托福写作万能句式表示原因

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1、托福写作句式1、表示原因1)There are three reasons for this.2)The reasons for this are as follows.3)The reason for this is obvious.4)The reason for this is not far to seek.5)The reason for this is that.例如： There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life.Firstly,peoples living standard h

2、as been greatlyimproved.Secondly,most people are well paid,and they can afford what they need or like.Last but not least,more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life.托福写作句式2、表示好处1)It has the following advantages.2)It does us a lot of good.3)It benefits us quite a lot.4)It is beneficial/conducive

3、 to us.5)It is of great benefit to us.例如： Books are like friends.They can help us know the world better,and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore,reading extensively is of great benefit to us.托福写作句式3、表示害处1)It has more disadvantages than advantages.2)It does us much harm./ It is ha

4、rmful/detrimental to us.3)Its disadvantages obviously outweigh its advantages托福写作句式4、表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能1)It is important(necessary,difficult,convenient,possible)for sb.to do sth.2)We think it necessary to do sth.3)It plays an important role in our life.例如： Computers are now being used everywhere,wheth

5、er in the government,in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home,too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.独立写作引言示范：1. When asked about the ongoing uproar involving U.S. Pres

6、ident Bill Clinton , most people say the affair involves a purely private matter . But many other people regard his actions as deplorable . I personally think the president committed impeachable offenses .当被问及对现在有关美国总统比尔克林顿的沸沸扬扬的议论有什么看法时，大多数人认为这种暧昧关系纯属私事。但是，还有很多人认为他的行为应当受到谴责。我个人认为总统犯了这些过错，应该被弹劾。2. W

7、hen it comes to the increasing use of motor vehicles in Beijing , some people think that use should be limited . Others argue that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth to both arguments,but emission controls must be instituted regardless of the number of vehicles.涉及北京机动车使用量增加这一问题，有的人认

8、为应该限制使用。另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理，但是，无论车辆多少，必须对废气排放实行控制。3. There is a general debate nowadays about the problem of itinerant workers . Those who object to the rising migrant population argue that increasing numbers lead to rising crime rates and harm social stability . They believe that strict limits

9、should be placed on migrants entering China s cities . But I who favor the influx of the cheap labor force , on the other hand , maintain that migrants are needed to support the massive urban infrastructure construction program .目前，针对流开工人的问题展开了普遍的争论。反对流开工人增加的人认为这会导致犯罪率升高，从而危害社会稳定。他们主张应该严格限制进入中国城市的流开

10、工人。但是，另一方面，支持廉价劳动力流入的人主张，为了支持大规模的城市根底设施建设规划，流动人口是必需的。4. It is widely acknowledged that extensive deforestation contributed to heavy summer flooding . Experts argue that China must introduce a massive afforestation program . But I doubt whether afforestation alone will solve the problem .人们普遍认为过度砍伐造成

11、了夏季特大洪水。专家认为中国必须推行大规模的植树造林方案。但我对仅仅植树造林就能解决问题表示疑心。5. Most people are of the opinion that wealth provides solutions to all problems . But in spite of the material benefits wealth provides , I believe one should abandon the pursuit of materialism and instead concentrate on the pursuit of happiness .大多数

12、人认为财富为所有问题提供解决的方法。但是，我认为，尽管财富提供物质上的利益，一个人应该放弃物质至上的追求，而集中精力追求幸福。Skeptical about/have reservations about it/I very much doubt it./See eye to eye with them on this point.I share their concern./opinion on this issue.I empathize with them.I dont buy the story.6. Many people believe that capital punishmen

13、t deters crime . But although criminologists have conducted exhaustive research regarding the subject , little evidence exists to support the claim .很多人相信极刑能阻止犯罪。但是，虽然刑事学家就这一课题做了详尽的研究，几乎没有证据能支持这种说法。7. An increasing number of people are joining the Information Age via the Internet . In reaction to th

14、e phenomenon , some say the Internet has removed barriers and provided people with immediate access to the world . But do they realize that rapidly advancing information technology can also lead to intrusions of privacy ?越来越多的人通过互联网进入了“信息时代。针对这一现象，一些人认为互联网消除了障碍，为人们提供了与世界即时链接的途径。但是，他们有没有意识到迅速开展的信息技术也

