非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词

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1、非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和现在分词为了区分这三种不同的非谓语动词的用法和含义， 我们将分别从三种非谓语动词在句 子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、 表语以及一些特殊结构句型等角度来区分其用法和细微含义。1不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smoking is prohibited（禁止）here.这里禁止抽烟。（抽象）It is not very good for you to smoke so much 你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体 ）（2）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件

2、未完成的事或目的。Climbing mountains is interesting .爬山很有趣。（经验 ）Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring .在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。 （经验 ）（ 3）不定式做主语，一般用it 当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。It took me only five minutes to finish the job.2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。To do two things at a time is to do neither

3、 . -次做两件事等于未做。What I would suggest is to start work at once. 我的建议是立刻开始干。2 ）如果主语是不定式（表示条件） ，表语也是不定式（表示结果） 。To see is to believe .百闻不如一见。To work means to earn a living .工作就是为了生活。3）如果主语是以 aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem ，purpose，thing ， wish 等为中心的名词，或以 what 引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明 作用。His

4、 wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future .他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪 华轿车。The function of Louis Sullivan s architecture was to provide large uninterrupted floor areas and to allow ample light into the interior.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant .（2）动名词作表语：

5、动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。Our work is serving the people .我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps .他的爱好是集邮。（注）动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说 明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。People cannot but feel puzzled ，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.His victory in t

6、he final was no more convincing than I had expected .(3) 分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区 别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite ， interest 等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动” ，“高兴”，而是“使激动” 、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该 是“令人激动的” 、“令人高兴的” ，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的” 。所以， 凡表示令人的”都是 -ing形式，凡是表示感到”都用 -ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣， 就是somebody is

7、 interested in,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. isinteresting. 这类词常见的有：interesting 使人感到高兴 -interested 感到高兴的exciting 令人激动的 -excited 感到激动的delighting 令人高兴的 -delighted 感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的 -disappointed 感到失望的 encouraging 令人鼓舞的 -encouraged 感到鼓舞的 pleasing 令人愉快的 -pleased 感到愉快的 puzzling 令人费解的 -puzzled 感到费解的 satis

8、fying 令人满意的 -satisfied 感到满意的 surprising 令人惊异的 -surprised 感到惊异的 worrying 令人担心的 -worried 感到担心的Travelling is interesting but tiring 旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much 如果要学生学得太多，他 们会感到糊涂的。The argument is very convincing 他的论点很令人信服。They were very excited at the n

9、ews 听到这个消息，他们非常激动。3不定式和动名词作宾语的区别 英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：(1) 不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1) 下面的动词要求不定式做宾语attempt 企图enable 能够neglect 忽视afford 负担得起demand 要求long 渴望arrange 安排destine 注定mean 意欲，打算begin 开始expect 期望omit 忽略，漏即pear似乎，显得determine 决定manage 设法cease停止hate 憎恨，厌恶pretend 假装ask 问dread 害怕need 需要agree 同意de

10、sire 愿望love 爱swear 宣誓volunteer 志愿wish 希望bear 承受endeavor 努力offer 提供beg 请求fail 不能plan 计划bother 扰乱；烦恼forget 忘记prefer 喜欢，宁care 关心，喜欢happen 碰巧prepare 准备decide 决定learn 学习regret 抱歉，遗憾choose 选择hesitate 犹豫profess 表明claim 要求hope 希望promise 承诺，允许start 开始undertake 承接want 想要consent 同意，赞同intend 想要refuse 拒绝decide 决

11、定learn 学习vow 起contrive 设法，图谋incline有倾向propose 提议seek 找，寻觅 try 试图2)下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语 + 动词不定式ask 要求，邀请get 请，得到prompt 促使allow 允许forbid 禁止prefer 喜欢，宁愿announce 宣布force 强迫press 迫使bride 收买inspire 鼓舞request 请求assist 协助hate 憎恶pronounce 断定，表示advise 劝告exhort 告诫，勉励pray 请求authorize 授权，委托help 帮助recommend 劝告，推荐b

12、ear 容忍implore 恳求remind 提醒beg 请求induce 引诱report 报告compel 强迫invite 吸引，邀请，summon 传唤command 命令intend 想要，企图show 显示drive 驱赶mean 意欲，打算train 训练cause 引起instruct 指示require 要求deserve 应受leave 使，让tell 告诉direct 指导like 喜欢tempt 劝诱entitle 有资格order 命令warn 告诫enable 使能够need 需要urge 激励，力说encourage 鼓励oblige 不得不want 想要cond

