环境工程18_28单元专业英语翻译

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1、 重点复习书本18单元P124,125两页（加粗部分那些段落，考定义，复习资料1-2页）；书本21单元P144145固废处理方法、垃圾焚化，填埋技术特别是P145第二、三段，复习资料*页；书本23单元 P156,第三段，噪声控制室负责尖端的技术，复习资料*页。 书本26单元P169第二部分Operational Procedures，环境影响评价的步骤，考其中的1、2、3、4等小点。Unit 18Sources and Types of Solid Wastes固体废物的来源和种类Knowledge of the sources and types of solid wastes, along

2、 with data on the composition and rates of generation, is basic to the design and operation of the functional elements associated with the management of solid wastes. 了解固体废物的来源和种类，以与其数量组成和产生率，是设计和管理相关固体废物的基本运作条件。Sources of solid wastes固体废物的来源Sources of solid wastes are, in general, related to land u

3、se and zoning. 固体废物的来源，一般来说，与土地使用和划分有关。 Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories have been found useful虽然许多废物的来源分类可以发展，以下是已被发现有用的分类方法 (1)residential , 住宅(2)commercial, 商业(3)municipal, 市政(4) industrial, 工业(5)open areas, 开放地区(6)treatment plants, 处理厂and (

4、7)agricultural. 和农业。Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table 1. 典型的废物是发电措施，人类活动，或与这些来源相关的每个地点见表1。The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified. 对产生的废物，这是接下去要讨论的种类，也被识别了。Types of solid was

5、tes固体废物的种类The term solid wastes is all-inclusive and encompasses all sources, types of classifications, composition, and properties. 固体废物一词是全部包括所有废物的来源，分类，组成类型和属性。Wastes that are discharged may be of significant value in another setting, but they are of little or no value to the possessor who wants

6、to dispose of them. 被丢弃的废物，在另一个环境可能具有重要价值，但是对于愿意处置它们占有者来说，它们很少或者没有价值，To avoid confusion, the term refuse，often used interchangeably with the term solid wastes, is not used in this text. 为了避免混淆城市垃圾一词，经常使用这个词，代替固体废物，而不是使用本书的。As a basis for subsequent discussions. 作为今后讨论的基础。 It will be helpful to defin

7、e the various types of solid wastes that are generated. 这将有助于确定不同类型固体废物的产生。It is important to be aware that the definitions of solid waste terms and the classifications vary greatly in the literature. 重要的是要知道，固体废物的术语的定义和分类在不同的文献中差别很大。Consequently, the use of published data requires considerable care

8、, judgment, and common sense. 因此，在公布的数据的使用时需要相当谨慎，判断和常识。The following definitions are intended to serve as a guide and are not meant to be arbitrary of precise in a scientific sense. 以下定义的目的是作为一种指导，是不是为了准确任意科学概念。Food wastes食品废弃物Food wastes are the animal, fruit, or vegetable residues resulting from

9、the handling, preparation, cooking, and eating of foods (also called garbage ). 食品废弃物是动物，水果或蔬菜制备，烹饪，和食用的食品残留物的造成的（也称为垃圾）。The most important characteristic of these wastes is that they are highly putrescible and will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather. 这些废物的最重要特征是他们很容易腐烂，并会迅速分解，特别是在温暖的天气。O

10、ften, decomposition will lead to the development of offensive odors. 通常情况下，分解会导致产生异味。 In many locations, the putrescible nature of these wastes will significantly influence the design and operation of the solid waste collection system. 在许多地方，这些废物腐烂的性质将大大影响设计和固体废物收集系统的运作。 In addition to the amounts o

11、f food wastes generated at residences, considerable amounts are generated at cafeterias and restaurants, large institutional facilities such as hospitals and prisons, and facilities associated with the marketing of foods, including wholesale and retail stores and markets. 除了在住宅产生的食品废物的数量，还有食堂和餐厅也产生的

12、相当数量食品废物，大型机构的设施如医院和监狱，以与与食品的销售相关设施，包括批发和零售商店和市场。Rubbish家庭垃圾Rubbish consists of combustible and noncombustible solid wastes of household, institutions, commercial activities, etc., excluding food wastes or other highly putrescible material. 家庭垃圾包括可燃和不可燃固体废物，其来自家庭，机构，商业活动等，不包括食品废物或其他高度容易腐烂的材料。Typical

13、ly, combustible rubbish consists of materials such as paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, furniture, and garden trimmings. 通常情况下，可燃垃圾，包括材料例如: 纸，纸板，塑料，纺织，橡胶，皮革，木材，家具和庭院修剪物。Noncombustible rubbish consists of items such as glass, crockery, tin cans, aluminum cans, ferrous and o

