降低投资比重向集约型经济增长方式转变

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1、 降低投资比重向集约型经济增长方式转变摘 要：改革开放以来，我国的投资率一直居高不下，而消费率则明显偏低。我国的经济增长方式是典型的“投资驱动型”增长方式。近年来，这种增长方式的弊端日益严重。因此，要适当降低投资比重，向集约型经济增长方式转变。关键词：“投资驱动型”；集约型经济；改革 1 我国“投资驱动型”经济增长方式的现状与弊端 一般而言，一国的消费率（即消费额占国内生产总值的比重）保持在75%左右为最佳。然而，我们不难发现，自改革开放以来，我国的投资率一直居高不下，而消费率则明显偏低。我国的经济增长方式是典型的“投资驱动型”增长方式。 近几年，“投资驱动型”增长方式的弊端日益严重，主要表现

2、在以下方面：首先， 投资品投资过剩， 生产资料相对紧缺。第二，外向型部门与内向型部门之间的严重失衡，社会福利分配格局趋向一种结构性扭曲。第三，可能引发银行危机。 2 我国经济增长为“投资驱动型”的原因探究 2.1 “赶超”战略和错误的“政绩观”催生“投资驱动型”经济增长方式 我国投资驱动的经济增长模式起源于上世纪50年代执行的以重工业优先发展为重点的“赶超”战略。由于重工业的发展需要大量的资金投入，但是从比较优势理论的观点来看，资金恰恰是中国的比较劣势。为了给重工业发展筹集大量的资金，就必须通过压低劳动者的收入水平和所需资源要素的价格。这种发展战略的结果，就是形成“高投入、低工资、低消费”的局

3、面。 另一方面，自80年代以来，经济发展水平被执政党视为最重要的战略指标。在这种观念背景下，政府的主要任务就被理解为发展经济其实这是极端偏颇的理解，发展经济又被进一步简化为GDP增长速度。各级政府官员普遍把GDP高速增长作为唯一的政绩目标，以看得见的现代化进步广场、高速公路、现代城市建设等等作为主要象征。再者，政府税收主要来源于增值税，其中一半是生产型的增值税，这就使得各级政府过分关注产值的增长。事实上，政府可以控制几乎所有生产要素、重要资源的价格。正是在这些制度因素激励下，各级政府都选择了拼资源的投资驱动型经济增长模式。 2.2 居民储蓄的过快增长长期支撑中国的“投资驱动型”经济增长 居民储

4、蓄的不断增长使得投资增长速度和总投资率也保持在相应的高水平上。特别是中国经济增长方式尚未从粗放型向集约型转变之前，在我国现行的“投资驱动型”经济增长过程中，大规模的固定资产投资对经济的增长具有举足轻重的作用。1998年以来，在贷款增长较快的同时，银行吸纳的部分储蓄资金通过购买国债和政策性金融债为政府所用，支持了积极财政政策的实施，保证了中央政府扩大内需的宏观调控政策的实现，为我国经济平稳持续增长发挥了重要作用。 我国储蓄拉动投资何以如此之快的增长？究其原因主要有以下几方面：第一，居民收入稳健提高。居民储蓄存款来源于居民收入。从统计数字分析，城乡居民收入增长速度慢于储蓄存款增速，这表明储蓄增量不

5、仅来自于居民增收，还有相当一部分来自居民的“超储蓄”。 第二，我国的储户结构与收入不对称。人数最多的中小储户存款并不多，占储蓄账户总数20%的高收入阶层，存款总额占总储蓄额的60%以上。就地区分布来看，统计资料显示，1999年我国居民储蓄存款约65%分布于东部地区，24%分布于中部地区，而西部地区仅占11%。这两个不平衡也是导致我国储蓄高增长的因素之一。 第三，居民的预期性不明确使预防性储蓄动机增强。首先，随着经济结构调整，国企改革深化，为减员增效而进行的下岗分流使人们产生“危机感”，宁愿压缩即期消费，而为未来存储一笔抵御风险的资金。其次，我国住房、医疗、养老等社会福利体制改革在不断深入，总的

6、趋势是许多由单位负担的支出将转由个人承担。与此同时，我国社保体系尚未建立健全。面对这样的社保体系，居民不得不在考虑收入支配时，也有较强的防患意识。再者，近年来，我国开始推行教育产业化，教育费用加大也使居民的支出增加。使得居民为后代教育进行储蓄的倾向也随之增强。 第四，金融投资渠道狭窄。我国个人投资渠道较窄，债券市场不发达，基金业刚刚起步，股票市场风险莫测，对于由少数高收入阶层支撑起的高储蓄额，由于许多行业的常规项目供大于求，行业利润率较低，对资金的吸引力不大。而回报率高的行业，要么具垄断性质，要么准入门槛太高，个人投资者只能望而兴叹。而针对个人理财的金融产品，品种既少，风险又高，这也就不难解释

