毕业论文设计以课题和实验为中心的Seminar教学法在麻醉学研究生中的应用初探

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1、专业好文档以课题和实验为中心的Seminar教学法在麻醉学研究生中的应用初探杨鑫，林雪，张瑞芹，李文志* (哈尔滨医科大学麻醉学系，黑龙江 哈尔滨 150086)【摘要】 通过简要介绍seminar教学法的特点、麻醉学专业研究生教学活动的具体实施模式，讨论了应用此方法的体会和经验，以及所涉及的问题与解决方法，以期提高麻醉学专业研究生教学的教学效果。【关键词】 Seminar；麻醉学研究生；科研组；教学麻醉学专业研究生是麻醉学专业人才培养的主要对象。随着麻醉学专业研究生培养规模逐渐扩大，培养形式日趋多样，要让研究生的培养质量与规模、数量相协调，麻醉学研究生教学方法的改革也呼之欲出。研究生教学与本

2、科生教学不同，研究生阶段不仅要求学生掌握扎实的临床技能, 更要有创新思维和科研能力。哈尔滨医科大学附属第二临床医学院麻醉学教研室在认真比较本科生与研究生教学方法不同的基础上，以吸取国内外高等医学院校成功经验为前提，结合自身专业的实际情况，运用一种新的教学方法seminar教学法，即学生为了探究某一问题而与教师和其他同学共同讨论的一种交互式的教学方法。1.Seminar教学法的特点Seminar 一词直译通常为“研讨会”或“讨论会”,Seminar指大学或暑期学校学生为研究某问题而与教师共同讨论之班级或研习班,是欧美大学课堂教学的一种重要形式1。在国外，lecture就是讲座，seminar就是

3、讨论课，survey就是答疑。在中国教学体制下的教育教学过程中，seminar主要是指研究生在教师或导师的指导下，以小班或小组形式进行的，就某个特定的专题，或导师的课题进行讨论和学习。在这个过程中，培养学生发现问题、解决问题及独立从事科学研究能力的教学方法。Seminar教学方法属于讨论法，是一种以语言传递信息为主的教学方法，与传统的教学方法相比，它具有互动性好，民主性强，更易于激发学生的学习主动性和对新知识、新领域的探索，同时，它具有扩大学生阅读面、扩展学生知识面、培养合作和研究能力、提高语言表达能力等功能2。2. 以课题和实验为中心的科研组麻醉学专业研究生的培养是麻醉学科的教学工作重点之一

4、，教研室非常注重其科研能力的培养，在教研室主任的带领下，分为以临床实验和基础实验为小组的科研组。每一个科研组由该导师的硕士和博士共同组成，每个科研组都围绕着一个方向性课题或实验开展科研工作。3. 以课题和实验为中心的Seminar教学法具体实施模式3.1时间、内容和方式：每个科研组每周进行一次Seminar教学, 采取双语(英语、汉语)教学方式，由1人主讲, 介绍一个月以来其所在科研组的研究内容和科研新进展, 包括阶段小结、新发现或新思路及需要商榷的问题，实验上的成功与失败等，并且要将所查阅的最新文献资料系统地介绍给大家。汇报时间可根据实验进程或准备文献的多少来调整，但一般情况下要求每个科研组

5、的汇报时间为15分钟左右。3.2 导师有效引导作用：导师以非权威的方式发表自己的看法和建议，并针对报告人的发言，进行补充、纠正、商榷等多种形式的学术评述。但对报告中出现的有关学术问题的争论一般不做“是”或“否”的绝对性评价，以免在潜意识下为以后的讨论定基调，影响后续的自由学术思维和交流3，导师只是以在这个领域多年的研究对学生进行有效的引导。3.3 注重创新思维培养：在讨论交流过程中，根据该次报告内容所涉及的知识和领域, 围绕主题,硕士博士共同参与，提出自己的观点和意见。此时,导师可根据情况适时、有限度的参与, 以调动学生的参与程度并互换观点，以期解决科研中存在的理论和技术问题。在这个过程中,加

6、强了学生发现问题、分析问题和创新性科研思维能力的培养, 同时研究生的知识积累和表达能力也得以充分展示。3.4 导师点评和释疑：时间为10分钟。教师要结合此次报告重点进行回顾和强调。对各位学生的发言进行点评，对所涉及的难点进行讲解和释疑。最后，再由主讲人对seminar 所讨论的问题进行汇总、凝练、总结、写出书面材料, 交给导师及科研组的同学们。4.体会及经验总结 4.1 教师角色的转变。在整个Seminar 教学的实施过程中,教师的角色既为引导者，又是参与者，还是促进者。作为引导者，教师的主要职能由“教”转变为“导”，“导”最重要的是把研究生的思维一层一层剖析，把学生引入更高的学术境界。以“围

