1.英汉人体解剖学基本词汇(850词)解析

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1、1The English-Chinese Basic Glossary ofHuman Anatomy英汉人体解剖学基本词汇systematic anatomy系统解剖学regional anatomy(topographic anatomy)局部解剖学anatomical position解剖学姿势superior上inferior下t、八anterior前posterior后medial内侧lateral外侧superficial浅deep深internal内external外proximal近侧distal远侧vertical axis垂直轴sagittal axis矢状轴coronal

2、 axis(frontal axis）冠状轴（额状轴）sagittal plane矢状面coronal plane（frontal plane）冠状面（额状面）horizontal plane（transverse plane）水平面（横切面）I.Locomotor System运动系统1.Bony System (Osteology)骨学long bone长骨short bone短骨flat bone扁骨irregular bone不规则骨sesamoid bone籽骨compact bone(dense bone)骨密质cancellous bone（spongy bone）骨松质dipl

3、oe板障periosteum骨膜bone marrow骨髓(1)Bones of Trunk躯干骨vertebrae椎骨cervicalvertebrae颈椎thoracic vertebrae胸椎lumbar vertebrae腰椎sacrum骶骨coccyx尾骨atlas寰椎axis枢椎vertebra prominens隆椎sternum胸骨rib肋骨costal2cartilage肋软骨(2)Skull颅frontal bone额骨ethmoid bone筛骨sphenoidbone蝶骨parietal bone顶骨temporal bone颞骨occipital bone枕骨maxi

4、lla上颌骨zygomatic bone颧骨palatine bone腭骨nasal bone鼻骨lacrimal bone泪骨inferior nasal concha下鼻甲vomer犁骨mandible下颌骨hyoid bone舌骨(3)Bones of Upper Limb上肢骨clavicle锁骨scapula肩胛骨humerus肱骨ulna尺骨radius桡骨scaphoid bone手舟骨lunate bone月骨triquetral bone三角骨pisiform bone豌豆骨trapezium bone大多角骨trapezoid bone小 多 角 骨capitate bon

5、e头 状 骨hamate bone钩 骨metacarpal bones掌骨phalanges指骨(4)Bones of Lower Limb下肢骨hip bone髋骨ilium髂骨ischium坐骨pubis耻骨femur股骨patella髌骨tibia胫骨fibula腓骨talus距骨calcaneus跟骨navicular bone足舟骨medial cuneiform bone内侧楔骨intermediate cuneiform bone中间楔骨lateral cuneiform bone外侧楔骨cuboid bone骰骨metartarsal bones跖骨phalanges of

6、toes趾骨2.Arthrology关节学joint(articulation)关节ligament韧带flexion屈extension伸adduction收abduction展pronation旋前supination旋后rotation旋转circumduction环转(1)Joints of Bones of Trunk躯干骨的连结vertebralcolumn脊柱intervertebral disc椎间盘annulus fibrosus纤维环nucleus pulposus髓核anterior longitudinalligament前纵韧带posterior longitudin

7、al ligament后纵韧带cervical curve颈曲thoracic curve胸曲lumbar curve腰曲sacral curve骶曲thoracic cage胸廓costal arch肋弓(2)Synovial Joint of Skull颅的连结temporomandibular joint颞下颌关节(3)Joints of Upper Limb上肢骨连结shoulder joint肩关节elbowjoint肘关节wrist joint(radiocarpal joint)腕关节(桡腕关节)(4)Joints of Lower Limb下肢骨连结pelvis骨盆hip jo

8、int髋关节knee joint膝关节medial meniscus内侧半月板lateral meniscus外侧半月板ankle jointarch of foot(talocrural joint)踝关节(距小腿关节)足弓3.Myology(Muscular System)肌学muscle肌long muscleshort muscleflat muscle长肌短肌扁肌orbicular muscle轮匝肌superficial fascia(subcutaneous fascia)浅筋膜3deep fascia(proper fascia)深筋膜(1)Muscles of Head头肌1

9、)Facial Muscles面肌Epicranius(occipitofrontalis)颅顶肌(枕额肌)galea aponeurotica帽状腱膜orbicularis oculi眼轮匝肌orbicularis oris口轮匝肌2)Masticatory Muscles咀嚼肌masseter咬肌temporalis颞肌lateralpterygoid翼外肌medial pterygoid翼内肌(2)Muscles of Neck颈肌platysma颈阔肌sternocleidomastoid胸锁乳突肌scalenus anterior前斜角肌(3)Muscles of Trunk躯干肌1