15、能导致侵犯隐私?8. The use of guanxi is a widespread method for conducting business , but is it a wise one ? The method is now being challenged by more and more people .利用关系是做生意的普遍做法，但这种做法明智吗?现在，越来越多的人对这种方法提出了质疑。9. These days we often hear about the widening gap between the rich and poor . Some argue the de

16、veloped world has totally ignored the problem . But has it ? Close examination fails to bear out the argument .最近，我们经常听到贫富差距扩大了的说法。一些人认为兴旺世界完全忽略了这个问题。事实是这样吗?细致的调查无法证实这一观点。10. We re often told that the world is tethering on the brink of destruction . But is this really the case ?我们经常被告知世界处于消灭的边缘。但事实真

17、是这样吗?11. One of the pressing problems facing our nation ( China ) today is overcoming disparities in urban and rural income levels .我们国家(中国)如今面临的紧迫问题之一是克服城乡收入水平之间的差距。12. One of the most serious problems many people talk about centers on the lack of adequate housing space .许多人谈论的一个最严重的问题集中在缺乏足够的居住空间。

18、13. Perhaps the most dangerous phenomenon gripping the nation today is official corruption , which is pervasive in all levels of government .也许当今困扰国家的最危险的现象是遍布各级政府的官员腐败。14. Inflation is yet another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .通货膨胀又是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。15. The rapid expansion of urban a

19、reas has in many cases encroached on valuable cultivatable land , and led to a general recognition that development must not be carried at the cost of agriculture . The government has attached greater importance to the problem and an increasing number of redundant projects are being terminated .城区的迅

20、速扩大在很多情况下侵占了珍贵的可耕地，使人们普遍认识到开展不能以牺牲农业为代价。政府更加重视这个问题，越来越多的不必要的工程被终止。16. There is a growing worldwide awareness of the need for strengthened environmental protection .世界上越来越多的人认识到加强环境保护的必要性。17. There has been a dramatic increase in the spread of HIV/AIDS in recent years , with a new study projecting th

21、at the dreaded disease will affect over 30 million people worldwide by the year 2005 .近年来，艾滋病蔓延的幅度进一步扩大，一项新的研究预测，到2005年，世界上有超过三千万人将感染这一可怕的疾病。18. Working with the disabled cannot help but leave one impressed with their indefatigable desire .与残疾人一起工作使一个人不得不对他们坚持不懈的渴望印象深刻。19. Perhaps no issues are more

22、 controversial than euthanasia and abortion , both of which involve taking the life of a human being .也许没有问题比安乐死和人工流产更有争议性，它们都涉及结束一个人的生命。20. Never before in history has the issue of overpopulation been more evident than now .历史上，人口过剩的问题从来没有比现在更加突出。开头句式：To the general public/popular minds, but I beli

23、eveis a deep-rooted/popular/widespread/common belief that, but is it a fair/wise/reasonable one? The value/method is being questioned/challenged by more and more people.Recently the rise in/phenomenon of/problem ofhas drawn/aroused public/general/grave attention/international concern.社会现象：phenomenon

24、社会问题：social issuesOne of the most searching/burning/pressing/interesting questions/problems facing/confronting our nation/society/world today isNow in many big cities/countries/colleges, an overwhelming majority of/ a significant proportion of/a sizable percentage of the public/college students . Wh

25、at accounts for/explains/lies behind the phenomenon? With the rapid/marked/amazing development/improvement/expansion of/increase/growth/decline inWith the general/growing/common awareness/recognition/acknowledgement of/commitment/devotion/dedication toNothing /few things/ no idea/opinion/belief/view

26、/attitude is /are more/as foolish/dangerous/untrue/undesirable/basic/important/essential than/as, which is widely/commonly/generally held byNever /nowhere in history/the world/China has the issue/change/idea of been more/as visible/evident/popular than that of today. /asWe might marvel at the great/

27、giant/extraordinary tremendous progress/stride/advance made in science and technology/nearly every field, but remain basically unchanged/the same as it was. “(名人名言). Such is the opinion of/remark made by Bacon/Edison/Helen Keller/, one of the great minds. This view has been shared / confirmed time a

