How could you leave him to have supper with a stranger? 你怎么让他跟一个陌生人一起吃晚饭？注意

7、：当使役动词和感官动词变为被动语态时，不定式就成了主语补语，作主语补语的不定式必须加to。如：Though he had often made his little sister cry, today he was made to cry by his little sister. 尽管他经常弄哭他的小妹妹，但今天他却被他的小妹妹弄哭了。He is often heard to sing the song. 经常有人听到他唱这首歌。不定式作定语时，有时与被修饰的名词之间有意义上的动宾关系，如果该不定式动词是不及物动词，它后面需加上适当的介词。如：There is nothing to worr

8、y about. 没什么可担心的。There are many interesting books to choose from, but I dont know which to borrow. 有很多有趣的书可以挑选，但我不知道该借哪一本。6) 不定式作状语：不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。 不定式作目的状语，有时也可以用in order (not) to, so as (not) to结构。如： In order to protect the young plants from the sun, Mother put them in the shade.为了保护幼苗不

9、被太阳晒坏，妈妈把它们放到了阴凉处。He got up very early this morning so as not to be late for school again.今天早上他起身很早以免上学再迟到。注意：so as (not) to do不可以置于句首。不定式作结果状语，常见的结构有tooto, enoughto, soas to, suchas to, only to等。如：The question is too difficult for me to answer. 对我来说，这个问题很难回答。He said he was clever enough to deal wit

10、h it by himself.他说他足够聪明可以独自应付这件事。Will you be so kind as to turn down the radio? 请你帮我把收音机调低一点好吗？He woke up only to find himself in hospital. 他醒来发现自己在医院里。注意：tooto通常表示太而不，但在下列句子中没有否定的意思。She is only too glad to stay at home. 她太想留在家里了。He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。另外还有re

11、ady(现成的，乐意的), eager（迫切的），inclined（偏于的），apt（易于）。不定式作原因状语，通常用来修饰表示情感、心理状态、性格等的形容词。常见的形容词有：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever, frightened, shocked, sorry, eager, proud, disappointed, foolish, impatient, unwise, naughty等。如：They are surprised to le

12、arn of his death. 得知他死亡的消息，他们很惊讶。We are proud to be young people of new China. 成为新中国的青年，我们感到很骄傲。另外，hard, difficult, easy, fit，comfortable等词也可以接动词不定式。这时候，作句子主语的除了是表示人的词外，还可以是表示物的词。如：The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适合饮用。The room is very comfortable to live in. 这个房间住起来很舒服。注意：后两句中的不定式与句子的主语或宾语之间是动宾关系，

13、此时如果不定式动词是不及物动词，则需要带上适当的介词。2. for somebody to do和of somebody to do的用法区别：句型“It is +形容词+for somebody+不定式”中的形容词通常强调不定式的行为属性，如：important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。Its difficult for us to finish the work within two hours.我们要在两小时之内完成工作是很难的。Its reasonable for them to ru

14、n away so quickly. 他们这么快就逃跑了是很有道理的。“It is +形容词+of somebody+不定式”中的形容词表示人物性格和特征。如：kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, sensible, naughty等。Its kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。Its silly of the boy to kee

15、p pouring water into the basket 这个男孩真傻，一直往篮子里倒水。选择填空：1. Ive heard him _ about you often.A. speak B. speaks C. spoke D. speaking2. I went to see him, _ him out. A. finding B. find C. only to find D. to finding3. He didnt know _ or stay. A. to leave B. if that he should leave C. if to leave D. whether

16、 to leave4. -Will the Smiths go abroad this summer? -No, they finally decided _. A. to B. not going C. not to D. not to be going5. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat for a change.A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going6. He pretended _nothing about it. A. know B.

17、to know C. knowing D. knew7. Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being taken D. taking8. They would not allow him _ across the enemy line. A. to risk going B. risking to going C. for risk to go D. risk going9. There are so many kinds of tape-recorders o

18、n sale that I cant make up my mind _ to buy.A. what B. which C. how D. where10. Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented11. The missing boys were last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playing C. play D. t

19、o play12. The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating13. I regret _ you that we are unable to offer you employment. A. informing B. having informed C. to inform D. to informing14. You had better get a doctor _ your bad tooth. A. pul

20、l out B. to pull out C. pulled out D. pulling out15. The matter had better _ as it is. A. leave B. being left C. leaving D. be left16. He was so foolish _ his car unlocked. A. to leave B. that leave C. as to leave D. for him to leave17. Almost everyone fails _ the driving test on the first try. A. p

