四种翻译方法十种翻译技巧

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1、四种翻译方法1. 直译和意译所谓直译， 就是在译文语言条件许可时， 在译文中既保持原文的内 容，又保持原文的形式特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地 方色彩等。每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、 句法结构和表达方法。 当原文 的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时， 就应采 用意译法。 意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容， 但可以不拘泥与原 文的形式。（张培基）应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范 的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一 方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。Literal translation refers to an adequa

2、terepresentationof the original.When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used.Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly

3、to the form or word order of the original（. 郭著章）直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下， 在英译文中完全保留汉语 词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时， 不得不舍弃原文 的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。 （陈宏薇）简单地说， 直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法， 句子结构与原 句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法， 或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。 (杨莉藜)Literal translation may

4、be defined as having the following characteristics:1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating.2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary w

5、ork and retain as much as possible the figures of speechand such main sentencestructures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the bookA Comprehensive Grammar of the English Lang.uageFree translation may be defined as a supplementarymea

6、ns to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentencepatterns or figures of speech.And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde).练习：1. He walked at the head of the funeral processio

7、n, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief.他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。2. It s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。3. Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意日。4. It means killing two birds with one stone. 这意味着一石二鸟。 这意味着一举两得。 这意味着一箭双雕。5. 你不要班门弄斧。Don t displa

8、y your axe at Lu Ban s door.Don t teach your grandmother to suck eggs.Never offer to teach a fish to swim.6. Nixon was smiling and Kissinger smiling more broadly. 尼克松满面春风，基辛格更是笑容可掬。7. 在我的后园，可以看见墙外有两株树，一株是枣树，还有一株也 是枣树。Behind the wall of my backyard you can see two trees: one is a date tree, the other

9、 is also a date tree.8. 油蛉在这里低唱，蟋蟀们在这里弹琴。Here field crickets droned away while house crickets chirped merrily.9. There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.法国人的性格混合有老虎和猿的成分。 法国人的性格既残暴又狡猾。 虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。10. Every spirits you take is a nail in your coffin. 你喝的每一杯

10、酒都在缩短你的性命。 你喝的每一杯酒都是你棺材上的一颗钉子。11. The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away.大半生前第一次见到她，她差点儿把我的呼吸带走。 大半生前第一次见到她，我就惊呆了。12. 芦笛岩是桂林最精彩的岩洞。Reed Flute Cave is the most magnificent of all in Guilin.13. Don t cross the bridge till you get to it. 不必担心太早。 不必自寻烦恼。14. Do you

11、see any green in my eye? 你以为我是好骗的吗？15.I want a man who will throw his hat over the Chindwin and then leadhis troops after it.我要的是这样一个人，他决心在亲顿江破釜沉舟，然后率领部队 前进。16. Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.鲁斯一直在扰乱别的孩子，我把他撵了出去。17. The operation may not succeed; its a gamble whether

12、 he lives or dies手术不一定成功，能否保住他的性命，只能一赌。18. But after six years of a stormy marriage, Cewe decided to end it. 六载婚姻生活，风雨交加，赛维决定结束这种婚姻。19. The boxes, being museum quality, would have increased in worth overthe years, and made people remember me “ with growing J_?appreciation.”九只盒子，都足以当作文物收藏在博物馆里，随着岁月流逝

13、，它 们的价值还会越来越高，人们也会记住我，“越来越感激”我。20. Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.21. 意译：砸镜子并不能解决实际问题。22. 直译 :砸镜子并不能使丑八怪变漂亮，也不能使社会问题烟消云 散。23. He had about as much chanceof getting a job as of being chosen mayor of Chicago.24. A .他找到工作的

14、机会和当选芝加哥市长的机会差不多25. B.他找到工作的机会简直跟当选芝加哥市长同样困难。26. C.他找到工作的机会简直微乎其微。27. “你真是不到黄河不死心。”她低声地说，无可奈何地摇摇头（寒夜）“You really do refuse to give in until all hope is gone. ”she murmured, shaking her head helplessly.23. It is a long lane that had no turning.误：那是一条没有弯的长巷。 正：无论多长的巷也有弯的地方（路必有弯，事必有变） 。24. We cannot es