10、)Muscles of Back背肌trapezius斜方肌latissimus dorsi背阔肌erector spinae(sacrospinalis)竖脊肌(骶棘肌)2)Muscles of Thorax胸肌pectoralis major胸大肌serratus anterior前锯肌intercostales externi肋间外肌intercostales interni肋间内肌3)Diaphragm膈4)Muscles of Abdomen腹肌obliquus externus abdominis腹外斜肌obliquus internus abdominis腹内斜肌transver

11、sus abdominis腹横肌rectus abdominis腹直肌(4)Muscles of Upper Limb上肢肌1)Muscles of Shoulder肩肌deltoid三角肌2)Muscles of Arm臂肌biceps brachii肱二头肌brachialis肱肌triceps brachii肱三头肌3)Muscles of Forearm前臂肌flexor pollicislongus拇长屈肌flexor digitorum superficialis指浅屈肌flexor digitorum profundus指深屈肌extensor pollicis longus拇长

12、伸肌extensor digitorum指伸肌4)Muscles of Hand手肌(5)Muscles of Lower Limb下肢肌1)Muscles ofHip髋肌psoas major腰大肌iliacus髂肌gluteus maximus臀大肌piriformis梨状肌2)Muscles of Thigh大腿肌sartorius缝匠肌quadricepsfemoris股四头肌adductor longus长收肌adductor magnus大收肌bicepsfemoris股二头肌semitendinosus半腱肌semimembranosus半膜肌3)Muscles of Leg小腿

13、肌tibialis anterior胫骨前肌extensor digitorum longus趾长伸肌extensor hallucis longus拇 长伸肌triceps surae小腿三头肌flexor digitorum longus趾长屈肌tibialis posterior胫骨后肌flexor hallucis longus拇 长屈肌44)Muscles of Foot足肌II.Splanchnology内脏学viscera内脏1.Alimentary System消化系统alimentary canal消化管alimentary gland消化腺(1)Oral Cavity口腔o

14、ral lips口唇philtrum人中cheek颊hard palate硬腭soft palate软腭uvula腭垂palatine velum腭帆palatoglossal arch腭舌弓palatopharyngealarch腭咽弓isthmus of fauces咽峡deciduous teeth乳牙permanent teeth恒牙incisor切牙canine尖牙premolar前磨牙molar磨牙dentine牙质enamel釉质cement牙骨质dental pulp牙髓tongue舌parotid gland腮腺submandibular gland下颌下腺sublingua

15、l gland舌下腺(2)Pharynx咽nasopharynx鼻咽oropharynx口咽laryngopharynx喉咽palatine tonsil腭扁桃体(3)Esophagus食管(4)Stomach胃(5)Small Intestine小肠duode num十二指肠jejunum空肠ileum回肠(6)Large Intestine大 肠caecum盲 肠vermiform appendix阑 尾ascending colon升结肠transverse colon横结肠descending colon降结肠sigmoid colon乙状结肠rectum直肠anal canal肛管5

16、anal column肛柱analvalve肛瓣anal sinus肛窦dental line齿状线analpecten肛梳white line白线anus肛门sphincter aniinternus sphincter aniexternus (7)Liver肝portahepatis肝门hepaticpedicle肝蒂gallbladder胆囊(8)Pancreas胰respiratory tract respiratoryorgan (1)Nose鼻(2)Paranasal Sinus frontalsinus maxillary sinusethmoidal sinus spheno

17、idsinus (3)Larynx喉thyroidcartilage cricoid cartilagearytenoid cartilageepiglottic cartilage vocalfold声带cricothyroid环甲肌(4)Trachea and Bronchiright principal bronchus leftprincipal bronchus (5)Lung肺apex of lung肺尖baseof lung肺底hilum of lung肺门root of lung肺根(6)Pleura胸膜parietalpleura壁胸膜viceralpleura脏胸膜pleu

18、ral cavity胸膜腔costodiaphragmatic recess肛门内括约肌肛门外括约肌呼吸道呼吸器官鼻旁窦额窦上颌窦筛窦蝶窦甲状软骨环状软骨杓状软骨会厌软骨2.Respiratory System气管和支气管右主支气管左主支气管肋膈隐窝3.Urinary System呼吸系统泌尿系统6kidney肾renal hilum肾门renal pedicle肾蒂renal sinus肾窦renal region肾区minor renalcalices肾小盏major renal calices肾大盏renalpelvis肾盂ureter输尿管urinary bladder膀胱urethr