21、assing B. to have passed C. to pass D. in passing18. The girl was made _ she didnt love at all. A. marry a man B. to marry a man C. to marry with a man D. married with a man19. The man will use what he has _ a camera for his wife. A. to get B. got C. buy D bought20. .To answer correctly is more impo

22、rtant than _ . A. a quick finish B. to finish quickly C. finishing quickly D. you finish quick21. Tom kept quiet about the accident _ lose his job. A. so as not to B. so not as to C. so as to not D. not so as to22. I felt it an honor _ to speak here. A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having aske

23、d23. -Id like to buy an expensive camera. -Well, we have several models _ . A. to choose from B. to choose C. to be chosen D. for choice24. _to the left and youll see the post office.A. To turn B. Turning C. Turned D. Turn 25. Will you be able to attend the lecture next week? A. giving B. given C. t

24、o be given D. being given. 句子改错： 1. I dont know if to help him or not.2. She cant help cleaning the house because shes busy making a cake.3. We all hope you to make rapid progress.4. The results of the research are to publish soon.5. It is too heavy for me to lift it.6. Its awfully good for you to c

25、ome and meet us.7. These are very good books for your children to be read.8. He did what he could help me with my physics.9. Lets find a place to put the things.10. It would be easier to climb over the mountain than going round the valley.-ing分词1. -ing分词的构成 -ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。-ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常

26、有下表几种形式（以do为例）：主动形式被动形式一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done -ing分词的否定形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如： Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。 His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式： -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动

27、词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如： Being a student, he was interested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。 Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。3. -ing分词的被动式： -ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question b

28、eing discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。He never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。 注意：在need, want, require, be worth等动词(短语)后，作宾语的-ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Your shoes need cleaning. =

29、Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。This book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing分词的语法作用 -ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。 1)ing分词（短语）作主语：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用

30、作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。 2) -ing分词（短语）作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的

31、爱好是收集邮票。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。 3) -ing分词作宾语：ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。-ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I dont think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you consider

32、it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。They dont feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。 此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to（渴望，盼望）, be proud of（以自豪）, be respons

33、ible for（对负责）, insist on（坚持）, think of（考虑，想到）, dream of（梦想）, object to（反对，抗议）, hear of（听说）, preventfrom（防止，阻止）, keepfrom（防止，阻止）, stopfrom（防止，阻止）, be engaged in（从事于）, depend on（依靠，依赖）, thankfor（因而道谢）, excusefor（因而道歉）, aim at（目的在于）, devoteto（献身于）, set about（着手做）, be/get used to（习惯于）, be fond of（喜欢）, b

34、e afraid of（害怕）, be tired of（对厌烦）, succeed in（成功地做）, be interested in（对感兴趣）, be ashamed of（对感到羞愧）等等。 注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。What can prevent us (from) getting married

35、? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？ 另外，-ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped with joy

36、. 听到这个消息后，所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。 4) -ing分词作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room 阅览室 swimming pool 游泳池 dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车 singing competition 歌咏比赛 waiting room 候车室a waiting car 一辆等待着的车 a sleeping child一个酣睡的孩子 flying fish 飞鱼the exciting news令人振奋的消息 a boring speech令人乏味的演出-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于一个

37、定语从句。如：Who is the comrade standing by the door? 站在门边的同志是谁？They lived in a house facing south. 他们住在一所朝南的房子里。ing分词还可以作非限制性定语，相当于一个非限制性定语从句，常用逗号和句子其它部分分开。如:The words, usually dealing with current work, were mostly written by himself. 歌词一般讲当前的工作，大部分是他自己写的。When she appeared, John, wearing a dirty and wor

38、n-out overcoat, ran to her with joy. 当她出现的时候，约翰穿着一件又脏又破的大衣高兴地跑了过去。 5) -ing分词做状语： -ing分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。-ing分词短语作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时可由连词when, while引出。如：While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. 他一边看书，一边不时地点头。Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood. 看到那些画，他想起了她的童年

39、。-ing分词短语作原因状语，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him. 因为不知道他的地址，我不能把这本书送给他。Many of us, being so excited, couldnt go to sleep that night. 因为非常激动，那晚我们许多人都没睡着。ing分词短语作结果状语。如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money. 他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。She was so angry that she threw the toy o