7、术期器官功能的保护研究”这一方向性研究为例，首先了解围术期哪些器官功能需要保护？哪些方法能够有保护作用？此研究的最新进展如何？我们的切入点在哪里？与以往的研究有哪些异同点？等等。一点一点的将问题拓宽，开阔了研究生眼界的同时，也逐渐提高了研究生的科研水平；作为参与者，教师是“平等中的首席”，而不是居高临下的包办者，教师要参与到seminar教学的各个环节中，与学生交流和沟通，与学生共同探讨问题；作为促进者，教师在汇报过程中扮演的角色要具有良好的组织、协调能力,要鼓励每一位学生充分互动,善于从学生的评论和观点中发现问题、提出问题,使汇报进展顺利,保证良好的教学效果。4.2 团队精神的培养。semi

8、nar教学法提供了合作空间，它将合作精神引入学习生涯，有利于实现和强化团队合作研究。研究生一般都十分忙碌，每天都努力地做实验、阅读文献、撰写论文，而每周的seminar把导师和研究生聚在一起，在做好自己课题和实验的同时，可以学习其他同学科研的优点和长处，同样可以指出其他同学研究中的缺陷，无形中培育了宝贵的团队精神4。4.3 研究生能力的提高。 通过Seminar教学法，学生明显感觉到自己的学术交流能力、提问能力、英语对话能力、课堂参与的积极性、甚至社交能力、精神面貌等都有所提高和改进，与此同时，能更广泛涉猎本专业其它领域的最新科研动态和学科前沿新知识。总之，学生在汇报、讨论过程中, 既开阔了眼

9、界又扩大了知识面, 对整个学科的发展动向也更清晰明确。5 问题及解决办法5.1学生一直以来接受的都是被动式的教育，即传统教学方法，老师讲，学生听，做笔记。因此，在初期阶段，学生不太适应此教学法，对其有畏惧情绪。对于此种情况，导师会让研二、研三的学生先做汇报，研一的学生跟着学习，参与讨论。如研一学生自己独立开展实验，导师就会委派博士辅助每次的汇报工作, 而且还会预先查找一些相关的资料, 并在课前向研一学生提供这些资料或告之获得资料的途径。5.2学生的查阅文献能力，英语表达能力都不尽相同，部分研究生总担心自己的报告水平低，没有什么学术研究价值，所以一味的追求高点数、最新最近的SCI作为参考文献，殊

10、不知这已经大大超越了自己的能力，出现一些自己都不理解的问题，从而失去了报告的意义，也就失去了seminar的教学效果。此时，教师应该对学生不理解的问题重点阐释，并责成高年级的学生增加一次汇报，对此方面的问题强调重点并详细解释。结束语：将seminar教学法引入麻醉学专业研究生的教学活动中，不仅能改变传统教学模式中学生被动参与的现象, 而且还能激发学生的创造动机和科研性思维，使学生养成主动学习和研究性学习的习惯。此教学方法在麻醉学专业研究生以课题和实验为中心的教学活动中应用广泛。通过不断的教学实践，总结经验，去其糟粕，取其精华，相信这一教学方法对其他教研室的研究生培养也应发挥其作用。参考文献1

11、马启民.“Seminar”教学范式的结构、功能、特征及其对中国大学文科教学的启示J . 比较教育研究,2003 (153) :20 23.2 柯永红.Seminar教学法在护理学导论教学中的运用J.护士进修杂志，2008，23（5）：433-435.3 杨立强，邓军 Seminar：培养研究生科研能力的有效途径.中国地质赦育2005年第2期 5-7.4 刘庆友.浅谈组织研究生Seminar的体会J 广西大学学报2007年12月第29卷:99-100.作者简介：杨鑫，1983年，女，黑龙江省哈尔滨人，研究实习员，教育硕士。研究方向：医学教育管理联系地址： 手 机：15846601830 电子信箱

12、：yangxinmazui 详细地址：黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区学府路246号 哈尔滨医大二院麻醉学教研室通讯作者：李文志，1960年，男，黑龙江省哈尔滨人，教授，博士。主要从事器官功能保护研究及麻醉学教学管理研究联系地址：电 话：0451-86605029 手 机： 电子信箱：wenzhili9 详细地址：黑龙江省哈尔滨市南岗区学府路246号哈尔滨医大二院麻醉学教研室Application of seminar education in subject and experimental group teaching of anesthesiology postgraduate studentsY

13、ANG Xin，LIN Xue，Zhang Rui-qin，LI Wen-zhi*，(Department of anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University，Harbin 150086，Heilongjiang，China)【Abstract】Through the brief introduction of the character of seminar teaching method and the specific implementation mode of teaching activities for anesthesiology post