19、a尿道testis睾丸epididymis附睾ductus deferens spermaticcord ejaculatoryduct seminalvesicle prostate前列腺bulbourethralgland penis阴茎scrotum阴囊ovary卵巢uterine tube输卵管uterus子宫vagina阴道vaginal orifice阴道口hymen处女膜greatervestibular gland vulva女阴greater lip of pudendumlesser lip of pudendumclitoris阴mamm乳房mammary papilla

20、(nipple5.Female GenitalSystem前庭大腺大阴唇小阴唇）乳头6.Peritoniumperitoneal cavity腹膜腔lesser omentum小网膜greater omentum大网膜mesentery肠系膜rectovesical pouch直肠膀胱陷凹vesicouterine pouch膀胱子宫陷凹rectouterine pouch（Douglaspouch）直肠子宫陷凹（道格拉斯陷窝）4.Male Genital System男性生殖系统输精管精索射精管精囊尿道球女性生殖系统腹膜7III.Vascular System脉管系统1.Cardiovasc

21、ular System心血管系统pulmonary circulation(lesser circulation)肺循环(小循环)systemic circulation(greater circulation)体循环(大循环)(1)Heart心right atrium右心房right ventricle右心室left atrium左心房left ventricle左心室tricuspid valve三尖瓣bicuspid valve二尖瓣aortic valve主动脉瓣pulmonary valve肺动脉瓣sinoatrial node窦房结internodal tract结间束corona

22、ry sinus冠状窦great cardiac vein心大静脉middle cardiac vein心中静脉small cardiac vein心小静脉pericardium心包(2)Artery动脉pulmonary trunk肺动脉干ascending aorta升主动脉aortic arch主动脉弓brachiocephalic trunk头臂干common carotid artery颈总动脉external carotid artery颈外动脉superior thyroid artery甲状腺上动脉lingual artery舌动脉facial artery面动脉superfi

23、cial temporal artery颞浅动脉maxillary artery上颌动脉middle meningeal artery脑膜中动脉occipital artery枕动脉posterior auricular artery耳后动脉internal carotid artery颈内动脉subclavian artery锁骨下动脉atrioventricular nodeatrioventricular bundleleft bundle branch rightbundle branch Purkinjes fibers left coronaryartery right coron

24、aryartery房室结（Hisbundle左束支右束支普氏纤维 左冠状动脉右冠状动脉房室束（希氏束）8vertebral artery椎动脉internal thoracic artery胸廓内动脉inferior thyroid artery甲状腺下动脉costocervical trunk肋颈干axillary artery腋动脉thoracoacromial artery胸肩峰动脉subscapular artery肩胛下动脉posterior humeral circumflex arterybrachial artery肱动脉deep brachialartery肱深动脉radia

25、l artery桡动脉superficial palmar arch掌浅弓ulnarartery尺动脉deep palmar arch掌深弓common palmar digital arteries properpalmar digital arteries descending aorta降主动脉thoracic aorta胸主动脉posterior intercostal arteriessubcostal artery肋下动脉abdominal aorta腹主动脉lumbararteries腰动脉inferior phrenic artery膈下动脉median sacral arte

26、ry骶正中动脉middle suprarenal artery肾上腺中动脉renalartery肾动脉testicular artery睾丸动脉ovarian artery卵巢动脉coeliac trunk腹腔干left gastric artery胃左动脉common hepatic artery肝总动脉splenic artery脾动脉superior mesenteric artery肠系膜上动脉inferior mesenteric artery肠系膜下动脉common iliac artery髂总动脉internal iliac artery髂内动脉obturator artery闭

27、孔动脉superior gluteal artery臀上动脉inferior gluteal artery臀下动脉iliolumbar artery髂腰动脉uterine artery子宫动脉internal pudendal artery阴部内动脉external iliac artery髂外动脉lateral thoracic artery胸外侧动脉旋肱后动脉指掌侧总动脉 指掌侧固有动脉肋间后动脉9femoral artery股动脉deep femoral artery股深动脉popliteal artery腘动脉posterior tibial artery胫后动脉peroneal ar

28、tery腓动脉medial plantar artery足底内侧动脉lateral plantar artery足底外侧动脉anterior tibial artery胫前动脉dorsal artery of foot足背动脉(3)Vein静脉pulmonary vein肺静脉facial vein面静脉deep facial vein面深静脉retromandibular vein下颌后静脉maxillary vein上颌静脉pterygoid venous plexus翼静脉丛superficial temporal vein颞浅静脉external jugular vein颈外静脉int