7、为什么国债一再受到市场追捧，而股市低迷，国债发行数量有限，没有很好的投资机会也迫使居民不得不把资金存放于银行。 3 适当降低投资比重 转变经济增长方式 改革开放后，虽然发展战略的思路有了一定的调整和改变，但以投资为主要驱动力的经济增长模式依然没有得到根本性的改变。与此同时，这种“投资驱动型”经济增长模式开始引发了一系列的问题：预算软约束使固定资产投资规模长期偏高，而为此出台的宏观调控措施又极易使国民经济陷入“冷-热”循环的怪圈中；大量投资所形成的生产能力必然会对资源提出更苛刻的要求，从而引发对资源的严重破坏和掠夺；近年来煤、电、油、运的全面紧张，不仅引发了国内对资源的过度开采，而资源的全球采购

8、已经引起了西方国家的高度关注乃至打压；此外，投资驱动型增长模式还在很大程度上引起盲目的“外资崇拜”。以上可以看出，无论是从保持中国经济持续稳定增长的需要来看，还是从现有的资源约束条件来看，投资驱动的经济增长模式都将难以为继，确实已经到了需要认真反思和改变的时候了。 3.1 确立正确的发展观和“政绩观” 实现经济增长方式的转变的基本要求是，改变高投入低产出的“广种薄收”的粗放型方式，实现低投入、高产出的集约型方式。达到上述要求是一项系统工程，归根结底要靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质，并通过深化改革，加快建立有利于提高经济效益的社会主义市场经济体制及运行机制，采取多方面的综合配套措施。“根据政府工作报

9、告的要求，当前转变经济增长方式要重点抓好以下几方面工作（1）推进产业结构优化升级（2）促进企业技术改造和重组（3）注重能源资源节约和合理利用。” “加快经济增长方式的转变，是全面实现党的十六大制定的战略目标的客观需要，也是世界经济发展的共同要求。全面推进这项工作必将成为我国经济发展史上的一个重大转折。” 我们坚信，在以胡锦涛同志为总书记的党中央坚强领导下，在科学发展观的指引下，全国上下踏实工作，努力奋斗，就一定能够实现经济增长方式的根本转变。 3.2 调整居民收入分配制度，提高各阶层居民的消费水平 统计显示，1978年至2004年的26年，我国的投资增长速度保持在年均13.2的水平，但这一时期

10、的消费增长水平却一直低于投资水平，扣除物价因素，年均增速仅为8.6。如果和其他国家相比，中国消费不足的情况也是显而易见的。 经济学的原理告诉我们，收入水平是居民消费需求的决定性因素。导致我国消费需求长期低下的首要原因，就是居民收入水平的提高赶不上经济增长率的提高。对此， 20015年中央经济工作会议明确指出：要实现经济平稳较快增长，关键是要努力扩大国内需求，把增加居民消费特别是农民消费作为扩大消费需求的重点。强调消费的重要作用，促进经济增长方式由“投资驱动型”向“消费驱动型”转变，对实现经济持续增长有重要意义。 想要扩大内需，必须扩大面向中等收入群体的供给体系，促进需求潜力的有效释放。当前,内

11、需不足原因之一在于消费结构断档，供给与需求结构不衔接。一方面，大量豪华住宅、汽车、高价教育、高价医疗、高档旅游等高档消费品供给过多,需求不足；另一方面,适合中低收入群体的房地产、汽车、教育、医疗、旅游等产品供给过少,远远不能满足需求。因此,政府一方面应当对高档消费品的生产与消费通过税费形式加以限制,而另一方面要采取必要手段，加大对普通大众可承受的廉价房屋供给,从而有效引导与调整投资结构。 3.3 深化体制改革，合理引导居民预期 第一，完善公共支出政策，稳定居民指出预期。 第二，充分发挥财政政策促进总体消费的作用。 3.4 拓宽投资渠道，推进金融产品创新 资料表明，改革开放20多年来，我国民间投