13、emn 指责，谴责lead 引起，使得teach 教entreat 恳求permit 允许wish 希望(2)有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语acknowledge 承认，自认cease 停止mention 说到，讲到admit 承认tolerate 忍受dislike 不喜欢，讨厌advocate :提倡，主张complete 完成dread 可怕appreciate 感激，欣赏confess 坦白endure 忍受avoid 避免contemplate 细想enjoy 享有，喜爱bear 忍受defer 拖延envy 嫉妒can t help 不禁delay 延迟escape逃跑，逃避can

14、t stand 受不了deny 否认excuse 借口consider 考虑detest 嫌恶fancy 幻想，爱好favor 造成，偏爱mind 介意repent 悔悟figure 描绘，计算 finish 完成，结束不得 forgive 原谅 imagine 设想 involve 卷入，包含 hate 讨厌 keep 保持 loathe 非常讨厌，厌恶miss 错过 pardon 原谅，饶恕 permit 允许 postpone 延迟，延期 practise 实行，实践 prevent 阻止 quit 放弃停止 recall 回想resent 怨恨 resist 抵抗，阻止 resume

15、恢复 risk 冒险suggest 建议save营救，储蓄sta nd坚持，忍受例如： I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 我很感激两 年前给我出国学习的机会。（3）有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing 忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事） ，目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某

16、事（未做）remember doing 记得做过某事 （已做 ）4）regret to do 对要做的事遗憾regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try to do 努力、企图做某事try doing 试验、试一试某种办法6）mean to do打算，有意要mean doing 意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing 建议（做某事）9）like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为； +doing sth 表

17、示抽象、倾向概念（注）如果这些动词前有should 一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。例如:I should like to see him tomorrow 10）need, want, deserve +动名词表被动意义； +不定式被动态表示“要 （修、清理等 ）”意思。Don t you remember seeing the man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?You must remember to leave tomorrow 你可要记着是明天动身。I don t regret telling her what I thought 我不后悔给她讲过我的想法。（已讲

18、过 ）I regret to have to do this ， but I have no choice 我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没办法。（未做但要做 ）You must try to be more careful 你可要多加小心。Let s try doing the work some other way 让我们试一试用另外一种办法来做这工作。I didn t mean to hurt your feeling 我没想要伤害你的感情。This illness will mean（your）going to hospital 得了这种病 （你）就要进医院。4不定式、现在分词和过去分词

19、作定语的区别 （1 ）不定式作定语1）不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday 昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。 The train to arrive was from London 将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2）不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat 给他拿点儿东西吃。She has a lot of work to do in the morning 早上他有很多工作要做。3）不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动 宾关系

20、，这里的介词不能省去。I need a pen to write with 我需要一支笔写字。There is nothing to worry about 没有什么值得发愁的。4）不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability 能力，本领 ambition 抱负，野心 campaign 战役，运动 chance 机会 courage 勇气 decision 决定 determination 决心，drive 赶，驾驶effort 努力，尝试 failure 失败，不及格 force 力，压力，要点 intention 意向，意图 method 方法，方式 定 mo

21、tive 动机，目的movement 运动，活动 need 需要，需求 opportunity 机会 promise 许诺，希望 reason 理由，原因 light 光，光线，亮光 struggle 奋斗，努力，tendency 倾向，趋势wish 希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only 和 not a ，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词 something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。John will do anything but work on a

22、 farm 除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词 一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do ； decide to do = decision to do ；becurious to do = curiosity to doHis wish to buy a car came true 他要买辆车的愿望实现了。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。He is always the

23、first to come and the last to leave 他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。（2）分词作定语 分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1）现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词一般表示被动含意。2）现在分词表示正在进行，过去分词表示状态或做完（完成 ）的事。He rushed into the burning house 他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。The child standing over there is my brother 站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。 The room facing south is our classroom 朝南的房间是我们的教室。Have you got

24、 your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗He is an advaneed teacher.他是个先进教师。3）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come（3）不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动 作

25、与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生； 过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作 之前。例如：Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？Do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office? 你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？5. 不定式和分词作状语的区别（1）现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。 现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与 被动关系的区别。1）现在分词作状语