29、ernal jugular vein颈内静脉common facial vein面总静脉superior thyroid vein甲状腺上静脉middle thyroid vein甲状腺中静脉subclavian vein锁骨下静脉venous angle静脉角cephalic vein头静脉basilic vein贵要静脉median cubital vein肘正中静脉median vein of forearm前臂正中静脉ulnar vein尺静脉radial vein桡静脉brachial vein肱静脉brachiocephalic vein头臂静脉superior vena cava

30、上腔静脉azygos vein奇静脉posteriorintercostal veins肋间后静脉esophageal vein食管静脉bronchial vein支气管静脉ascending lumbar vein腰升静脉small saphenous vein小隐静脉great saphenous vein大隐静脉anterior tibial vein胫前静脉posterior tibial vein胫后静脉popliteal vein腘静脉femoral vein股静脉10external iliac vein髂外静脉internal iliac vein髂内静脉common ilia

31、c vein髂总静脉inferior vena cava下腔静脉inferior phrenic vein膈下静脉lumbar veins腰静脉testicular veins睾丸静脉ovarian veins卵巢静脉renal vein肾静脉suprarenal vein肾上腺静脉hepatic vein肝静脉hepatic portal vein肝门静脉superior mesenteric vein肠系膜上静脉splenic vein脾静脉inferior mesenteric vein肠系膜下静脉left gastric vein胃左静脉right gastric vein胃右静脉cy

32、stic vein胆囊静脉paraumbilicalvein附脐静脉2.Lymphatic Systemlymphatic capillary毛细淋巴管lymphatic vessel淋巴管lymphatic trunk淋巴干jugular trunk颈干subclavian trunk锁骨下干bronchomediastinal trunk支气管纵隔干lumbar trunk腰干intestinal trunk肠干right lymphatic duct右淋巴导管thoracic duct胸导管cisternachyli乳糜池lymph tissue淋巴组织lymph node淋巴结sple

33、en脾thymus胸腺submandibular lymph node下颌下淋巴结submental lymphnode颏下淋巴结lateral cervical lymph node颈外侧淋巴结axillary lymph node腋淋巴结bronchopulmonary hilar lymph node支气管肺门淋巴结superficial inguinal lymph nodedeep inguinal lymph nodeinternal iliac lymph nodeexternal iliac lymph node淋巴系统腹股沟浅淋巴结腹股沟深淋巴结髂内淋巴结11common i

34、liac lymph node髂总淋巴结lumbar lymph node腰淋巴结celiac lymph node腹腔淋巴结left gastric lymph node rightgastric lymph node leftgastroepiploic lymph node rightgastroepiploic lymph nodehepatic lymph node肝淋巴结pancreaticosplanic lymph nodesuperior mesenteric lymph nodeinferior mesenteric lymph node(1)Eyeball眼球cornea

35、角膜sclera巩膜iris虹膜pupil瞳孔sphincter pupilae dilator pupilae胃左淋巴结胃右淋巴结 胃网膜左淋巴结 胃网膜右淋巴结胰脾淋巴结肠系膜上淋巴结肠系膜下淋巴结IV.Sensory Organs1.Visual Apparatus瞳孔括约肌感觉器官视器ciliary body睫状体ciliarymuscle睫状肌choroid脉络膜retina视网膜optic disc视神经盘macula lutea黄斑foveacentralis中央凹aqueous humor房水lens晶状体vitreous body玻璃体(2)Accessory VisualA

36、pparatus Eyelid(palpebra)眼睑palpebral fissure睑裂eyelash睫毛conjunctiva结膜lacrimal gland泪腺nasolacrimal duct鼻泪管levator palpebrae superiorissuperior rectus上直肌inferiorrectus下直肌medial rectus内直肌lateral rectus外直肌superior obliquus上斜肌inferior obliquus下斜肌眼副器上睑提肌12spiral organ(Cortis organ)螺旋器(Corti器)scalavestibuli

37、前庭阶scala tympani鼓阶membranous semicircular duct膜半规管V.Nervous Systemgray matter灰质white matter白质cortex皮质medulla髓质nucleus神经核ganglion神经节fasciculus传导束nerve神经reticular formation网状结构1.Peripheral Nervous System(1)Spinal Nerves脊神经cervicalplexus颈丛lesser occipital nerve枕小神经great auricular nerve耳大神经transverse ne

