2009年考研英语真题及答案

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. 1 the fruit-fly experi

2、ments described in Carl Zimmers piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright. Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-pric

3、ed option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning a gradual 7 instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things theyve apparently learned is when to 8 . Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? Tha

4、ts the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species weve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real 11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal Ive ever met. Research on animal intelligence also

5、 makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for te

6、rrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. A Suppose B Consider C Observe D Imagine2. A tended B fe

7、aredC happened D threatened3. A thinner B stabler C lighter D dimmer4. A tendency B advantage C inclination D priority5. A insists on B sums up C turns out D puts forward6. A off B behind C over D along7. A incredible B spontaneous Cinevitable D gradual8. A fight B doubt C stop D think9. A invisible

8、 B limited C indefinite D different10. A upward B forward C afterward D backward11. A features B influences C results D costs12. A outside B on C by D across13. A deliver B carry C perform D apply14. A by chance B in contrast C as usual D for instance15. A if B unless C as D lest16. A moderate B ove

9、rcome C determine D reach17. A at B for C after D with18. A Above all B After all C However D Otherwise19. A fundamental B comprehensive C equivalent D hostile20. A By accident B In time C So far D Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the

10、 questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflect

11、ing herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we conscious

12、ly develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But dont bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, theyre there to stay. Instead, the

13、new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But w

14、e are taught instead to decide, just as our president calls himself the Decider.” She adds, however, that “to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”All of us work through problems in ways of which were unaware,

15、she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those mo

16、des of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the American bel

17、ief system that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book “This Year I Will.” and Ms. Markovas business partner. “Thats a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what youre good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.” This is where devel

18、oping new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being A. casual B. familiar C. mechanical D. changeable. 22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be A. predicted B. regulated C. traced D. guided 23.” ruts”(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest mean

19、ing to A. tracks B. series C. characteristics D. connections24. Ms. Markovas comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system2

20、5. Ryan most probably agree that A. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taught C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom or at l

21、east confirm that hes the kids dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog

22、, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use

23、 to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a familys geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential

24、candidate with whom to compare DNA. But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds

25、just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a fathers line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for

26、 example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some compa

27、nies dont rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be pat

28、ented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation. 26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTKs _.Aeasy availability Bflexibility in pricing C successful promotion D popularity with households27. PTK is used to _.Alocate ones birth placeBpromote genetic researchC identify parent-child kin

29、ship D choose children for adoption 28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to_.Atrace distant ancestors B rebuild reliable bloodlinesC fully use genetic information D achieve the claimed accuracy 29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is _.Adisorga

30、nized data collection B overlapping database building 30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be_.AFors and Againsts of DNA testing B DNA testing and Its problemsCDNA testing outside the labD lies behind DNA testing Text 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth

31、in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priori

32、ties for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have cons

33、istently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living. Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Ja

34、pan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota a

35、chieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consist

36、ently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industrys work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments dont for

37、ce it. After all, thats how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didnt have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education i

38、mproved, humanitys productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able t

39、o escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesnt constrain the ability of the developing worlds workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constra

40、ints on improving productivity explain why education isnt developing more quickly there than it is. 31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries _.A is subject groundless doubts B has fallen victim of bias C is conventional downgraded D has been overestimated

41、 32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system _.Achallenges economists and politicians Btakes efforts of generations C demands priority from the government D requires sufficient labor force 33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that _.A the J

42、apanese workforce is better disciplinedB the Japanese workforce is more productive Cthe U.S workforce has a better education D the U.S workforce is more organize 34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged _.A when people had enough time B prior to better ways o

43、f finding food C when people on longer went hung D as a result of pressure on government 35. According to the last paragraph , development of education _.A results directly from competitive environments B does not depend on economic performance C follows improved productivity D cannot afford politic

44、al changes Text 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much important attached to intellectual pursuits

45、 ” According to many books and articles, New Englands leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans theological innovations and th

46、eir distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes o

47、f important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,Ther

48、e were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should

49、 not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1

50、630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: “

51、come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.” One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched. Mean while , many settles had slighter religious commitments than Danes, as one clergyma

52、n learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . “Our main end was to catch fish. ”36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England_.A Puritan tradition dominated political life. B intellectual interests were encouraged.C

53、 Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors. D intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders_.A experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.B brought with them the culture of the Old WorldC paid little attention to southern

54、 intellectual lifeD were obsessed with religious innovations38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay_.A were famous in the New World for their writingsB gained increasing importance in religious affairsC abandoned high positions before coming to the New WorldD created a new

55、 intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often _.A influenced by superstitions B troubled with religious beliefsC puzzled by church sermonsD frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New Engl

56、and_.A were mostly engaged in political activitiesB were motivated by an illusory prospectC came from different backgrounds.D left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections: Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suita

57、ble one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist in the 1860s, British

58、social philosopher put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41._. American social scientist introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s.

59、 Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist developed a new theory of culture known

60、 as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._ . Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader ev

61、olutionary stage or type of culture. 44._.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture

62、 in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45._. Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religio