40、n the ground, breaking it into pieces. 她非常生气，把玩具扔在地上，把它摔成了碎片。-ing分词作伴随状语，可以放在句子的前面、后面或中间，表示主语的另一个、较次要的动作。如：They stood there for half an hour watching the stars in the sky. 他们在那儿站了半小时，观察着天上的星星。Following the old man, the young people started walking slowly. 年轻人跟在老人的后面开始慢慢地走起来。-ing分词间或也可作条件状语和让步状语，相当于一

41、个状语从句。如：A person standing at the foot of a high mountain will find himself very small. 一个人如站在大山的脚下会发现自己很渺小。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage. 尽管知道了一切情况，他们还是要我赔偿损失。 注：-ing分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语就是整个句子的主语。“with/without+名词普通格或代词宾格+-ing分词”结构在句中作状语，表示伴随情况或时间、原因等。如：His hair became grey with the year

42、s passing. 随着时间的推移，他的头发变花白了。Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 没人注意，他从窗户溜了出去。 6) -ing分词作补语：-ing分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, feel, look at, listen to, observe, have, get, leave, keep, set, catch, find等动词后面和一个名词或代词构成一个复合宾语，作宾语补语。如：I noticed a man running out of the bank when I g

43、ot off the car. 我下车的时候注意到一个男人匆匆忙忙地从银行里跑出来。Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop. 昨晚，店主在商店里抓到一个小孩在偷东西。上面这类句子也可变成被动语态，这时，-ing分词可看成是主语补语。如：We were kept waiting for quite a long time. 让我们等了好长时间。Jily was never heard singing that song again. 人们再也没有听到吉丽唱这首歌了。4. -ing分词作表语的两

44、种不同含义： -ing分词作表语可以表示主语的内容是什么。如：Their job is building houses. 他们的工作是盖房子。The real question is getting to know the needs of the people. 真正的问题是了解人民的需要。-ing分词作表语还可以表示主语所具有的特征。如：This story is very interesting. 这故事很有趣。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。5. -ing分词作定语的两种不同含义： ing分词作定语可用来说明被修饰的名词的用途和性能。如

45、：reading material 阅读材料 walking stick 手杖 fishing pole 鱼杆flying suit 飞行服 writing table 写字台 listening practice 听力训练-ing分词作定语还可以表示所修饰的人或物的动作或状态，在意思上接近一个定语从句，可以表示正在进行的动作，也可表示经常性动作或当时的状态。如：developing countries = countries that are developing 发展中国家a growing city = a city that is growing 发展着的城市an ordinary-l

46、ooking house = a house that looks ordinary 看起来很普通的房子a touching story = a story that is touching 一个动人的故事working people= people who are working 劳动人民6. 不定式和-ing分词作宾语补语的区别： 在see, hear, feel, watch, notice等感官动词后，既可用-ing分词构成复合宾语，也可用不定式构成复合宾语，两者之间有一定的区别。用-ing分词时，表示动作正在进行；用不定式时，表示动作发生了，即动作的全过程结束了。如：Do you h

47、ear someone knocking at the door? (Someone is knocking at the door.) 有人在敲门你听见了吗？Do you hear someone knock at the door? (Someone knocked at the door just now.) 你听见有人敲门了吗？选择填空： 1. The officers narrowly escaped _in the hot battle.A. have killed B. to kill C. to be killed D. being killed 2._ the letter,

48、 he went out to post it.A. Writing B. Being writing C. Having written D. Written 3. Dont you remember _ ?A. seeing the man before B. to see the man beforeC. saw the man before D. to have seen the man before 4. People couldnt help _ the foolish emperor in the procession.A. laugh at B. to laugh at C.

49、laughing at D. laughing on 5. Were looking forward _ the photo exhibition.A. to visiting B. to visit C. to having visited D. visiting 6. The girl _ under that tree is my sister.A. sitting B. sits C. is sitting D. sat 7. This sentence needs _ .A. a improvement B. improve C. improving D. improved 8. _

50、 anything about the accident, he went to work as usual.A. Not known B. Known not C. Knowing not D. Not knowing 9. The next morning she found the man _ in bed, dead.A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying 10. There was terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be followed D.

51、being followed 11. The secretary worked late into the night, _ a long speech for the president.A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing 12. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing13. How about two o

52、f us _ a walk down the garden?A. to take B. take C. taking D. to be taking14. -I must apologize for _ahead of time. -Thats all right.A. letting you not know B. not letting you knowC. letting you know not D. letting not you know 15. -You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done 16. Would you _ me your identification card, sir?A. mind to show B. mind showing C. trouble to show D. trouble showing 17. He suggested _ on Saturday.A. to have a meeting B