28、nd again by. Throughout our lives/Historically/Traditionally, we tend to But most scientists/researchers have now found thatIn recent years, there is a steady/subtle/significant shift ofIn recent years, there is a general/healthy/growing tendency towards趋势tend toI am free from trouble.My freedom fro

29、m trouble makes you envious. Should/What ? Opinions of/attitude toward vary greatly from person to person. Some regard/view, others argue/believe/claim(可以5个替换)16、The answer to/explanation for this problem/phenomenon involves many/several complex/complicated/interrelated factors. For one thing, for a

30、nother, still another,Independent Task问答Q: Independent Writing Task有没有题库?A: 没有，但是可以借鉴TWE的题库。You will see topics very similar to these TWE Topics on the TOEFL iBT. OG, P267Q: 准备Independent Writing Task需不需要专业知识?A: None of the topics requires specialized knowledge. Most topics are general and are based

31、 on the common experience of people in general and students in particular. OG, P267Q: 进行托福写作的时候，观点重不重要?A: It does not matter whether you agree or disagree with the topic; the raters are trained to accept all varieties of opinions. OG, P267I think test takers had better simply pick one side rather th

32、an straddle the fence. Susan Hines, Dec. 2006Creativity is not necessary. Susan Hines, Dec. 2006Q: 是否可以通过增加深刻的逻辑和复杂的例子来掩盖或者弥补语言能力的缺乏?A: 不可以。If your language is hard to follow, your sentences are overly simple, and your vocabulary is limited, you may score no higher than 3 no matter how impressive yo

33、ur ideas may be. OG, P260而且从例子的选择上讲，并不要求使用庞大、复杂的例子，尽管这些例子可能论证力更强。个人经历就是一种很好写的例子。阅卷人并不依据论据的复杂性来看文章。Personal experiences are common. Susan Hines, Dec. 2006Q: 可不可以使用前人的模板(templates)来写作?A: 那要看你怎么定义模板这个词。如果模板指的是段落结构和文章结构，那没有任何问题，比方五段式结构可能会一直是托福写作最好的方法。但如果模板是指背下来的，可以不加思考就可以套到任何题目上的段落内容，那就千万不要这样做。Do not me

34、morize long introductory and concluding paragraphs just to add words to your essay. Raters will not look favorably on wordy introductory and concluding paragraphs such as the following:The importance of the issue raised by the posed statement, namely creating a new holiday for people, cannot be unde

35、restimated as it concerns the very fabric of society. As it stands, the issue of creating a new holiday raises profound implications for the future. However, although the subject matter in general cannot be dismissed lightheartedly, the perspective of the issue as presented by the statement raises c

36、ertain qualms regarding practical application.In conclusion, although I have accept that it is imperative that something be done about creating a new holiday for people and find the underlying thrust of the implied proposal utterly convincing, I cannot help but feel wary of taking such irrevocable s

37、teps and personally feel that a more measured approach would be more rewarding.Likewise, raters will not look favorably on paragraphs like the following, which uses a lot of words but fail to develop any real ideas:At the heart of any discussion regarding an issue pertaining to creating a new holida

38、y, it has to borne in mind that a delicate line has to be trod when dealing with such matters. The human resources involved in such matters cannot be guaranteed regardless of all the good intentions that may be lavished. While it is true that creating a new holiday might be a viable and laudable rem

39、edy, it is transparently clear that applied wrongly such a course of action could be calamitous and compound the problem rather than provide a solution. OG, P259I think you could use it as long as it is on topic. Susan Hines, Dec. 2006Q: 阅卷人最主要看重文章的哪些方面?A: Your abilityto respond directly to the ques

40、tion;to take a clear position; andto write an essay characterized by (1) good organization, (2) proper use of supporting examples, (3) sentence variety, and (4) correct sentence structures.Workshop Manual, P26Q: 5分和4分最大的区别在哪里?A: Those that receive a score of 4 also have clear, well-written essays, b

41、ut there are more flaws and the ideas are less developed. Teachers ManualQ: 托福写作时，词汇和句式是不是越复杂越好?A: 词汇和句式需要一定的复杂性。Raters will also judge your essay based on the complexity of sentence structures and on the quality and complexity of your vocabulary. If you use very simple sentences and very basic voca