38、rve of neck颈横神经supraclavicular nerves锁骨上神经phrenic nerve膈神经brachial plexus臂丛axillary nerve腋神经ophthalmic artery眼动脉central artery of retinasuperior ophthalmic veininferior ophthalmic vein(1)External Ear外耳auricle耳廓tympanic membrane鼓膜(2)Middle Ear中耳tympanic cavity鼓室malleus锤骨incus砧骨stapes镫骨tensor tympani鼓

39、膜张肌(3)Internal Ear内耳bonylabyrinth骨迷路cochlea耳蜗vestibule前庭bonysemicircular canal cochlearduct蜗管视网膜中央动脉眼上静脉眼下静脉2.Vestibulocochlear organ骨半规管前庭蜗器神经系周围神经系统13musculocutaneous nerve肌皮神经median nerve正中神经ulnar nerve尺神经radial nerve桡神经intercostal nerve肋间神经subcostal nerve肋下神经lumbar plexus腰丛femoral nerve股神经obtura

40、tor nerve闭孔神经genitofemoral nerve生殖股神经sacral plexus骶丛superior gluteal nerve臀上神经inferior gluteal nerve臀下神经pudendal nerve阴部神经sciatic nerve坐骨神经tibial nerve胫神经common peroneal nerve腓总神经superficial peroneal nerve腓浅神经deepperoneal nerve腓深神经（2）Cranial Nerves脑神经olfactory nerve嗅神经optic nerve视神经oculomotor nerve动

41、眼神经trochlear nerve滑车神经trigeminal nerve三叉神经abducent nerve展神经facial nerve面神经vestibulocochlear nerve前庭蜗神经glossopharyngeal nerve舌咽神经vagus nerve迷走神经accessory nerve副神经hypoglossal nerve舌下神经（3）Visceral Nervous System内脏神经系统sympathetic nerve交感神经parasympathetic nerve副交感神经sympathetictrunk交感干celiac ganglia腹腔神经节s

42、uperior mesenteric ganglia肠系膜上神经节inferior mesenteric ganglia肠系膜下神经节aorticorenal ganglia主动脉肾节greater splanchnic nerve内脏大神经lessersplanchnic nerve内脏小神经lumbar splanchnic nerve腰内脏神经abdominalaortic plexus腹主动脉丛14inferior mesenteric plexus pelvicplexus盆丛2Central Nervous System中枢神经系统(1)Spinal Cord脊髓cervical

43、enlargement颈膨大lumbosacral enlargement腰骶膨大conus medullaris脊髓圆锥filum terminale终丝cauda equina马尾central canal中央管anterior horn (anterior columnposterior horn (posterior column lateral horn (lateral column anterior funiculus前索posterior funiculus后索lateral funiculus外侧索fasciculusgracilis薄束fasciculus cuneatus

44、楔束posterior spinocerebellar tractanterior spinocerebellar tractspinothalamic tract脊髓丘脑束corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束rubrospinal tract红核脊髓束vestibulospinal tract前庭脊髓束reticulospinal tract网状脊髓束tectospinal tract顶盖脊髓束medial longitudinal fasciculus内侧纵束(2)Brain脑1)Medulla Oblongata延髓pyramid锥体decussation of pyrami

45、d锥体交叉olive橄榄gracile tubercle薄束结节cuneate tubercle楔束结节inferiorcerebellar peduncle小脑下脚2)Pons脑桥bulbopontine sulcus延髓脑桥沟basilar part基底部basilarsulcus基底沟middle cerebellar peduncle小脑中脚superior cerebellarpeduncle小脑上脚rhomboid fossa(floor of fourth ventricle)菱形窝(第四脑室底)vestibular area前庭区acoustic tubercle听结节medi

46、al eminence内侧隆起facial colliculus面神经丘hypoglossal triangle舌下神经三角vagal triangle迷走神经三角fourth ventricle第四脑室superiormedullary velum上髓帆inferior medullary velum下髓帆3)Midbrain中脑cerebral peduncle大脑脚interpeduncular fossa脚间窝superior colliculus上丘inferior colliculus下丘hypoglossal nucleus舌下神经核accessary nucleus副神经核do

47、rsal nucleusof vagus nerve迷走神经背核nucleus ambiguus疑核inferior salivatorynucleus下泌涎核nucleus of solitary tract孤束核spinal nucleus of trigeminalnerve三叉神经脊束核gracile nucleus薄束核cuneate nucleus楔束核inferiorolivary nucleus下橄榄核facial nucleus面神经核abducens nucleus展神经核motor nucleus of肠系膜下丛）前角（前柱）后角（后柱）脊髓小脑后束15trigemina