14、ther nonferrous metals, and dirt. 不燃垃圾包括如玻璃，器，铁罐，铝罐，黑色金属和有色金属等物品，和泥土。Ashes and Residues灰烬和残留物Materials remaining from the burning of wood, coal, coke, and other combustible wastes in homes, stores, institutions, and industrial and municipal facilities for purposes of heating, cooking, and disposing

15、of combustible wastes are categorized as ashes and residues.从木材，煤炭，焦炭，和家庭其他可燃废物燃烧剩下的材料，商店，机关，以与工业和市政设施取暖，做饭，产生的可燃废物处置被归类为灰烬和残留物。Residues from power plants normally are not included in this category. 发电厂的残留物一般不包括在这一类。Ashes and residues are normally composed of fine, powdery materials, cinders, clinke

16、rs, and small amounts of burned and partially burned materials. 灰烬和残留物通常是由细微的，粉状物料，炉渣，熟料，和少量烧焦的和部分烧毁材料组成。Glass, crockery, and various metals are also found in the residues from municipal incinerators. 玻璃，器，以与各种金属也从市区焚化炉的残留物中被发现。Demolition and construction wastes拆除和建筑垃圾Wastes from razed buildings and

17、 other structures are classified as demolition wastes. 建筑物被夷为平地，与其他废物被列为拆除废物。 Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial buildings, and other structures are classified as construction wastes.来自建筑的改造，以与个别住宅，商业楼宇维修，和其他建筑物的废物，被列为建筑废料。These wastes are of

18、ten classified as rubbish. 这些废物往往列为垃圾。The quantities produced are difficult to estimate and variable in composition, but may include dirt, stones, concrete, bricks, plaster, lumber, shingles, and plumbing, heating, and electrical parts. 以上垃圾的生产数量很难估计和组成会变化，但是可能包括泥土，石块，水泥，砖块，灰泥，木材，瓦块，管材管件，暖气设备与电气零件。S

19、pecial wastes 特殊废物wastes such as street sweepings,roadside litter, litter from municipal litter containers, catch-basin debris,dead animals, and abandoned vehicles are classified as special wastes. 例如街头杂物，路边的垃圾，城市垃圾的废屑箱，集水井的碎片，动物尸体，以与被遗弃的车辆都被列为特殊废物。Because it is impossible to predict where dead anim

20、als and abandoned automobiles will be found, these wastes are often identified as originating from nonspecific diffuse sources. 因为无法预测动物尸体和被遗弃的汽车一定在哪里，这些废物是常常被列为非特定的扩散来源。This is in contrast to residential sources,which are also diffuse but specific in that the generation of the wastes is a recurring

21、 event.这是相对于住宅源，它同样是扩散源，但认为，废物的产生是一个反复发生的事情具体。Treatment Plant Wastes 废物处理厂The solid and semisolid wastes from water ,waste water, and industrial waste treatment facilities are included in this classification.固体和半固体废物来自水，生活废水和工业废物处理设施，包括在此分类。The specific characteristics of these materials vary, depen

22、ding on the nature of the treatment process. 这些材料的具体特点各不一样，根据性质确定处理过程。At present, their collection is not the charge of most municipal agencies responsible for solid waste management. 目前，他们的收集容不是大多数市政机构负责固体废物管理工作。In the future, however, it is anticipated that their disposal will become a major facto

23、r in any solid waste management plan. 在未来，然而，预计它们的处置，将成为一个在任何固体废物管理计划的主要因素。Agricultural Wastes 农业废弃物Waste and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities-such as the planting and harvesting of row, field ,and tree and vine crops,the production of milk, the production of animals for slaug

24、hter, and the operation of feedlotsare collectively called agricultural wastes .不同的农业活动造成的，例如种植和收获，牧场，树和葡萄作物，生产牛奶，屠宰动物，与饲养场的运作，产生的废物和残余物，统称农业废弃物。At present, the disposal of these wastes is not the responsibility of most municipal and county solid waste management agencies. 目前，这些废物的处置，不是大多数市，县固体废物管理机

25、构的责任围。However, in many areas the disposal of animal manure has become a critical problem, especially from feedlots and dairies. 然而，在许多领域中的动物粪便处理已成为一个严重的问题，尤其是饲养场和奶牛场。Hazardous Wastes 危险废物Chemical, biological, flammable, explosive, or radioactive wastes that pose a substantial danger, immediately or