15、timate the value of modern science too much. 误：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。 正：对现代科学的价值无论如何重视也不过分。25. At the door to the restaurant,a stunning, porcelain-facedwoman in traditional costume asked me to remove my shoes. 在通往餐厅的门口有一位迷人的陶瓷般脸蛋的妇女叫我脱下鞋子。 在通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，涂脂抹粉、细皮嫩肉、身着和服、十 分迷人，她叫我脱下鞋子。在 通往餐厅的门口有一位妇女，她身着和服，仪

16、态优美，面庞陶瓷般光 洁白皙，叫我脱去鞋子。26. The rather arresting spectacle of little old Japan adrift amid beige concrete skyscrapersis the very symbol of the incessantstruggle between the kimono and the miniskirt.古老的小日本漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间的引人景 象是和服与超短裙之间的不断斗争的象征式样古老小巧的日本房屋像小船一般， 漂游在灰棕色的钢筋混凝土摩天大楼之间， 这引人注目的景象象征着旧传统和新发展之

17、间的 不断斗争。米黄色的混凝土摩天大楼之间，飘荡着小小的古老的日本，构成了一道吸引人的风景，恰恰象征着和服与迷你裙间不断的斗争。27. 千字比十字只多一小撇，不是差不多嘛？The characte千 differs from 十 in merely having one additional short stroke. Aren t they about the same?28，我们尽忙着鸡毛蒜皮的事儿，还没有顾得上呢。 （新儿女英雄传）We haven thad time, weve been too busy with chicken feather and onion skin affa

18、irs, with light trivial matters!29，“八字没有一撇呢 ”Not even the first stroke of the characte八 is in sight.30、三个人品字式坐了，随便谈了几句（子夜）The three men sat dow n facing each other and bega n casually chatting. （ 孟雄、A. C. Barnes译）2， 归化和异化翻译的归化 /异化（ domesticating translation and foreignizingtranslation）是在1995年由美国学者L.

19、 Venuti （文努迪）所提出的，Venuti 十分欣赏布朗绍的名言： “翻译是纯粹的差异游戏：翻译总得涉及差异，也掩饰差异，同时又偶尔显露差异，甚至经常突出差异。 这样，翻译本身就是这差异的活命化身。 ”在他看来，差异在翻译中 被弱化的原因有二：首先，长久以来，翻译的讨论被遮蔽了，它在目 的语坐标的价值体系中处于边缘化地位， 差异非但没有活现， 反而处 于融化的过程之中。其次， 英国和 英语 的价值标准，在战后形成了 全球性的优势， 从而更加确定了英美国家主义文化的语境。 这种语境 只接受在意识形态上符合英美文化的意识形态的外语文本。 正是在这 样一种背景下， 归化的翻译为了迎合接受者的口

20、味， 总是依照译入语 的特定的政治、文化、意识形态的规范对译入文本进行调整，弱式文 化只得听从英美文化的摆弄，成为殖民者进行文化殖民的工具。 （参 见 Venuti 1992）归化翻译的最大特点就是采用流畅地道的英语进行翻译，在这类翻 译中，翻译者的努力被流畅的译文所掩盖，译者为之隐形，不同文化 之间的差异也被掩盖， 目的语主流文化价值观取代了译入语文化价值 观，原文的陌生感已被淡化，译作由此而变得透明。从后殖民理论吸 取营养的异化翻译策略则将归化翻译视为帝国主义的殖民和征服的 共谋，是文化霸权主义的表现。所以， Venuti 提倡异化的翻译策略。 根据这一策略，译者和译语读者在翻译的过程中努

21、力摆脱来自强势文 化的羁绊。 异化翻译并不应理解为对应的翻译， 它并不能提高译文的 忠实性。后殖民学者 Robinson 认为异化翻译与直译和逐字翻译相关 联，只是没有直译那么极端， 因为他们并不坚持在翻译中恪守原文句 法序列中的个别词语的意义，但却坚持要保留原味。（参见王东风，2002: 26)在异化翻译中，新的东西可能会加进去，从而达到凸现译 者的身份，提高翻译的地位，并且对翻译的文化霸权进行有力的回击。归化策略(domesticating method)归化是采用民族中心主义态度，是外语文本符合译语的文化价值观， 把原作者带入译语文化。译者在翻译的时候，心中既要想着原作及原作作者，尽可能

22、的把原文 的内容和风格准确而生动的表达出来； 同时，译者还要想着译文的读 者，翻译出来的东西要尽可能接近读者，便于读者理解和接受。例如：Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。a lio n in the way拦路虎lick one boots拍马屁Diam ond cuts diam ond棋逢对手A flash in a pan昙花一现Have one foot in the grave风烛残年To grow like mushrooms雨后春笋One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys nobody个和尚挑水吃，两个

23、和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃。练习：请用 归化”的翻译方法，翻译下面几句话： Lead a dogs life Jack of all trades A drow ned rat Let the cat out of the bag.(5) Every dog has his day.(6) Dont shed crocodile tears to me; you know you are really glad that theyre met with misfort une.(7) Your hon or, I con fess the cor n. I was royally drunk.