42、bulary, you will probably not be able to express very complex ideas. OG, P260但是，不是越复杂越好。就词汇而言，关键是表达的准确性。请参看OG第287页的总分值范文1，评语中有这样一句话：The writer does not use high-level vocabulary, but word choice is correct throughout.同时请参看Workbook第57页的范文，同样没有big words，也是总分值。就句式而言，关键是表意准确、流畅且能够变化。但为了到达变化或者准确表达复杂意思的目标

43、，出现一些复杂的句式是很正常的。但一味追求复杂是没有意义的。Q: 文字是不是越正式(formal)越好?A: 不是。Independent Writing Task并不偏好formal expressions。只要能把意思表达清楚，并把问题答复好了，就行了。参见OG第288页总分值范文2，评语中这样写道：the writer consistently demonstrates command of language and English idioms, especially by using various informal expressions (Lets assume, we woul

44、d all agree, can make or beak, come in very handy).Integrated TaskQ: 阅读文章和听力文章中共有几种可能的关系?A: There are three kinds of connections between the reading passage and the listening passage.a. The listening passage that challenges the points made in the reading.b. The listening passage that presents the re

45、asons/ways the problem described in the reading passage is solvable or really not a problem at all.c. The listening passage that supports the points made in the reading.OG, P252 Workshop Manual, P41目前考的都是Contrast题目(只有一次考到了Solution，但也和Contrast差不多)，预计在不久的将来也不会有太大变化。根据ETS高级专员(Assessment Specialist II)S

46、usan Hines Dec, 2006的说法，目前题库中还没有出过关于support的题目(Comparison is not available now.)，所以建议大家主要针对contrast题目进行训练，偶尔也可以用朗文的光盘训练一下solution的写法。最有效的12个训练题目我会在课程中给大家列出来。Q: 阅读文章和听力文章之间一般会有几点相关联?A: Typically the main idea will be developed with three points. OG, P252Q: 文章中可不可以出现自己对所谈问题的看法?A: Remember that you are

47、 NOT being asked for your opinion. You ARE being asked to explain how the points in the listening relate to points in the reading. OG, P253Q: 托福写作的时候可不可以照搬阅读和听力中的原话?A: 总的来讲，照搬原文是不可以的。关键词可以不变，但是整体内容必须被paraphrase出来，特别是阅读材料里面的内容。In English-speaking countries, you must follow the rules for citing when y

48、ou use the same words of the original speaker or author. If you do not do this, it is considered a form of intellectual stealing, called plagiarism. While this may be accepted in some cultures, it is not acceptable in most English-speaking academic settings. Therefore, paraphrasing skills are import

49、ant to learn. TOEFL iBT Tips, P29Restatement and paraphrasing is, of course, needed. Susan Hines, Dec., 2006Q: 5分和4分的区别在哪里?A: A response that scores at level 4 has many of the characteristics of a 5, but it does not reflect the content of the listening passage as accurately. Workshop Manual, P45Q: 高

50、分(5分、4分)和3分的区别在哪里?A: The response may omit one major key point made in the lecture. Workbook, P7Response generally cannot receive a score higher than 3 if they do not address all three points and usually need to address two of the points of contrast. Workbook, P11Responses that earn a score of 3 res

51、pond to the prompt, but they are vaguer than either 4 or 5 responses. Some details might be incorrect or altogether missing and inaccuracies increase. This combination may cause the reader to be slightly confused. Workshop Manual, P46All Writing TasksQ: 高分(5分和4分)和低分(13分)在评分程序上有什么区别?A: 总的来讲，高分(4和5分)的

52、文章要符合评分标准上的所有要求才能评为高分，但是低分文章(1到3分)只要符合评分标准的某一条就可以评为低分。In general, responses should be scored at the highest levels (4 or 5) if all the score descriptors fit the response. In contrast, a response should be scored at one of the lower levels (3, 2, or 1) if some or any of the score descriptors noticeab