26、over time, to human, plant, or animal life are classified as hazardous. 化学，生物，易燃，易爆，放射性废物，它们立刻或随着时间的推移，对人类，植物或动物的生活造成重大危险的，是危险废物。Typically, these wastes occur as liquids, but they are often found in the form of gases, solids,or sludges. 通常，这些废物产生的是液体，但是它们经常被发现以气体，固体，或废渣形式存在。In all cases, these waste

27、s must be handled and disposed of with great care and caution. 在所有情况下，这些废物必须妥善处理和小心谨慎地处置。Unit 20 Methods of Waste Disposal废物处置方法It is inevitable that as there are different types of waste,there will be varying methods of waste disposal. 这是不可避免的，既然有不同类别的废物，将有不同程度的废物处置方法。Briefly most solid wastes are

28、deposited on land as tips or spoil heaps,or as land infill to quarries and mine shafts,or as dumps containing a large range of materials. 简要大多数固体废物被存放在土地的提示或破坏堆，或填充的土地采石场和矿井，或堆放场的材料大围。In addition,small quantities of waste are are dumped into the sea. 此外，少量的废物倾入海中。Waste is produced continually so the

29、re is often a need for some sort of storage facility. 不断产生的废物所以往往是一些储存设施类的需要。In the case of some mineral extractive industries such as deep mined coal,china clay and ironstone,there is storage on the working site as spoil heaps,but this is waste deposition rather than disposal. 在一些矿产采掘业，如深开采煤炭，粘土和铁矿

30、石中国的情况，但在工作场所堆作为存储破坏，但这是废物沉积，而不是处理。In other industries the stored waste often has to be transported to disposal areas and tipped or dumped. 在其他行业存储的废物往往被运送到垃圾处理领域和倾斜或倾倒。Alternatively,the stored waste may be treated in various ways before disposal . 另外，存储的废物可被视为前以不同的方式处理。The treatment may reduce the

31、bulk,or make disposal easier,or extract materials that can be reused or recycled back into manufacturing processes. 这种治疗可能会减少体积，方便或进行处置，或摘录可再用或循环再造到制造过程的回材料。In respect of environmental pollution the quantity,the treatment,and disposal methods of waste are of pime importance. 在环境污染的数量方面，治疗和废物处理方法是宗座外

32、方传教会的重要性。Methods Used by Local Authorities地方当局使用的方法The Public Health Act 1936 enables Local Authorities to collect,treat,and dispose of all refuse from the domestic sector,and such industrial and trade waste as requested. 公共健康法1936年使地方当局可以收集，处理和处置都来自国部门的垃圾，以与工业和贸易等的要求浪费。In 1973,Local Authorities in

33、England dealt with 19.5 M tonnes of waste by various methods (see table l) . 在1973年为19.5 M号公吨废物通过各种方式处理的英国地方当局（见附表）。About 15 M tonnes of the tipped waste is household refuse consisting of cinders,ash,dust,vegetable and waste food matter,paper,board,metal,rags,glass,and plastics,whilst the remaining

34、4.5 M tonnes is from trade sources. 约15M的倾泻公吨废物是生活垃圾组成的炉渣，粉煤灰，粉尘，蔬菜和浪费粮食的问题，纸，纸板，金属，破布，玻璃，塑料，而余下的四米半吨是从贸易来源。About 86% of this waste is not pretreated an is disposed of by land tipping.One quarter of this waste is just dumped in an uncontrolled or non-systematic manner. 约86，这不是浪费预处理是一个倾斜的土地处置的。 The o

35、ther 75% is dealt with by controlled tipping. 这些废物的一个季度，只是在无法控制的倾倒或不系统的方式。另外75是通过控制处理倾泻的。This means the waste is deposited,spread,and compacted into shallow layers,and covered with soil to assist decomposition and sealing. 这意味着废物存放，传播和压缩成浅层，并与土壤，帮助分解和密封覆盖。This method should ensure that loose litter

36、does not blow about,there is no unpleasant odour,and flies and vermin do not breed to produce a health hazard. 这种方法应该确保垃圾不松散的打击对，没有任何不愉快的气味，苍蝇和害虫繁殖不产生健康危害。An alternative to tipping is the use of waste for land in filling. 对倾斜的替代办法是浪费土地使用填补。Disused quarries, or land which is derelict by virtue of bei

37、ng low-lying and badly drained, or derelict as a result of spoil tips, can be reclaimed by refuse in-filling. 废弃的采石场，或土地是由废弃的正凭借低洼地带与排水不好，或者废弃原因造成的破坏技巧，可以回收的垃圾填。The shortage of suitable land for tipping purposes has caused some Local Authorities to consider alternative alternative methods of waste d