14、graduates, discusses the experience and understanding of the methods application,analyse and solve the problem, in order to improve the teaching effect for anesthesiology postgraduates.【Keywords】Seminar；Anesthesiology postgraduate；Subject and experimental group；Education；Editors note: Judson Jones i

15、s a meteorologist, journalist and photographer. He has freelanced with CNN for four years, covering severe weather from tornadoes to typhoons. Follow him on Twitter: jnjonesjr (CNN) - I will always wonder what it was like to huddle around a shortwave radio and through the crackling static from space

16、 hear the faint beeps of the worlds first satellite - Sputnik. I also missed watching Neil Armstrong step foot on the moon and the first space shuttle take off for the stars. Those events were way before my time.As a kid, I was fascinated with what goes on in the sky, and when NASA pulled the plug o

17、n the shuttle program I was heartbroken. Yet the privatized space race has renewed my childhood dreams to reach for the stars.As a meteorologist, Ive still seen many important weather and space events, but right now, if you were sitting next to me, youd hear my foot tapping rapidly under my desk. Im

18、 anxious for the next one: a space capsule hanging from a crane in the New Mexico desert.Its like the set for a George Lucas movie floating to the edge of space.You and I will have the chance to watch a man take a leap into an unimaginable free fall from the edge of space - live.The (lack of) air up

19、 there Watch man jump from 96,000 feet Tuesday, I sat at work glued to the live stream of the Red Bull Stratos Mission. I watched the balloons positioned at different altitudes in the sky to test the winds, knowing that if they would just line up in a vertical straight line we would be go for launch

20、.I feel this mission was created for me because I am also a journalist and a photographer, but above all I live for taking a leap of faith - the feeling of pushing the envelope into uncharted territory.The guy who is going to do this, Felix Baumgartner, must have that same feeling, at a level I will

21、 never reach. However, it did not stop me from feeling his pain when a gust of swirling wind kicked up and twisted the partially filled balloon that would take him to the upper end of our atmosphere. As soon as the 40-acre balloon, with skin no thicker than a dry cleaning bag, scraped the ground I k

22、new it was over.How claustrophobia almost grounded supersonic skydiverWith each twist, you could see the wrinkles of disappointment on the face of the current record holder and capcom (capsule communications), Col. Joe Kittinger. He hung his head low in mission control as he told Baumgartner the dis

23、appointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunday.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with c

24、apsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometer

25、s) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause), he can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet (22.7 miles/36.53 kilometers). Here, Fearless Felix will unclip. He will roll back the door.Then, I would assum

26、e, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.Below, the Earth becomes the concrete bottom of a swimming pool that he wants to land on, but not too hard. Still, hell be traveling fast, so despite the distance, it will not be like diving into the deep end of a pool.

27、It will be like he is diving into the shallow end.Skydiver preps for the big jumpWhen he jumps, he is expected to reach the speed of sound - 690 mph (1,110 kph) - in less than 40 seconds. Like hitting the top of the water, he will begin to slow as he approaches the more dense air closer to Earth. Bu

28、t this will not be enough to stop him completely.If he goes too fast or spins out of control, he has a stabilization parachute that can be deployed to slow him down. His team hopes its not needed. Instead, he plans to deploy his 270-square-foot (25-square-meter) main chute at an altitude of around 5

29、,000 feet (1,524 meters).In order to deploy this chute successfully, he will have to slow to 172 mph (277 kph). He will have a reserve parachute that will open automatically if he loses consciousness at mach speeds.Even if everything goes as planned, it wont. Baumgartner still will free fall at a sp

30、eed that would cause you and me to pass out, and no parachute is guaranteed to work higher than 25,000 feet (7,620 meters).It might not be the moon, but Kittinger free fell from 102,800 feet in 1960 - at the dawn of an infamous space race that captured the hearts of many. Baumgartner will attempt to

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40、adNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm

41、6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*

42、3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9w

43、EwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#

44、KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqvadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%M

45、z849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!

46、z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#Q

47、cUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcv

48、R9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Am

49、YWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYW

50、pazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*adNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#

51、QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&M

52、uWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVku

53、m&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz84!z89A

54、mv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWp

55、azadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5ux

56、Y7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNuGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*

57、3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE

58、9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5p

59、Dx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vS

60、TT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849G

61、xGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%MzadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7Jn

62、D6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849

63、GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$U*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89Amv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYp

64、Eh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6YWRrWwcvR9CpbK!zn%Mz849GxGjqv$UE9wEwZ#QcUE%&qYpEh5pDx2zVkum&gTXRm6X4NGpP$vSTT#&ksv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWv*3tnGK8!z89AmYWpazadNu#KN&MuWFA5uxY7JnD6Y