24、( Dont play your ace in the hole un til the critical mome nt.(9) The gravy train is just not for me. George Washington adopted a Fabian policy during the war of Independence.采取归化策略进行翻译时，以下几种汉语成语不宜使用：映中华民族特殊习俗的如：“拂袖而去 ”；“腰缠万贯 ”；“罄竹难书 ”等有汉字特征的如：“目不识丁”；“八字没一撇 ”等含有中国地名的如：“稳如泰山 ”；“黔驴技穷 ”；“夜郎自大 ”；“洛阳纸贵 ”等

25、含有中国人名的如：“名落孙山”；“江郎才尽”；“事后诸葛亮 ”等异化策略 (foreignizing method) 异化是指对文化价值观的偏离主义的压力下， 接受外语文本的语言及 文化差异，把读者带入外国情境。异化译法的核心，就是尽量传译原 文的“异质因素 ”，具体说来，就是要尽量传达原作的异域文化特色， 异语语言形式，以及作者的异常写作手法。 异化可以在语音层上出现。例如:ballet译作芭蕾舞”cigar译作雪茄”laser过去译成 莱塞”，现译作 镭射”、激光”目前大街小巷都风行的 卡拉0K等。 异化可以在词语层出现。例如：“ crocodile tear译作鳄鱼的眼泪”“ an ol

26、ive brane译作橄榄枝”“ sour grape译作 酸葡萄”“ the cold wa译作”冷战”等等。 异化可以在句子结构层次出现。朱生豪翻译的莎士比亚戏剧是公认的佳译，其中就运用了不少 欧化句式”例如：在哈姆雷特第一幕第三场中，波洛涅斯告诫女儿不要轻信哈姆雷特时说：You speak like a gree n girl Un gifted in such perilous circumsta nee朱生豪将其译为： “你讲的话完全像是一个不曾经历过这种危险的不 懂事的女孩子。 ”异化揭示了深层含义，又再现了原文的表层形式，一方面丰富和完善 了汉语的表达力，使表达意思的手段更准确，

27、更多样化；另一方面， 也为我们了解西方文化打开了一扇窗户。练习：请用“异化”的翻译方法翻译下面十个句子。 Armed to teeth Meet ones Waterloo Dark horse Crocodile tears Ivory tower He looked cool in his new clothes. This is the last supper in our college life. The cold war between the husband and wife ended when the husband found a better job. The fear

28、that the Black Monday might return soon alarmed these Wall Streeters. The wealth he had boasted for years turned out to be the emperors new clothes.种翻译技巧了解完四种翻译方法后，我们再来了解一下十种常用翻译技巧，即重复法(repetition),增词法(amplification),省略法(omission,词类转 换法(conversion,词序调整法(inversion),拆译法(division),合译法(comb in ation), 正

29、说反译和反说正译法(n egatio n, 语态变换法(voice changes)弓丨申法(extensior)禾口句子成分转译法。1 重复法(repetition)重复法(repetition)是在翻译中，为了使译文忠实于原文并且产生 意义明确，文字通顺、流畅，符合目的语习惯的文字，而将某一部分 文字反复使用的翻译技巧。例子：1. You must ask the mother at home, the children in the street, there sordinary man in the market and look at their mouth, how they sp

30、eak, and translate that way; then they ll understand and see that youthem in German. （重复谓语动词）你一定要问一问家庭主妇们， 问一问街头玩耍的孩子， 问一问集市上做买卖的百姓，听听他们说些什么，他们如何说，你就如何译； 这样他们就会理解，就会明白：你是在用德语和他们讲话。2. We have to analyze and solve problem重复宾语）我们必须分析问题，解决问题。3. Ig norance is the mother of fear as well as of admiratio n