38、isposal.缺乏合适的土地用于处理废物，导致一些地方当局考虑其他废物处置的替代方法。Controlled tipping is usually cheap in respect of capital and labour costs, but it can become costly if highly priced land has to be purchased for future tipping. 控制成本通常是减少在资本和劳动力方面的成本, 但它会变得更昂贵，如果高价的土地必须为未来的成本买单。A way of avoiding this, and assisting land

39、conservation, is to reduce the bulk quantity of the waste before tipping.一种方法避免上述情况，和保护土地，就是在倾倒之前大量减少废物的量。This allows existing tips to be used for a longer time, reduces the need for new ones, and reduces labour costs for tipping operations. 为了倾倒废物的行动，这表明现有的土地，要使用更长的时间，以减少新的需求，并降低劳动力成本。 Waste can be

40、 pretreated by pulverizing, or mechanically breaking it down into smaller particle sizes which can reduce the bulk by up to 33% by volume. 废物预处理可以粉碎，或机械分解成较小的颗粒尺寸下来，可减少多达33的体积。Whilst the cost of a pulverizing plant is high, the salvaging of materials for recycling, and less waste to deposit can help

41、 to off-set the initial capital cost. 虽然粉碎设备的成本高，但废物原料可以循环再用，减少废物的存放，有助于抵消初始资本费用。Another pretreatment waste technique is incineration, which involves combustion in a furnace at a temperature between 950 and 1100C to minimize corrosion and the emission of odours. 另一种预处理垃圾的方法是焚烧，此方法是在温度处于9501100摄氏度之间的

42、熔炉中燃烧，以减少腐烂和气味的产生。This reduces the waste bulk considerably, and the process can reduce the volume up to 90% and the weight up to 60%, compared to untreated waste. 相对于未经处理的废物，这大大减少了废物的体积，这一过程可以体积减少高达90，重量达60。Also it is possible to use the heat energy produced for augmenting electrical generation or d

43、istrict heating, and this is already being carried out in some countries. 而且可以用产生的热能来增加发电量或用于地区取暖，并且这已经正在某些国家应用。It has been estimated that if all the household and trade refuse collected in the UK in 1974 had been incinerated and thr heat used, this could have saved energy equivalent to 6 M tonnes o

44、f coal.据估计，如果1974年英国所收集的家庭和交易市场的垃圾全部用来焚烧并且热能都加以利用，则可以节约相当于600万吨煤的能量。Methods Use by industryAn approximate estimate of the annual amount of industrial waste produced in 1973 was 110M tonnes or 67% from the mining and quarrying industries,12M tonnes or 7.3% from CEGB power stations,and 23M tonnes or 1

45、4% from other industrial sectors. 一个1973年生产的工业废水量估计约为110吨，或从采矿与采石业67，1200万吨，从中央发电局发电站7.3，二千三百万吨或其他工业部门的14。There are no published figures for radioactive wastes, but the amount is relatively small. 没有公布对放射性废物的数字，但数额相对较小。The quantity and type of waste varies from industry to industry ,but the major pa

46、rt consists of solid material,liquid slurries and effluent containing a wide range of suspended and dissolved chemical substances.工业行业的不同废物的数量与类型不同，但主要部分是固态物质，液体泥浆和污水含有悬浮和溶解各种化学物质组成。The large amount of solid waste produced by the mining and extractive industries is disposed of by tipping on land or

47、into the sea. 采矿业和采掘工业产生的大量固体废物用来处置土地或倾泻入海。Other wastes such as furnace clinker, blastfurnace slag, and copper, tin and zinc-lead slags have been omitted because they are mainly re-use in subsequent production. 其他废物，如高炉熟料，矿渣，铜，锡和锌，铅炉渣被忽略，因为它们是主要是在随后的生产使用。About 70% of this waste is not treated in any

48、 way and is tipped on land,or is use for land in-full and reclamation. 约70的这些废物不以任何方式处理，是倾倒到土地上，或用于填埋土地或填海工程。The problems associated with this are not discussed in this paper. 这不是本文讨论有关的问题。It should be noted that about 26% of the above wastes are not tipped,but are used to assist in the production o

49、f materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, cement, and road and concrete aggregate. 应当指出，大约26%以上不倾卸的废物，但用于为材料的生产提供协助，如砖，水泥块，水泥，道路，混凝土骨料。Manufacturing industries produce wastes which are solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous,and each category may contain toxic or non-toxic, flammable, and no-combus

50、tible constituents. 制造业产生的废物是固体，半固体，液体或气体，每类包含有毒或无毒，易燃，不可燃成分。There are no overall data available across all industries to show the quantities of waste or the methods of disposal. 没有整体的数据提供各行业以显示或处置废物的方法的数量。Some limited surveys have been carride out, and these at least provide some detailed informati