26、时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关 系。He went out shutting the door behind him.他出去后将门随手关上。Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是 被动关系。Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些，它们本来会长得更好。Faced with diffi

27、culties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。（2）动词不定式和分词作状语的区别1）分词作状语一般表示伴随，而不定式常常表示目的。They stood by the roadside talking about the plan .他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。（伴随 ）They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan .他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。（目的）2）分词作状语放在句子开头， 除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。 动词不定式作状语时， 除了表示目的以外，还表示结果或原

28、因。Reading attentively ， he forgot the time for lunch .由于在专心读书，他忘了吃午饭的时 间。 （原因 ）Reading carefully ，he found something he had not known before .他仔细读书时， 发现了 一些从前不知道的东西。 （时间 ）Reading carefully ， youll learn something new 只要你仔细阅读，你会学到一些新的东 西。（条件 ）His family was too poor to support him 他的家庭太穷，不能维持他的生活。（结果

29、 ）The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf 这男孩个子不够高， 手伸不到书架。 （结 果）We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。（原因）（3）下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的：a： not/never too to,toonot to , but/only too to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to * r 1 丿、才.、：i、t 表示肯定意义b：做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常见的不定式动词有：fin d, hear, see, bet

30、old, form, give, make, produce 等。c：不定式做状语时，其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语，否则用for引导主语。6. 非谓语动词常考的其它结构（ 1）疑问词 +不定式结构疑问词 who， what， which ， when， where 和 how 后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定 式短语。它在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语。如：When to start has not bee n decided .何时动身尚未决定。（主语）I dont know what to d o .我不知道该怎么办。 （宾语）The difficulty was how to cro

31、ss the river .困难在于如何过河。（表语 ）I can tell you where to get this book. 我可以告诉你哪里可以买到此书。 （双重宾语）（注）A.有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。B.动词know后面不能直接跟不定式作宾语，只能跟疑问词（如：how, what） +不定式：While still a young boy, Tom knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most

32、 famous of which is Carmen.介词except和but作只有，只能”讲时跟不定式结构（but与不带to的不定式连用）。When the streets are full of melting snow, you cannot help but getting your shoes wet. （3）不带 to 的不定式1） 在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to。这类词有：feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear 听到 watch 注视 listen to 听perceive 察觉，感知notice 注意see看见look at 看 hear 听On

33、 seeing the young child fell into the lake ， Eric sprang to his feet， and went on the rescue.2）另一类是某些使役动词，如 make, let， have 等。如：Let him do it. 让他做吧。I would have you know that I am ill .我想要你知道我病了。（注）： 上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时其后的不定式一般需带to,如：He was seen to comeThe boy was made to go to bed early. 在动词find与he

34、lp之后，不定式可带 to亦可不带to，如：He was surprised to find the sheep （to） break fence at this season 他发现羊在此季节越出 栅栏，感到惊讶。3）在 do nothinganythingeverything but（except） 结构中。例如：Last night I did nothing but watch TV 昨天晚上，我除了看电视别的什么也没有干。但是，如果谓语动词不是do nothing，anything，everything ”，那么 but（except）所跟的不定式则仍须带。The doctor to

35、ld him nothing but to stop smoking 医生除了让他戒烟，其它什么都没有 说。There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent 除了保持沉默以外，他们没有别有别 的办法。（4）不定式与动名词的逻辑主语和分词独立结构1）不定式的逻辑主语为：for +名词（或代词宾格 ）+ 不定式。例如：I found it impossible for him to do the job alone 我发现他 ?个人干这活是不可能的。 （注）在表示人物性格、特性等的形容词后面，常用 of 引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如： It

36、was wise of him to do that 他那样做是明智的。2）动名词的逻辑主语为；人称代词的所有格+动名词；名词s+动名词。例如：Tom insisted on my going with them 他坚持要我和他们一起去。He dislikes his wife s working late 他不喜欢他妻子工作得很晚。3）某些形容词，如：careless等不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语。这类词主要有：absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupi

37、d, good, nice, kind thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel ,selfish, wicked, wrong 等It is very kind of you to help me 你帮助我太好了。间或也可用for + there to be表示（而且there后面的不定式只能是to be）。It s a great pity for there to be much trouble in the company. 太遗憾了公司里有这么多的麻烦。7 非谓语动词中