31、重复省略的部分）无知是畏惧之源，羡慕之根。4. But we still have defects, and very big one指代内容的重复）但我们仍有不足，而且是很大的不足。5. The dog is chasing the cat which is chasing a rat which is having a piece of cheese in its mouth. （指代内容的重复 ）那条狗在追着那只猫， 而猫又在追着一只老鼠， 老鼠的嘴里衔着 一块奶酪。6. 判断我们各方面工作的是非得失，归根到底，要以是否有利 于发展社会主义的生产力， 是否有利于增强我国的综合国力， 是否

32、有 利于提高人民的生活水平为标准。In the final analysis, the criterion for judging the success or failure of our work in various fields is whether it helps to develop the productive forces of socialist society, to strengthen the overall capacity of the countryand to improve the peoples living standards.7. I had expe

33、rieneed oxygen and /or engine trouble.8. 我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备了故障，就是引擎出故障，或两者都出故障（重复名词）9. The three most important effects of an electric current are heating, magn etic and chemical effects.10. 电流的三种最重要的效应是热效应、磁效应和化学效应。11. Alter nati ng stress not only varies in magn itude but also in directi on.交变应力不仅大小不同，而

34、且方向不同。10, But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.可是他老婆不断地在他耳朵边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗 心，并且说他一家人都要毁在他的身上。11, Sleep is most graceful in an infant ; soun dest ,in one who has bee n tired in the open air; completest ,to the sea man a

35、fter a hard voyage ; most welcome ,to the mind haunted with one idea ; most touching to lookat ,in the pare nt that has wept ;lightest ,in the playful child ; proudest ,in the bride abored .婴儿的睡眠，最为优美；经过一番户外劳作，疲惫不堪的人的睡 眠，最为酣畅；在艰苦航程之后的水手的睡眠，最为圆满：为某 种意念所苦的人，对睡眠最为欢迎：哭泣后的母亲的睡眠，最为 动人；一个顽皮小孩的睡眠，最为轻松；一个深受爱

36、慕的新娘的 睡眠，最为骄傲。2 增词法 (amplification)在翻译中为了使译文通顺易懂， 或是为了行文生动， 更符合目的 与的语言习惯而采取的增加部分解释性词语、连接词、类属词、概括 性词语和代词的做法叫增词法 (amplification)。1. The subsequent generations of this family grew impoverished by a combination of drought, extortion, and too many gifts to opera girls, all of which led to their losing fa

37、ce and their property.参考译文：在接下来的几代中，因为遭遇旱灾，被人勒索，再加上 给优伶的封赏太多，这个家族便最终资财耗尽，风光不再了。2, The men squatted in their dark-colored logyis, the ever-present cheroots clenched between their teeth.参考译文：男人们穿着深色的袍裙，蹲坐在那里，嘴里总是叼着烟。3, His consideration of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his conside

38、ration of translation in terms of focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial in his translation.他注重使用民众的语言来翻译圣经，注重为目的语和目的语文本的读者考虑，这两点在他的翻译中很关键4, This plan with all its disadvantages is considered to be one of the best.尽管有种种不周全之处，这个计划仍被认为是最佳计划之。5, Flowers bloom all over the yard.朵朵鲜花满院盛开。6. Re

39、adi ng makes a full man; conference a ready man; writ ing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人严谨。7. 不要重复叶公好龙那个故事，讲了多少年的社会主义，临到 社会主义跑来找他，她又害怕起来了。（毛泽东选集，第五卷）The story of Lord Ye who professedto love drag on sshould not be repeated. One must not just talk about socialism for years and then suddenly turn pal

40、e whe n socialism comes knocking at the door.8, Day after day he came to his work sweep ing, scrubb ing, clea ning.他每天来干活扫地，擦桌椅，清理房间9, 一个篱笆三个桩，一个好汉三人帮。A bamboo fence n eeds the support of three stakes, and an able man n eeds the help of three other pers ons.Stakes make a bamboo fence sta nd, and sup

41、porters help an able man succeed.10, 三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge liang the master mind.3 省略法(omission)省略法(omission是为了行文的简洁和更符合目的与习惯，将一些 重复的词语或一些已被涵盖的意义省去的翻译方法， 而原文的意义并 未因此受到任何损失。1. When she could no Ion ger decide, she became depressed. Whe never Dwight picked u

