生物专业英语词汇（F-I）

《生物专业英语词汇（F-I）》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《生物专业英语词汇（F-I）（64页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、Family1.Intaxonomy,termappliedtosubcategorieswithinOrders.2.Termappliedtoagroupofsimilarthings,suchaslanguages,Chromosomes,etc.科科 Fermentation the synthesis of ATP in the absence of oxygen through Glycolysis. 发酵ferment 发酵，酵素Fertilizationthe fusion of two Gametes (sperm and ovum) to produce a zygote

2、that develops into a new individual with a genetic heritage derived from both parents. 受精 Filaments slender, thread-like stalks that make up the stamens of a flower; topped by the anthers. 花丝 Firstlawofthermodynamics(conservation)Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it changes from one form to a

3、nother. Flagellalong, whip-like locomotion organelles found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; sing.: flagellum. Eukaryotic flagella have an internal arrangement of Microtubules in a 9 + 2 array. 鞭毛cilium 纤毛 Fluid-mosaicmodelwidely accepted model of the plasma membrane in which proteins (the

4、mosaic) are embedded in lipids (the fluid). Foodchainthe simplest representation of Energyflow in a Community. At the base is energy stored in plants, which are eaten by small organisms, which in turn are eaten by progressively larger organisms; the food chain is an oversimplification in that most a

5、nimals do not eat only one type of organism. Foodpyramida way of depicting Energyflow in an Ecosystem; shows producers (mostly plants or other phototrophs) on the first level and Consumers on the higher levels. Foodweba complex network of feeding interrelations among species in a natural Ecosystem;

6、more accurate and more complex depiction of Energyflow than a Foodchain. Forebrainthe part of the Brain that consists of the Diencephalon （间脑）and Cerebrum. 前脑 Fossil1. The remains or traces of prehistoric life preserved in rocks of the earths crust. 2. Any evidence of past life. FossilrecordThe obse

7、rved remains of once-living organisms taken as a whole.Fruit a ripened ovary wall produced from a flower. Funginonmobile, Heterotrophic, mostly multicellular Eukaryotes, including yeasts and mushrooms. 真菌gGametesHaploid reproductive cells (ovum and sperm). 配子 gamete,gameto-spouseGenepoolthe sum of a

8、ll the genetic information carried by members of a population.Generataxonomic subcategories within families (sing. genus), composed of one or more species. Genespecific segments of DNA that control cell structure and function; the functional units of inheritance. Sequence of DNA bases usually code f

9、or a polypeptide sequence of aminoacids. Genetherapythe insertion of normal or genetically altered genes into cells through the use of recombinant DNA technology; usually done to replace defective genes as part of the treatment of genetic disorders. Geneticcodethe linear series of Nucleotides, read

10、as triplets, that specifies the sequence of aminoacids in proteins. Each triplet specifies an amino acid, and the same codons are used for the same amino acids in almost all life-forms, an indication of the universal nature of the code. Geneticdriftrandom changes in the frequency of alleles from gen

11、eration to generation; especially in small populations, can lead to the elimination of a particular allele by chance alone. Geneticmapsdiagrams showing the order of and distance between genes; constructed using crossover information. Genetics the study of the structure and function of genes and the

12、transmission of genes from parents to offspring. Genome1. The set of genes carried by an individual. 2. The set of genes shared by members of a reproductive unit such as a population or species. -ome（后缀）“体”“粒”“群”biome生物群落区Genotypethe genetic (alleleic) makeup of an organism with regard to an observe

13、d trait. Geotropismplants response to gravity: roots grow downward, showing positive geotropism, while shoots grow upward in a negative response. tropism，tropicturn Gibberellinsa group of hormones that stimulate cell division and elongation in plants. 赤霉素Glucosea six-carbon single sugar; the most co

14、mmon energy source. Glycogen polysaccharide consisting of numerous monosaccharide Glucoses linked together. The animal equivalent of starch. 糖原, 动物淀粉 Glycolysisthe universal cellular metabolic process in the cells Cytoplasm where 6-carbon Glucose is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules, and so

15、me ATP and NADH are produced.糖酵解Golgicomplexorganelles in animal cells composed of a series of flattened sacs that sort, chemically modify, and package proteins produced on the rough Endoplasmicreticulum. Greenhouseeffectthe heating that occurs when gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat escaping fr

16、om the earth and radiate it back to the surface; so-called because the gases are transparent to sunlight but not to heat and thus act like the glass in a greenhouse. Guardcellsspecialized epidermal cells that flank stomates and whose opening and closing regulates gas exchange and water loss. Guanine