51、on. 一些有限的调查已经进行了，而这些至少提供了一些详细的资料。The Local Government Operational Research Unit conducted a survey of the industrial wastes from 600 firms in the heavily industrialized area of Manchester and Salford in 1970. 地方政府在1970年研究进行的一个高度工业化地区工业废物的调查包含曼彻斯特和索尔福德的600个行业。It was found that one million tonnes of w

52、aste annum was produced, consisting of non-combusteble sludge, dust,ash,brick,slag and excabated materials; and combustible paper,rubber,plastics, timber, sawdust, textiles and chemical materials. 结果发现，每年产生100万吨垃圾，包括非可燃污泥，粉尘，灰，砖，炉渣和挖掘材料和可燃造纸，橡胶，塑料，木材，木屑，纺织品和化工原料。The quantities and methods of disposa

53、l are shown in reference. In this survey, 72% of waste was tipped on land , 16% of the intractable an dangerous waste was dumped at sea in sealed containers , and 8.6% was buried . 涉与废物的数量和处理方法。在这个调查中，72的垃圾被堆积在土地上，16的危险废物被倾倒在密封的集装箱海，8.6被埋葬。Only about 3% of the waste disposed of by the alternative me

54、thods of incineration or discharge into sewers. 只有约3作处理，焚化或排放入污水渠替代浪费的方法。Unit 21Disposal of Solid Wastes固体废物的处置LandfillingExcept for the disposal of municipal solid wastes at sea, which is not permitted by most developed countries, solid wastes, or their residues in some form, must go to the land. L

55、andfilling, the most economical and consequently the most common method of solid waste disposal, is used for 90 percent f the municipal solid wastes in the United Kingdom and North America. Even in European countries like West Germany and Switzerland, with massive investments in incineration and com

56、posting plants, over 6 percent of domestic and commercial waste is landfilled. Incineration cannot, of course, eliminate landfilling. In fact, it creates a more concentrated residue that may be more hazardous to water supplies than unburned solid wastes. The area needed for landfilling of solid wast

57、es is about 1 ah per year for every 25,000 people (1 Ac/10,000 people). This is illustrated in the following Example.ExampleFor a population of 25,000, estimate the annual area requirements (excluding the buffer zone) for a normally compacted landfill having a refuse depth of 4m excluding cover mate

58、rial.Solution Assuming that per capita waste generation is 2.0kg/d and that the density of a well-compacted landfill is 450kg/m3,the annual area required is Area requirements for landfilling can vary considerably with the type of waste and the degree of compaction. Details of the design and operatio

59、n of sanitary landfills are discussed in reference.The balance of this section reviews some of the processes that may be used prior to land disposal to reduce waste volume and/or utilize waste components, thus reducing landfill needs.IncinerationVolume reduction. Large numbers of batch-fed incinerat

60、ors built during the 1930 and 1940s to reduce waste volume were major contributors to air pollution, performed poorly, and were costly to maintain. Some of these were upgraded, but most were shut down and replaced by land disposal of refuse whenever possible. However, as landfill capacity decreased,

61、 volume reduction became more important. At the same time, the fuel value of refuse had been rising steadily. As a result, incineration for reducing waste volume (by about 90 percent) and weight (by 75 percent) with the possibility of energy recovery, became a very popular processing option during t

62、he 1970s.The newer municipal incinerators are usually the continuously burning type, and many have “waterwall” construction in the combustion chamber in place of the older. More common refractory lining. The waterwall consists of joined vertical boiler tubes containing water. The tubes absorb the he

63、at to provide hot water for steam, and they also control the furnace temperature. With waterwall units, costly refractory maintenance is eliminated, pollution control requirements are reduced (because of the reduction in quench water and gos volumes requiring treatment), and heat recovery is simpler

64、. Unfortunately, judging by European experience, corrosion of waterwall units may be a serious problem.The combustion temperatures of conventional incinerators fueled only by wastes are about 760 (1,400) in the furnace proper (insufficient to burn or even melt glass) and in excess of 870 (1,600) in

65、the secondary combustion chamber. These temperatures are needed to avoid odor from incomplete combustion. Temperatures up to 1,650 (3,000), which would reduce volume by 97 percent and convert metal and glass to ash, are possible with supplementary fuels. Although the first high-temperature pilot ins

66、tallation was built in 1996, application to full-scale units has not followed, presumably because of the high costs involved.Energy recovery. Mass-burning of solid wastes to produce steam for heating or for use in power generation has been common in Western Europe and Japan for many years. However, un