38、的有关句型（ 1）动名词作主语的句型1）Doing.+ v. Reading is an art. 阅读是门艺术。 Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。2）It is + no use, no good （fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore.） 等名词 +doing sth.It is no use crying. 哭没有用。 It is no good objecting. 反对也没有用。It is a great fun playing football 打篮球很有趣。It is a waste of time tr

39、ying to explain 设法解释是浪费时间。3）It is + useless （nice, good ， interesting, expensive 等形容词 ）+ doing sth It is useless speak ing.光说没用。It is nice seeing you again 真高兴又遇到了你。It is good Playing chess after supper 晚饭后弈棋挺好。It is expensive running this car 开这种小车是浪费。4) There is no + doing. .(there is no 表“不可能” )T

40、here is no telling what he is going to do 说出他要干什么是不可能的。There is no saying what may happen. 说出将要发生什么是不可能的。5) There is no use (good/point/sense/harm)+doing sth. 做某事没用 ( 不好 /意义 /重要性 )There is no use crying over spilt milk 牛奶洒了，哭也无用。6) have difficulty /trouble/problem + (in)+doinghave 作有解时， 后接情感名词 (in 可

41、省略 ) ，再接动名词。 这类词还有 trouble, fun, a hard time, a good time.例如： We had difficulty (in) carrying out the plan 我们执行计划有困难。7) feel like + 名词 感觉像动名词 “ 想要” =would like to + 原形动词I feel like a newborn baby 我感觉像一个新生的婴儿。Do you feel like going to a movie? 你想看电影吗 ?I dont feel like studying tonight 今晚我不想读书。8) spen

42、d/waste time doing sth.They spent a lot time (in) preparations 他们花了许多时间作准备。9) 在 require 后只能用动名词， 不能用不定式， 尽管表示被动的意思也要用动名词的主动 形式。This problem requires studying with great care 这个问题需要仔细研究。10) cannot help doing sth. 忍不住(做什么)I cannot help laughing, once I see john in that big trouser.(2)有关分词句型1)在表示感觉和心里状

43、态的动词see， hear， feel， smell ， listen(to) ， notice， observe，smell ，watch 这类表示感觉的动词之后常跟“宾语 +现在分词” 的复合结构， 这种动词与分词之间的宾语可以是普通名词或专有名词 (人各等 )，也可以是代词宾格 (him ，us 等)。例如：She smelt something burning and saw smoke rising 她闻到有东西在燃烧并看到有烟升 起来了。I watched them rehearsing the play 我看他们排演戏。I could feel the wind blowing

44、on my face 我能感觉到风在我脸上吹过。2)表示“致使”等意义的动词，如：catch， find ， leave， give ， have， get， set 后也可跟上述 (1)的结构，有时也可跟过去分词结构。例如：I caught them stealing my apples 我抓住他们偷我的苹果。If she catches me reading her diary ， shell be furious. 如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会 愤怒的。We found him waiting to receive us 我们发现他正等着接待我们。3) go +现在分词表示“从事”之意

45、，这时现在分词做主语补语。go之后所接现在分词均表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动。如： jogging 慢跑， fishing 钓鱼， dancing 跳舞， skating溜冰， bowling 打保龄球， shopping 购物， sightseeing 游览， camping 露营。I ll go camping tomorrow 我明天去露营。I ll go shopping 我去商店。Would you like to go skating with me? 你想和我去溜冰吗 ?4）be busy + v-ing（现在分词）忙着做I am busy writing my thesis 我正

46、忙着写论文。His assistant is busy（in） correcting papers 他的助教忙于批阅考卷。或者 be busy with + n. 忙着做某事。He is busy with his work 他忙着工作。5）What do you say to + ing 分词?（怎么样？）What do you say to joining us for dinner? 和我们一起进餐，你看怎么样 ?（ 3）有关动词不定式句型下面这些词组是不定式的习惯用法，只能用不定式形式。can not help but do, can not but do, cannot choose

47、 but do, can do nothing but do, have no choice/alternative to doWhen I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believe that the public will appreciate his gift.（4）there be 的非谓语形式there be非谓语形式可在句中作主语、宾语、状语和定语。（其中作宾语和状语在1991年和 1994 年测试过，定语见 1996 年题 10 。 ）The students expected there