12、资发展虽快，但投资领域明显狭窄，主要集中于如批发零售贸易、餐饮、建筑业、房地产业等一般竞争性行业。国家计委的一份研究报告认为，我国民间投资目前在市场准入方面还存在三大“禁区”：一是基础设施行业，二是新型服务业领域，三是大型制造业领域。“要放宽国内民间资本的市场准入领域，在投融资、税收、土地使用和对外贸易等方面采取措施，实行公平竞争”。十六大报告透出的信息，体现国民待遇和公平竞争原则，打破所有制界限，部门垄断和地区封锁，这一切，无疑将会极大调动民间资本的投资热情。 另一方面，经济不断发展和对外开放的不断深入，要求我国金融市场必须进一步发展，增加金融产品的投资渠道。2003年我国经济贸易依存度已达

13、60。越来越多的企业涉足国际业务，客观上需要我国的金融机构为企业公司客户提供包括套期保值、风险控制、外汇理财等在内的一系列金融服务。再者，随着对外开放的深入，我国将进一步完善汇率形成机制，最终实现人民币资本项目可兑换，这些都要求金融市场进一步发展，金融产品要进一步多样化。 作为发展中国家和转轨经济国家，我国在金融产品的创新过程中，要合理明确金融产品的定位，注意区分面向机构投资者和面向居民个人的产品。鉴于机构投资者一般拥有机构优势，有较强的分析判断和抗风险能力，由此面向机构投资者的产品在许可上可以更为宽松。面向居民个人的金融产品在准入方面应更为谨慎，在信息披露和监管方面应更严格要求。 以银行业创

14、新产品为例，目前资产方管理就逐步出现了消费信贷、资产证券化、不良资产打包进行证券化处理以及信贷风险的转让等新的金融产品。负债方管理，可以看到储蓄替代产品的不断出现，例如基金产品、证券投资产品、保险产品等。此外，收费类业务发展方兴未艾。在国际范围之内，人们不应该再把银行仅仅视作从事存贷汇业务的机构，更多应看到银行庞大的网络分支系统，越来越将银行看作具有应对多种产品能力的销售和服务网络，同时把金融服务看作是由电子网络联系在一起的进行信息加工业务。 参考文献 1美滋维博迪, 亚历克斯凯恩, 艾伦 J. 马库斯.InvestmentM.北京：机械工业出版社，2005.1,(2). 2郭永刚.投资渠道缺

15、乏只好被动储蓄N.中国青年报，2006-1-16. 3解读“十一五”：为什么必须加快转变经济增长方式D.新华网. 4李扬.对外开放过程中的资金流动N.中国证券报，1999,(4). 5中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会.投资与GDP增长关系的分析及政策建议S.2005-8-04. 6郑新立.增强投资在经济增长中的作用J.求是，2006,(9). BRorganization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and str

16、engthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual work, to promote the use of two manuals in the citys organizations at various levels. The county committee, directly under

17、 the group (work) is under the jurisdiction of grassroots League and group (total) using branch ratio shall not be less than 70%.Three, to further strengthen the groups leadership and team building(a) to strengthen the leagues leadership at all levels of construction. Continue to do a good job of mu

18、nicipal Party Committee Organization Department on the strengthening of the Communist Youth League cadres management opinions implementation. To promote the group counties (autonomous counties, cities) Commission and city directly under the group (workers) appointed to carry out the Five team buildi

19、ng activities. Improve the League Association Department working mechanism. Conscientiously fulfill the duties of CO, combined with the city group directly under (the) Committee of the general election and the adjustment, actively jointly with the unit where the party organization department good gr

20、oup leadership selection with the work. Do a good job in municipal Party committee assistant committee leadership and leading cadres of the annual assessment work, adhere to and improve the assistant secretary of the Communist Youth League talk system group To weave individual conversation and colle

21、ctive conversation, to strengthen the committees of all levels, the Standing Committee of the Standing Committee, the establishment of a sound system of central group learning, the system of investigation and study, the system of important issues and the reporting system.(two) to strengthen the work

22、 of education and training of cadres to conscientiously implement the Central Committee. On the implementation of grassroots cadres training project and opinions on carrying out the mission municipal CYL Cadres training project implementation opinions, full implementation of the project of the City

23、Youth League cadres training education. Focus on the county grassroots cadres and workers focused on training, the new school system vocational training League cadres, for the Municipal Organization Department jointly held the third session of the Communist Youth League system training cadres in par

24、ty. Focusing on the construction of new socialist countryside, strengthening village cadres and rural construction team group member of the young team, the county organizations at various levels throughout the year is expected to train 100 00 rural grassroots cadres, plans to train 1000 village secr