42、p the baby to take him to his place or to the doctora checkup, she felt relief.她无法抉择，心情压抑，而前夫马赛一把孩子接走或是送到诊所接 受检查，她就会有一种轻松感。2. Rupert with his flexible young kn ees sat in a hun ch-a nd-crouch pose in imitati on of the n atives.鲁珀特年龄小，双膝柔韧，学着当地人的样子，弓背缩身地跪坐着。3. Stainless steel possess good hardness an

43、d high strength.译文：不锈钢硬度大，强度高。4. Penicillin works by not allowing a bacterium to build its cell wall.青霉素的作用是不让细菌制造细胞壁。5. This is the solid rocky bottom under the ooze and mud of the ocean floor.海底软泥和泥层下面是坚硬的岩石层。6. There is a 30% in crease of our in stalled capacity with this year.今年，我们的装机容量增加了30%。7.

44、 在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的的错误。We must avoid mak ing mistakes in our work.8, 质子带阳电，电子带阴电，而中子既不带阳电也不带阴电。A prot on has a positive charge and an electr on a n egative charge, but a n eutr on has n either.9. He put his hand into his pockets and the n shrugged his shoulders.他双手插进口袋，耸了耸肩。10, Smoking is not allowed

45、in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟11, 匪军所至，杀戮人民，奸淫妇女，焚毁村庄，掠夺财物，无所不用其极。Wherever they went, they massacredand raped, burned and looted, and stopped at nothing.12, 前怕龙后怕虎的态度不能造就干部。“ Fearing dragons ahead and tigers behind ” will not produce cadres.13, 我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面Our Party has put an end to the so

46、cial unrest and up heaval of that time.14, 这种人闹什么东西呢？闹名誉，闹地位，闹出风头。（毛泽东选集三卷，779页）What are these people after? They are after fame and positi on and want to be in the limelight.4词类转换法(conversion)词类转换法(conversion是基于两种语言习惯的不同，在翻译中保留词语意义而改变此类的做法。1. Maya Angelou returned to America in 1964, with the inten

47、tion of helping Malcolm build his new Organization of African American Unity.玛雅 安琪露于1964年返回美国，打算帮助马尔科尔木新建立一个非裔美籍人联合会。2. Shortly after her arrival in the United States, Malcolm was assass in ated, and his pla ns for a new orga ni zatio n died with him.马尔科尔木来美不久即遭暗杀，他筹建新组织的计划也随即夭 亡。3. His (Dr. Mart in

48、 Luther King, Jr.) assass in atiQ rfalli ng on her birthday in 1968, left her devastated 蹂躏，破坏；使荒废).1968年她生日那天，小马丁路德金被人暗杀，她痛不欲生。4. There is a popular belief among pare nts that schools are no longer in terested in spelli ng.译文：学生家长普遍认为学校不再对教单词拼写感兴趣。5. He waspopulara mong young people.译文：他在年轻人中很受欢迎。6

49、. We were most impressed by the fact that eve n those patie nts wh were not told of the ill ness were quite aware of its pote ntial outcome.译文：给我们留下极深印象的是：即便那些没有被告知其病情的 病人对其疾病的潜在后果也非常清楚。7. 学生们都应该德、智、体全面发展。All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physicalh（名词转副词）8. 由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国

50、的综合国力有了明显的 增强。Thanks to the in troductio n of our reform and ope ning policy, ourcomprehensive national strength has greatly improve动词转名词）9. The imitatio n of livi ng systems, be it direct or in direct, is very useful for devis ing mach in es, hence thapid development bio nics.对生物系统的模仿，不管是直接的还是间接的，对

51、机械设计都很 有用，因此仿生学得以快速发展。10. Abraham Lincoln wan ted to build a gover nment of the people, by the people, and for the people.林肯想建立一个民有民治民享的政府。疏忽几秒钟，贵重的仪表就可能会彻底损坏，无法修复。11, Some of my class-mates are good sin gers.我的同班同学中有些人唱歌唱的很好。12, Party officials worked long hours on meager food, in cold caves, by di

