0099英语文体学引论复习思考题答案

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1、(0099) 英语文体学引论复习思考题答案I.Explain in brief the following terms (10 points; in test it contains 10 terms):1.stylistics: the study or the investigation of style.2.style: the linguistic habit of a particular person(s) or characteristic of typical situations.3.dialect: a subtype of language which may be de

2、termined by geographical locality or particular social groupings.4.morpheme: the smallest unit in a language that carries meaning.5.phoneme: the smallest sound unit in a specific language capable of semantic distinction.6.language: a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.7.r

3、egister: language determined by situation. 8.acoustic phonetics: a branch of phonetics dealing with the physical properties of the speech sounds of a language.9.auditory phonetics: the study of how the sound of speech is received by the hearer.10.syllable: a vowel sound either with or without a cons

4、onant or consonants in clusters.11.general stylistics: the investigation of the linguistic features of all kinds of language use.12.literary stylistics: the study of the linguistic features of literature in particular, such as those of poetry, novels and dramas.13.form: the particular way of express

5、ing the message.14.content: the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded or loaded in a linguistic expression.15.phonological analysis: it is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature, especially those of poetry.16.lexical analysis: it is chiefly co

6、ncerned about the internal structure and the stylistic coloring and the semantic relationship of the words in the text.17.syntactical analysis: it is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are put together to produce meaning and other kinds of message.18.discoursal analysis: it is concerned

7、 about how sentences are joined together to produce a cohesive and coherent text.19.paralinguistic features: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords and openings20.social dialect: it is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to.21.taboo: words forbidden to

8、be used in public because of their being dirty or offensive22.whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast.23.breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation. 24.creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations

9、 at a low pitch, like a stick being run along a fence. 25.falsetto: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually found only in males. mon core words: refer to those words used in everyday life. 27.technical words: refer to those words used in special professions.28.standard

10、 words: words that are used in the standard dialect.29.non-standard words: words labeled as slangs, vulgarisms and colloquialisms in the dictionary. the cultural and social implications of a word simile: a comparison between two things with emphasis on the similarity or likeness between them30.spoke

11、n words: words that most often used in face-to- face, casual and everyday conversations.31.literary words: words used in formal writings or literature.32.extension: a specific word comes to mean a general idea.33.specialization: the change of the word meaning may move in the opposite direction, a wo

12、rd with general reference is narrowed to a specific reference.34.elevation: words of derogatory association become words of favorable association.35.degradation: neutral words or words of favorable association degenerated into derogatory words.36.metaphor: a covert comparison37.litotes: understateme

13、nt38.irony: a figure of speech that takes the form of saying or implying the opposite of what one feels to be the pound sentence: a sentence made up of two or more simple sentences, joined together by conjunctions or punctuations40.periodic sentence: one that is not grammatically complete until the

14、end is reached41.loose sentence: one that may be brought to a grammatical close before the end is reached42.elliptical sentence: one in which either the subject or the predicate or part of the predicate is missing43.inverted sentence: one in which the subject position is filled by other sentence ele

15、ments44.antithesis: a figure of speech in the formula of X conj. Y with a contrast between them45.parallelism: a rhetorical device in which two or more than two similar syntactic structures with different words are placed side by side46.repetition: a rhetorical device in which identical words are us

16、ed but not necessarily in identical position47.deviation: violation of standard use of the language48.cataphora: If the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case of cataphora.49.progressive conjunction: one sentence that joined by the use of conjunctive words of addit

17、ion or progression50.field of discourse: the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in which language is involvedII.Answer the following questions (50 points; in test it contains 5 questions):1.What is the relationship between form and content? One way of talking about style is to make

18、 a distinction between form and content. Content is the message or information or the communicative value that is encoded or loaded in a linguistic expression. Form is the particular way of expressing the message. The form is the style which may be different from case to case although the meaning ma

19、y remain the same. For example, the Chinese term 开始 may be expressed in different English words, such as start, begin and commence, but each suggests a different style.2.What are the differences between language and speech?Another way of talking about style is to make a distinction between language

20、and speech, which may be translated in Chinese as 语言 and 言语. This distinction was first proposed by Saussure, the founder of the modern linguistics. According to Saussure, there are four major differences between language and speech. A.Language is abstract whereas speech is concrete. Language is abs

21、tract in the sense that it has only psychological instead of physical existence. Language is not something that you can bring to the classroom and examine under the microscope, not something you can hear, see, smell , touch or taste. Speech is concrete in the sense that it has physical properties. E

22、ither can be heard in the spoken form or seen in the written form. B.Language is potential whereas speech is actual. Language is potential in the sense that it is a kind of can-mean system, while speech is something that has an actual meaning.C.Language is code whereas speech is message(语言是一个代码系统，言语

23、才是信息). Language is a set of symbols that can be used to transmit information. Speech is the actual use of the language in an act of communication in a particular situation for a particular purpose. It carries a real message.D.Language is stable and systematic whereas speech is subject to personal an

24、d situational constraint. For example, the word book in the English language always refers to some printed matter. But in speech it may be used to refer to anything that the speaker wants to refer to by the use of it as long as it is understandable. The common example is the sentence: He is a walkin