53、ly fit the response. OG, P267Q: 拼写错误和语言问题要不要紧?A: 关于这一点，我们要一分为二来看。一方面，我们没必要吹毛求疵;阅卷人知道这是first draft并且是under timed condition，只要看得懂，不构成理解障碍，就没太大问题(minor flaw)。另一方面，语法和拼写还是重要的，一旦这些小错误导致阅卷人觉得难以理解，就会构成重大问题(major flaw)。就拿我们上课讲的例子来看，把dependence写成dependency没太大问题;偶尔把becomes independent写成了becomes independency是个

54、可以看到的错误，但还是问题不大;偶尔写出They prefer to be depended on their parents.这样的奇怪句子也会得到阅卷人的宽恕。Occasional language errors will not count against you as long as they do not cause you to misrepresent the meaning of points from the reading and the lecture. OG, P253If your essay includes a few minor lexical and gram

55、mar errors, you can still get a high score. However, if you make a lot of grammar errors and if those errors make it hard to understand your meaning, you will get a lower score. OG, P260Q: 字数是不是很重要?A: 首先，字数没有上限。其次，目前字数会比以前更有意义，因为考试有计数器专门动态显示字数，为的是让考生对自己的字数做到心里有数。而且两篇文章都有了推荐字数。所以，我的建议是超过这个建议字数，虽然不用超过

56、太多。(Integrated Task超过150，Independent Task超过300)最后，关键是内容，而不是数量。不要为了求字数而导致文章很啰嗦。Suggested length is between 150 to 225 words. You will not be penalized if you write more, so long as what you write answers the question. OG, P253An effective response is typically about 300 words long. If you write fewer

57、 than 300 words, you may still receive a top score, but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5. There is no maximun word limit. You may write as much as you wish in the time alloted. OG, P258The length is not cons

58、idered.以上就是关于托福写作中几个关键问题的解析，希望考生通过以上方面的分析可以更深入地了解托福写作考试，在考试中取得更高的分数。如何实现词汇和句型表达的多样性1)使用同义词。比方以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词，这些词出现的尤为频繁。要学会用同义词来替换它们。在综合写作中教授说话不能总是用think，还可以用believe, consider, deem, figure out。在托福独立写作中表示近来的时间状况用nowadays，还可以用recently, currently, at present, in recent years, these days再比方表示重要的词有impor

59、tant，一篇文章如果要求描写某物重要，不能只写important这一个词吧，和它类似的还有necessary, crucial, essential, vital, significant , indispensable, momentous, 如果还需要再变化，就可以用下面的改变词性的方法。2)改变词性。n. Adj.比方：important改成be of importancen. v.When we look at a comparison between A and BWhen we compare A and BAdj. n.There are a variety of soluti

60、ons to the problem.There are various solutions to the problem.3)更换使用不同的承接词。承接词不仅连接段落和段落，还连接句子和句子。熟识一些常用的承接词对写作将会有极大的作用。because of due to, owing to, because, as, since, forbut however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereasso therefore, hence, thus, consequently4)形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改，会到达非比寻常的效果。Eg: not a

61、s easy asmore difficult thanNot uncommoncommonThe cheapest the least expensive其次，是句型的使用。在新托福写作局部，评分标准中非常重要的一项就是句型结构，要求句型结构做到丰富多变。例如下面的典型美句，就可以让你的文章加分：1)it句It is delightful to have friends from distant lands.It is undeniable thatIt is obvious that2)双否句it is by no means uncommon to findnever fails to

62、3)倒装句So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it.Only through education can we rise in the world.此外，美国人的另一特点就是注重具体内容。即要求我们写的作文具体化。新托福写作的宗旨在于communicating information。中文经过长久的开展，追求的是含蓄、抽象，用最少的话来表达深刻的思想，但美国人思维却是具体的。如果按照中国人思维写作，美国人会无法领会，我们的托福作文也就只能得低分。美国人托福思维还表达在综合写作中。综合写作中的阅读局部就是这种思维，听力和阅读结构相似，而内容相反。可见，只要我们能够做到用美国人的思维、结构看问题，搭出大骨架，从生活中选取丰富的素材使之具体、饱满，再辅之以闪光的词汇句型、修辞手法，要拿新托福写作高分就不再是遥不可及的梦想。