48、 to be more reviewing classes before the final exams （作宾语 如 1991 年题 30）1）作动词宾语时，通常用there to be结构，而不用there being。能这样用的及物动词为： expect， like， mean, intend，want，prefer， hate 等，如：We dont want there to be any comrades lagging behind ，我们不希望有任何同志掉队。They hate there to be long queues everywhere.他们不愿意处处都要排长队。We

49、 have no objection to there being a meeting here 我们并不反对在这里开会。It isnt eno ugh for there to be a frost toni ght ，so I can leave Jims car out quite safely .（作状 语）2）作状语多用 there being 结构,但若置于介词之后, for 用 there to be 整个介词短语作 程度状语,其它多半用 there being。There being nobody else at hand, I had to do by myself .由于附

50、近没有人,我只得独自干 了。 （原因状语 ）It s too early for there to be anybody up .太早了，还不会有人起床。（作程度状语）There having been no rain for a long time , the ground was very dry .因为好长时间没下雨 了,地面非常干燥。（原因状语 ）3）作主语时两种结构都可以,但如是用for 引导则要用 there to be。It is not uncommon for there to be problems of communication between old and youn

51、g .老人与 年青人之间存在着沟通问题是很常见的。There being a kin dergarte n on campus is a great convenience to female teachers .幼儿园在校园 内对女教师十分方便。4）作定语。There be结构作定语时，定语从句中谓语为there be, there之前的关系代词常常省略。如：This is the fastest train (that) there is to Nanking 这是到南京的最快一班车。I must make full use of the time there is left to me

52、and do as much as I can for the people 我要充分利用我剩下的岁月尽量为人民多做些事。目标测试1.in the matriculation for postgraduate in a short time is really a hard nut A To make high scoresB. Making high scoresC To make low goalD Making low goal2.I found to answer all the questions within the time given A no possibilityB the

53、re was impossibilityC impossibleD it impossible3. The students expected there m o re reviewing classes before the final exams A is B being C have been D to be4. Youre going to England next year. You should now practise English as muchas possible.A. speak B. to speak C. speaking D. Speak about5.If we

54、 don t start out now, we must risk the train.A. miss B missing C. being missed D to miss6. The flexibility of film allows the artist unstrained imagination to the animation ofcartoon characters.A to bringB briningC is broughtD brings7. Although the lecture had already been on for five minutes，I stil

55、l was not able to find achair.A. to sitB for to sit onC to sit onD for sitting8. Surely her daughter would make an even bigger effort h e r?A please B pleased C to please D having pleased9. Lots of empty boots were found under the old man sbed. He must have done nothing butA. drink B. to drink C. dr

56、inking D. drunk10. The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years age when Dr. Adudon became its first president.A. to be set upB. being set upC. to have been set up D. having been set up11.I heard him _the doorA. locking B. to lock C. lock D. being locking12. He does nothing but_A. c

57、omplaining B.to complaining C. complain D. to complain13. The students expected there_ more reviewing classes before the final exam.A. is B. being C have been D. to be14. The bank is reported in the local newspaper _ in broad daylight yesterday.A. to be robbedB. robbedC. to have been robbedD. having

58、 been robbed15.I appreciated the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.A. having been given B. having beenC. to have been given D. to have given16. There is no point _further.A. argue B. to argue C. arguing D. being arguing17. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always _with o

59、ther elements, most commonly with oxygen.A. combinedB. having combined C. combine D. being combined18. They stopped _, but now I m getting interested.A.listening B.to listenC. listenD. having listening19.I am sorry to hear that you resorted _A. to cheat B. to cheating C. cheating D.cheat20. He wasn

60、t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, _ insufficiently popular with all members.A. being consideredB. considering.C. to be considered D. having considered21. _of the burden of ice , the balloon climber up and drifted to the South.A. To be free B. Freeing C. To free D. Freed22. _excepti

61、ons, the rule may stand.A. Allow forB. Allowing for C. To allowD. To allow for23. All flights_ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.A. were canceledB. had been canceledC. having canceled D. having been canceled24. John painted her sitting in a chair with her hands _A. folding B. to

62、 have folded C. to fold D. folded25.It s easy to blame thdecline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes _place in our ever-changing world.A. takingB. to take C. take D. taken26.I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time _the last bus.A. to have caught B. to catch C. catching D. having caught27.I have got a loaf of bread ; now