25、g dictionary (a kind of book) meaning that he is very knowledgeable.3.What is the methodology of stylistic analysis? What are the levels of stylistic analysis?The major methodology for stylistic analysis is linguistic analysis. It tries to be objective or scientific in its analysis. According to the

26、 advocates of this methodology, anyone using this methodology to analyze a given text of literature will reach roughly the same conclusion.Levels of analysisSince stylistic analysis is a kind of linguistic analysis, naturally, how many levels of structure we have in a language correspondingly how ma

27、ny levels of structure at which we may do stylistic analysis.1)PhonologicalPhonological analysis is chiefly concerned about the sound patterns of a piece of literature, especially those of poetry.2)LexicalLexical analysis is chiefly concerned about the internal structure and the stylistic coloring a

28、nd the semantic relationship of the words in the text.3)SyntacticalSyntactical analysis is chiefly concerned about how the words in a text are put together to produce meaning and other kinds of message.4)DiscoursalDiscoursal analysis is concerned about how sentences are joined together to produce a

29、cohesive and coherent text.4.Define paralinguistic features. What are they?Definition: the vocal effects caused by different shaping of the vocal cords and openings.Kinds and the corresponding stylistic effects.1)Whispery voice: utterance without any vocal cord vibration at all. Emphasizing contrast

30、.2)Breathy voice: utterance where there is too much breath for the needs of the articulation, the effect being one of mild puffing and blowing. Expressing surprise and astonishment.3)Creaky voice: a slow crackle of vocal cord vibrations at a low pitch, like a stick being run along a fence.4)Falsetto

31、: a switch of the voice from one vocal register to a higher one; usually found only in males.5.What are the three ways of studying the sound of language?A.articulatory phonetics The study of the sounds of a language with special attention to the speaker: the movement of the lungs, vocal cords, tongu

32、e, the lips and other organs which produce and control the noisy outward breathing.B.acoustic phoneticsThe study of the physical properties of the sound waves in the air when being transmitted from the speaker to the hearer.C.auditory phoneticsThe study of how the sound of speech is received by the

33、hearer6.What are the four typical meters in English poetry?In English poetry, stress is usually used in the realization of meter. The followings are the four most typical meters.1)Iamb: Iamb is a metric foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable.2)Trochee: Trochee is a

34、 metric foot consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable.3)Anapest: Anapest is a metric foot composed of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed one.4)Dactyl: Dactyl is a metric foot composed of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones7.What is the rel

35、ationship between sound and meaning?According to Saussure, the relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary in the sense that why a certain meaning takes a particular sound has no reason and it is completely accident. But in literature, the writers always try to arrange the words in such a wa

36、y as to make the patterns of sound to directly suggest the meaning.8.What is the relationship between style and the choice of words, according to the stylisticians?The stylisticians attitude: they lay emphasis on the adaptability to the situation.Standard, non-standard, black, dialectal, slang, arch

37、aisms are equally good in their expressiveness. There is no distinction of one being superior and other being inferior.9.How many kinds of word meanings may be classified? And what are they?According to the linguists, a word has various kinds of meaning. The first kind of meaning is denotative meani

38、ng.1)Denotative (概念意义)The kind of meaning we can get from the dictionary. It can also be termed as dictionary meaning, conceptual meaning, logical meaning and referential meaning. This is the most basic meaning that we understand a word has.2)Stylistic = social (社会意义)The kind of meaning associated w

39、ith a particular social situation in which a particular word is often used. e.g begin, start, commence3)Affective meaning(情感意义)It is the emotional, attitudinal and evaluative coloring of a word. e.g. cunning and clever. Both mean the skillful handling of a delicate or difficult situation. But they r

40、eveal different attitudes and evaluation of the speaker.4)Collocative (搭配意义)Some words may have the same dictionary meaning, but they collocate with different words, as shown by the pair or synonyms of pretty and handsome.5)Connotative (内涵意义)the cultural and social implications of a word.10.What are

41、 the three basic components of the English vocabulary?The three basic components of the English vocabularyAAnglo-Saxona. Members of the familyb. Parts of the bodyc. Natured. Timee. One-syllabled verbsBFrencha. Government and Lawb. Army and military activitiesc. Religiond. CostumesCLatina. Medicineb.

42、 Lawc. Theologyd. Sciencee. Literature11.Functionally speaking, what are the four types of English sentences?1) Declarative 2) Interrogative3) Exclamatory 4) Imperative12.What are the conjunctions used in combining English sentences?1)Progressive conjunction (推进性连接): by the use of conjunctive words

43、of addition or progression, such as and, furthermore, moreover, etc.2)Contrastive conjunction (对照性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of contrast or transition, such as but, whereas, while, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc.3)Temporal conjunction (时间性连接): by the use of conjunctive words of te

44、mporal sequence, such as then, later, afterwards, at last, or finally, etc13.What are the gestures may be used in a casual conversation?Facial expressions, eye-contact, body positions, distance, physical touch, sound modification, clothing, and environment14.What are the three types of substitution?