48、l nerve三叉神经运动核superior salivatory nucleus上泌涎核pontine nucleus of trigeminal nerve三叉神经脑桥核ventral and dorsal cochlear nuclei蜗神经腹侧核和蜗神经背侧核vestibularnuclei前庭神经核oculomotor nucleus动眼神经核trochlear nucleus滑车神经核accessory oculomotor nucleus动眼神经副核mesencephalic nucleus oftrigeminal nerve三叉神经中脑核red nucleus红核substa

49、ntia nigra黑质medial lemniscus内侧丘系laterallemniscus外侧丘系spinothalamic lemniscus脊髓丘系trigeminal lemniscus三叉丘系4)Cerebellum小脑fastigial nucleus顶核globose nucleus球状核emboliform nucleus栓状核dentate nucleus齿状核16anterior lobe前叶posterior lobe后叶flocculonodular lobe绒球小结叶5)Diencephalon间脑dorsal thalamus背侧丘脑metathalamus后丘

50、脑epithalamus上丘脑subthalamus底丘脑hypothalamus下丘脑medial geniculate body内侧膝状体lateral geniculate body外侧膝状体optic chiasma视交叉optic tract视束supraoptic nucleus视上核paraventricular nucleus室旁核6)Telencephalon端脑cerebral hemisphere大脑半球corpus callosum胼胝体cerebralcortex大脑皮质cerebral medullary substance大脑髓质basal nuclei基底核la

51、teral ventricle侧脑室lateral sulcus外侧沟central sulcus中央沟parietooccipital sulcus顶枕沟precentral sulcus中央前沟precentral gyrus中央前回superior frontal sulcus额上沟inferior frontal sulcus额下沟superior frontal gyrus额上回middle frontal gyrus额中回inferior frontal gyrus额下回parietal lobe顶叶postcentral sulcus中央后沟postcentral gyrus中央

52、后回intraparietalsulcus顶内沟superior parietal lobule顶上小叶inferior parietal lobule顶下小叶supramarginal gyrus缘上回angular gyrus角回temporal lobe颞叶superior temporal sulcus颞上沟inferior temporal sulcus颞下沟superior temporal gyrus颞上回middle temporal gyrus颞中回inferior temporal gyrus颞下回transverse temporal gyri颞横回insular lob

53、e(insula)岛叶calcarine sulcus距状沟callosal sulcus胼胝体沟hippocampal sulcus海马沟cingulate sulcus扣带沟paracentral lobule中央旁小叶cuneus楔叶lingual gyrus舌回cingulate gyrus扣带回parahippocampal gyrus海马旁回uncus钩dentate gyrus齿状回hippocampus海马limbiclobe边缘叶corpus striatum纹状体caudate nucleus尾状核lentiform nucleus豆状核amygdaloid body杏仁体

54、claustrum屏状核internal capsule内囊(3)Nervous Pathways神经传导路pyramidal system锥体系corticospinal tract皮质脊髓束corticonuclear tract皮质核束extrapyramidal system锥体外系(4)Meninges，Blood Vesselsof Brain and Spinal Cord，and Cerebrospinal Fluid脑和脊髓的被膜、血管及脑脊液循环dura mater硬膜arachnoid mater蛛网膜subarachnoid space蛛网膜下隙pia mater软膜a

55、nterior cerebral artery大脑前动脉anteriorcommunicating artery前交通动脉middle cerebral artery大脑中动脉posterior communicating artery后交通动脉posteriorcerebral artery大脑后动脉cerebral arterial circle(Williscircle)大脑动脉环(Willis环)vertebral artery椎动脉anterior spinal artery脊髓前动脉17posterior spinal artery脊髓后动脉posterior inferior c

56、erebellar artery小脑下后动脉basilar artery基底动脉anterior inferior cerebellar artery小脑下前动脉superior cerebellarartery小脑上动脉superior cerebral veins大脑上静脉inferior cerebral veins大脑下静脉great cerebral vein大脑大静脉internal cerebral vein大脑内静脉blood-brain barrier(BBB)血-脑屏障blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier(B-CSF)血-脑脊液屏障cerebrospinal fluid-brain barrier(CSF-BB)脑脊液-脑屏障VI.Endocrine System内分泌系统endocrine gland内分泌腺hypophysis垂体thyroid gland甲状腺parathyroid gland甲状旁腺suprarenal gland肾上腺pineal body松果体pancreatic islet胰岛thymus胸腺