25、etary of the village Party branch.(three) actively promote grassroots cadres election work. Under the unified leadership of the party organization, to strengthen grassroots organizations direct work, standardize the election work rules and procedures, in the designated candidate, open competition to

26、 democratically elected branch secretary at the same time, actively and steadily the development of Township, streets and other grassroots organizations in the direct election of the pilot work, on the basis of summarizing the experience and gradually expand the scope of the pilot, and gradually for

27、med a set of measures and cadres election system.(four) to strengthen the cadres testing exercise. To study the development of XX city from 2006 to 2008 cadres testing exercise planning. To select outstanding cadres to the central mission in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other central organs and

28、sending work in developed areas. With the Central Committee the implementation of the western region and ethnic minorities cadres training plan . To carry out the eighth batch of municipal organs attachment cadre management, selection, training work. The outstanding cadres to start the National Deve

29、lopment Bank XX branch testing exercise.(five) to strengthen the group construction. The main position to play the role of Youth League cadre education and training as the city, in accordance with the requirements of post training, further curriculum scientifically and rationally, adopt arrangement

30、menu course, basic theory includes group work, focus, hot and difficult issues, to enhance the content and practice; to strengthen the construction of teaching staff, the integration of teachers, establish a quality teacher training team, establish and implement course evaluation system; take delive

31、ry of training to the countryside, on-site training, and increase the rural grassroots cadres training efforts.Four, efforts to strengthen the work of young talent(a) to tenth XX young 54 medal in recognition of the publicity, and actively explore the XX youth service. 54 Medal of institutionalizati

32、on, standardization and socialization mechanism. Give full play to the XX award in recognition of 54 youth medal Association, Youth Award winner in the 54 chapter, investigation activities. Who won the Youth Service medal, dedication to the society to create conditions, build the stage. During the 5

33、4, named in recognition of the tenth XX young 54 medal. The association of XX editing of young talent , the exchange of information and communication platform for the XX of outstanding young talents.(two) the establishment of municipal Party committee of young talent information database. In accorda

34、nce with the feasible, effective, classification management, implement step by step principle, the establishment of municipal Party committee of youth talent database; guiding organizations at various levels generally established the young talent database, construction of city, county (directly unde

35、r the Communist Youth League), grassroots organizations three young talent information database the relevant information collection system, and gradually establish the citys young people, the Communist Youth League youth talent information network, provide information platform for young talent resou

36、rce development.Five, take effective measures to strengthen the mission management(a) to strengthen the mission management work. Strengthen the dues collection and management, continue to adhere to the dues collection regularly reporting system, the annual comprehensive award in recognition of the t

37、our and the tour one vote veto system audit system. Do statistical work in the group. The group service award in recognition of the advanced units, standardization, promoting group management work institutionalized.(two) to strengthen the organization of research and information exchange efforts. Gr

38、assroots carry out research, efforts to form a number of theoretical results. Make full use of the network carrier, to explore the establishment of electronic group service system, promote the work of Communist Youth League information.Attachment 4:XX municipal Party Committee Propaganda Department

39、of the Communist Youth League work pointsIn 2006, the Communist Youth League propaganda ideological work XX to Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents as guidance, study and implement the partys sixteen and the spirit of the the fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Centra

40、l Committee implementation of the eight plenary session of the two committee, the citys cultural work conference, the Propaganda Department of the meeting and the the fourth Plenary Session of the 15th CPC Central Committee permanent mission spirit, closely around 11th Five-Year XX the goal of full

41、implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, emancipating the mind, seeking truth from facts, keep pace with the times, close to reality, close to life, close to the young, persevere grasp orientation, grasping deepening, grasping construction innovation, further improve the groups propagand

42、a and ideological work ability, unity To guide the majority of members of the youth to achieve the 11th Five-Year planning tasks, the overall construction of a well-off society, building a socialist harmonious society to make new contributions.One, adhere to the Three Represents important thought an

43、d Scientific Outlook on Development education to guide the youth, to further strengthen the ideological and political education of youth(a) armed with youth science theory. Unremittingly with Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents armed members of youth education, to prom

44、ote the study and implement to expand the depth and breadth. To study and implement the important thought of Three Represents with the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development combine with the implementation of the requirements of constructing socialist harmonious societ

45、y with Scientific Outlook on Development, carry out education as an important part of the theory of armed youth in the new period, strengthen the establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development education, educate and guide the youth to fully understand the great significance of

46、 establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, in-depth understanding of the Scientific Outlook on Development era back The king, the practice foundation, basic connotation, historical status, spirit and practice requirements, a profound understanding of Scientific Outlook o