52、m lamps.党的干部吃简陋的饮食，住寒冷的窑洞，靠微弱的灯光，长时间的工作。党的干部长时间地工作，而他们吃的是粗陋的饭菜，住的是寒冷 的窑洞，点的是昏暗的油灯。13, Steve nson was eloque nt and elegn but soft.史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。14, The Wilde family were religious.王尔德全家都是虔诚的教徒。15, He is no smoker, but his father is a cha in-smoker.他不抽烟，可他爸爸却是个老烟枪。16, 他的讲演给听众的印象深刻。His speech impre

53、ssed the audie nee deeply.17, 该厂的产品的主要特点是工艺精湛，经久耐用。The products of this factory are chiefly characterizedby their fine workma nship and durability18, 她在最后一幕里占了突出的地位。She figures prominently in the last act.19, 会议没能取得一致意见 就结束了。The meeting ended in disagreement.5顺序调整法(inversion)为避免字对字，行对行翻译所产生的弊端，翻译中要根

54、据目的与 习惯进行词序和句内结构的调整，但顺序调整后的译文不能偏离原文 的句子重心。1. During the early history of the United States, a man virtually owned his wife and children as he did his material possessions.在美国早期历史上，男人就像拥有个人物质财产一样完全拥有自 己的妻子和孩子。2. The medical profession is an example of changedattitudes in the 19th and 20th centuries a

55、bout what was regarded as suitable work for wome n.关于什么是适合于女人的工作，19和20世纪的人们态度发生了 转变，其中一例就是对于医疗职业态度的转变。3.It also plays an important role in making the earth more habitable, asarm ocea n curre nts bring milder temperatures to places that would otherwise b e quite cold.由于温暖的洋流能把温暖的气候带给那些本来十分寒冷的地区 并使之变暖

56、，因此,海洋在使我们这个地球更适合人类居住方面也扮 演一个重要的角色(原因状语从句)4. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you catch!当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好 奇的接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候， 如果你懂得什么叫美的话， 时 间是过得很快的！要是你和一群可爱的孩子在池塘中捉鱼摸虾，有

57、位天仙般的姑娘 站在池边，快活地捡起你们的“战利品”，你若知美，定会觉得时间 如白驹过隙，一晃即逝。 （逆序法 ）5. while the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton academy for a young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harn

58、ess, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour.（当时）这个世纪刚过了十几年。 在六月的一天早上， 天气晴朗， 启 斯维克林荫道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人 马车。拉车的两匹马套着锃亮的马具， 一个肥胖的车夫戴了假发和三 角帽子，赶车的速度是一小时四英里。 （分译法）6. The din of the stall-holders crying their wares, of donkey-boys and porters clear

59、ing a way for themselves by shouting vigorously, and would-be purchasers arguing and bargaining is continuous and makes you dizzy.摆摊的高声吆喝， 兜售自己的商品，赶驴的小伙和脚夫扯开嗓门，叫前面的人开道儿让路， 买主和店家争来争去、 讨价还价，人声喧噪， 持续不断，让人头昏脑晕。7. Baker is typical of many translation scholars who make detailed use of the terminology of f

60、unctional grammar and discourseanalysisin that she devotes by far the most attention to the textual function.在详细运用功能语法和语篇分析术语的众多翻译学家中， 贝克很有 代表性，因为到目前为止她是最关注语篇功能的学者。8, Linguistic differences are of course indicative of cultural differences, and Venuti is one critic who seeslinguistics-orientedapproac

61、hesas projecting a conservative model of translation that would unduly restrict (translation s) role in cultural innovation and change语言的差异当然表明着文化的差异，韦努提批评语言学导向的研 究方法使用的保守翻译模式，它限制了翻译促进文化创新和发展 的作用。9. Many man-made substancesare replacing certain natural materials becauseeither the quantity of the nat

62、ural products can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical property of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be appl

63、ied.合成材料通常称为人造材料。许多人造材料正逐步取代某些天然 材料，这或许是因为天然制品的数量不能满足人们日益增长的需求， 但更多的则是因为人们看中了合成材料的某种物理性能，并充分发挥 这些性能，以便使合成材料在其应用领域中最大限度地发挥作用。(综 合法)10, 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对 _ 的，不对的就是不对的。What is right is right and what is wrong is wrong, whether it concernsthe Chinese or foreigners, whether it concerns the dead

64、 or the living.11, 能不能尽快的把科学技术搞上去，这是一个关系到社会主义建设 的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。Whether scie nee and tech no logy can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a questi on of vital importa nee for socialist con structi on as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.12，Spring has so much more than speechin its unfoldin