17、one of the nitrogenous bases in Nucleicacids, guanine is one of the two purine bases. Haploidcells that contain only one member of each homologous pair of Chromosomes (haploid number = n). Hemoglobin a red pigment in red blood cells that can bind with oxygen and is largely responsible for the bloods

18、 oxygen-Carrying capacity. Hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide chains, two and two chains.Hemophilia ahumansex-linkedrecessivegeneticdisorderthatresultsintheabsenceofcertainblood-clottingfactors,usuallyfactorvii.Hemophiliacssufferfromaninabilitytoclottheirblood. Hemo=blood; philialoveHepatiti

19、sapotentiallyseriousviraldiseasethataffectstheliver;canbetransmittedthroughsexualcontactorthroughcontactwithinfectedblood.肝肝炎炎hepat-liverHerbivore term pertaining to a Heterotroph, usually an animal, that eats plants or algae. Herbivores function in Foodchains and Foodwebs as primary Consumers.Heter

20、otrophicreferstoorganisms,suchasanimals,thatdependonpreformedorganicmoleculesfromtheenvironment(oranotherorganism)asasourceofnutrients/energy.troph=nourishment;feedingHeterotrophsorganismsthatobtaintheirnutritionbybreakingdownorganicmoleculesinfoods;includeanimalsandfungi.Heterozygous havingtwodiffe

21、rentalleles(oneDominant,onerecessive)ofagenepair.Homologues apairofChromosomesinwhichonememberofthepairisobtainedfromtheorganismsmaternalparentandtheotherfromthepaternalparent;foundinDiploidcells.=homologouschromosomes.同源染色体同源染色体Hormoneschemicalsubstancesthatareproducedintheendocrineglandsandtraveli

22、nthebloodtotargetorganswheretheyelicitaresponse.HumangenomeprojectfederallyfundedprojecttodeterminetheDNAbasesequenceofeverygeneinthehumanGenome. Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV)theretrovirus逆转录酶病毒逆转录酶病毒thatattacksT-cellsinthehumanImmunesystem,destroyingthebodysdefensesandallowingthedevelopmentofAIDS

23、.Hydrogenbondaweakbondbetweentwoatoms(oneofwhichishydrogen)withpartialbutoppositeelectricalcharges.Hydrophilicwater-loving.TermappliedtopolarmoleculesthatcanformaHydrogenbondwithwater.Hydrophobicwater-fearing.Termappliedtononpolarmoleculesthatcannotbondwithwater.-phobe=fearHydrospherethepartofthephy

24、sicalenvironmentthatconsistsofalltheliquidandsolidwateratorneartheearthssurface. Hypertensionhighbloodpressure;bloodpressureconsistentlyabove140/90.hypotensionIceageinterval of geologic time between 2 million and 10,000 years ago during which the northern hemisphere experienced several episodes of c

25、ontinental glacial advance and retreat along with a climatic cooling. Immunesystemone of the eleven major body organ systems in vertebrates; defends the Internalenvironment against invading microorganisms and viruses and provides defense against the growth of cancer cells.Immunoglobulin（Ig)the five

26、classes of protein to which antibodies belong (IgA , IgD, IgG, IgE , IgM ).Incompletedominance a type of inheritance in which the heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate to those of the Homozygous parents. Inflammationa reaction to the invasion of microorganisms through the skin or through the epi

27、thelial layers of the respiratory, digestive, or urinary system; characterized by four signs: redness, swelling, heat, and pain. InheritanceofacquiredcharacteristicsLamarcks view that features acquired during an organisms lifetime would be passed on to succeeding generations, leading to inheritable

28、change in species over time. Initiationcodon(AUG)three-base sequence on the MessengerRNA that codes for the amino acid Methionine; the start command for protein synthesis. Insulin hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of Glucose by body cells. Insulin works antagonistically wit

29、h Glucagon to control blood sugar levels.Interphasethe period between cell divisions when growth and replacement occur in preparation for the next division; consists of gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2).Ionan atom that has lost or gained electrons from its outer shell and therefore has a pos

30、itive or negative charge, respectively; symbolized by a superscript plus or minus sign and sometimes a number, e. g., H+, Na+, Cl-， Fe2+.( anion, cation)Ionicbonda chemical bond in which atoms of opposite charge are held together by Electrostaticattraction. Isotopesatoms with the same atomicnumber but different numbers of Neutrons; indicated by adding the mass number to the elements name.