47、n Development with Marxism Leninism, Mao Zedong thought, inheriting and developing relationship between Deng Xiaoping theory and the important thought of Three Represents, to help young people establish and consciously practice Scientific Outlook on Development. Persist in learning, grasping the bac

48、kbone, grasp the practice, grasp the opportunity. Catch club, effective way to grasp the network, with the group of cadres, young students and young backbone fronts as the focus, to promote the work of the armed youth theory to develop in depth, to help the youth continue to firm ideals and beliefs,

49、 to build a powerful spiritual pillar. To carry out the study and implementation of the partys sixteen session of the five Eight plenary session of the two plenary session of the Central Committee and the party spirit, to the citys Youth League members thinking into the spirit of the meeting, to ach

50、ieve the goal of national consciousness and XX economic and social development in 11th Five-Year period. Contribute to help and guide the youth to a profound understanding of the significance and main task of building a socialist harmonious society, actively join the construction of socialist harmon

51、ious society.(two) to strengthen the ideological and moral construction of teenagers. Thoroughly implement the central spirit of the document No. 8, No. 16 and the program for Improving Civic Morality to minors and students as focus groups, to strengthen and improve the ideological and moral constru

52、ction of minors and the ideological and political education of college students. Make full use of the spirit and the spirit of the Three Gorges migrants Hongyan XX unique the use of educational resources, school, into the team, the league, to join the party, adult occasions, extensive Hongyan spirit

53、 generation theme education activities. Use of holidays and leisure time, youth organizations three rural areas, four communities, four and moral practice, guide the youth Youth to enhance national pride, self-esteem and self-confidence, to establish the trend of the times and adapt to the trend of

54、thinking, value orientation and behavior.(three) innovative ways and means of ideological education. Grasp the new trend of the development of the times, the new hot new features and social ideological status of young people, to further explore the methods of ideological education using modern techn

55、ology and communication mode of education make lively and vivid, fully embodies the close to reality, close to life, close to the young principle through the cultivation and selection. Hongyan demonstration group, good boy, Hongyan Hongyan Youth and other forms of more scientific use of advanced typ

56、ical influence and promote youth, and strive to create advocating advanced, learning advanced, striving to advance a good atmosphere.Two, in order to forge ahead with the motherland, and XX with the development as its theme, guide the youth to build a common ideological basis for the construction of

57、 a socialist harmonious society(a) grasp the theme of the purpose of the activity. The go ahead with the motherland in the youth, and XX with the development of theme educational activities. Vigorously promote patriotism as the core of the national spirit and reform and innovation as the core spirit

58、 of the times, the combination of youth with common ideals and beliefs, with great achievements in socialist modernization the motivation of youth, the youth to enhance self-confidence, sense of mission and responsibility to educate and guide the youth to personal pursuit into the common pursuit of

59、all people, their personal struggle into the great practice of building socialism China characteristics, further firmly follow the party China characteristics The confidence and determination of the socialist road, and build the common ideological foundation of the young people to build a socialist

60、harmonious society.(two) rich theme activities. By carrying out the two generation dialogue , in my eyes, the charm of XX situation and policy through activities such as lectures, report, seminars, theatrical performances, mass cultural activities, to help young people understand Chinas reform and o

61、pening up the extraordinary journey and brilliant achievements achieved fruitful results, to understand the citys economic and social development since the new XX, so that young people understand, love the new XX, and then to the construction of the new XX, a firm with the party on the road to socia

62、lism with China characteristics of faith; make full use of the 54, 61, National Day and the commemoration of the 85 anniversary of the founding of the red In the 70 anniversary of the victory of the long march and other major activities, the favorable opportunity of major events and major festivals,

63、 to carry out educational activities, promote the theme education activities continue to create momentum, the rise of high tide, popular. Further study, promotion of Scientific Outlook on Development, to carry out a wide range of situation and policy education, the development prospect of the future

64、 of the motherland and XX, guiding the youth to continue enhance the sense of mission and responsibility, in the implementation of the 11th Five-Year planning and building a well-off society in the historical process of contributions. Be enthusiastic and press on.Three, to lead the trend of youth se

65、rvice, cultural city youth culture is taking action, and promote new progress in the construction of youth 11 / 11organization system and working mode, the selection of a number of municipal strengthening group to build innovation and strengthen the organization of the basic level organizations advanced model.(seven) the manual work of the Communist Youth League Organization published and League branch of manual w