45、 Can you give some examples?A.Nominal substitution (名词性替代)1)The meaning of one/ones e.g. You bought a red pencil, Id like a blue one.2)The use of the “same” Example: A: I want a cup of tea B: The same.3) The use of “kind, sort”. e.g. American food is not the same as the English kind.B.Verbal substit

46、ution (动词性替代)Do you like Chinese food?Yes, I do.He likes Chinese food. So do I.C.Clausal substitution (分句性替代)1)The use of “so” “not” Example: A: Do you think he will come tomorrow? B: Yes, I think so./ No, I think not.2)Limitation Clausal substitution applies only to sentences, where the predicate v

47、erb of a main clause is one of the following verbs: believe, be afraid, expect, fear, hope, imagine, say, tell, think, suppose.15.What is the relationship between dialect and register?Another way of talking about style, is to make a distinction between dialects and registers.A:Speaker orientedDialec

48、ts are speaker oriented. What kind of speaker speaks what kind of dialect. Dialects may be regional or social. Regional dialect (地域方言)is determined by the geographical locality the speaker lives in. The social dialect is determined by the social groupings that a person belongs to. B:Situation orient

49、edRegister is situational oriented. Register is the language determined by situation, and because of this we have such registers as formal English, informal English, classroom English, legal English, etc.16.Name at least five kinds of figures of speech in English.Simile, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoc

50、he, irony, overstatement, etc.17.Can you give some examples of rhetorical questions?Idea: a rhetorical question is one which does not really need an answer, or the answer is obviousExamples:Is that a reason for despair?Can any one doubt the wisdom of this action?Is no one going to defend me?What dif

51、ference does it make then?18.What are the stylistic features of the Bible?1. 1.Biblical simplicity 2.Full of balanced sentences3.The use of concrete words4.Short paragraphs5.Heavy use of and to begin a new paragraph6.Syntactical features1)simple and complete sentences2)the use of old forms of person

52、al pronouns3)the second personal pronoun take the verb of est as in shouldest,gavest,etc., and the third person doth and hath which are absent in other styles of writing4)negation takes the form of “verb+not” without the use of auxiliaries19.What are the five kinds of reference in the English langua

53、ge?According to relative positions of the referring item and the referred item, reference may be classified into the following kinds.1)Anaphora(后照应)In a case of reference, if the referred item (a word or a phrase) come before the referring item in a text, then it is a case of anaphora.Example: Mr. W

54、ang is an engineer, he graduated from Beijing University.2)Cataphora(前照应)On the other hand, if the referred item comes after the referring item in a text, then it is a case of cataphora. As in the example:I was introduced to them; it was John Leathwall and his wife.3)Exophora(外照应)If the interpretati

55、on of an item in a text depends on something in the immediate environment, then it is a case of exophora.Example: Did the gardener water those plants?4)Paraphora(平行照应)An item which refers to something in another text.Example: He is the Shylock Holmes in our class.5)Homophora(自照应)When the class is co

56、mposed of only one member, then any mention of it is a case of homophora.Example: The moon moves around the earth.20.What are the three factors of register?1)Field of discourse the topic under discussion or the nature of the activity in which language is involved.2)Tenor of discourse the kind of soc

57、ial relationships between the participants in a conversation.3)Mode of discourse the medium along which the message is being transmitted. 21.Give examples to illustrate power relationship and solidarity relationship.Power relationship is a kind of vertical relationship in the sense that the two part

58、icipants in the conversation hold unequal authority. For example, the relations between boss and employee, or between parents and children, or between teacher and students.Solidarity relationship is a horizontal relationship in that participants in a conversation hold equal authority. For example, t

59、he relations between playmates, classmates, friends, etc.22.What are the non-linguistic features of casual conversation?1)Unpreparedness or low degree of preparedness2)Frequent change of roles3)Monitoring4)Simultaneity in space and time5)Topic drifting6)Channel limitation7)Gestures23.What are the li

60、nguistic features of the language of news reporting?In news reporting one can find some characteristics in syntax, lexis, and textual structure. A.SyntaxThere is a heavy use of complex sentences and a heavy use of non-finite verb phrases. The subjects of sentences are usually very complicated. Compa

61、red with the verb phrases in the previous discussed varieties, the composition of the verb phrases in newspaper reporting is even simpler, mainly simple present or past tense. The structure of the noun phrases in news reporting is very complicated. There is a remarkable increase in the number of mod

62、ifiers for an average sentence in the variety of newspaper reporting. And the modifiers themselves tend to be more complicatedly structured.B.LexisThere is rare use of pronouns, but by contrast, there is a remarkable increase of the use of proper nouns. The degree of complication in the aspect of wo

63、rd structure is about the same as that in public speech. Both in terms of the number of letters in an average word and the number of morphemes in an average word. Although the word structure in the style of newspaper reporting tends to be complicated, it is ever ready to use short instead of big wor

64、d wherever possible, especially in headlines. Compound words are used frequently. Moreover, non phrases which actually express actions or state and heavily used, and they are derived from verb phrases in order to make the sentences more compact and save space without lowering the amount of information conveyed.C.Textual structureIn textual structure, one of the most outstanding charac