2019年四川大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题word资料11页

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1、第1页四川大学2019年博士研究生入学英语考试题Passage 1As the horizons of science have expanded, two main groups of scientists have emerged.One is the pure scientist; the other, the applied scientist.The pure or theoretical scientist does original research in order to understand the basic lawsof nature that govern our wo

2、rld. The applied scientist adapts this knowledge to practicalproblems. Neither is more important than the other, however, for the two groups are very muchrelated. Sometimes, however, the applied scientist finds the problem for the theoreticalscientist to work on. Lets take a particular problem of th

3、e aircraft industry: heat-resistantmetals. Many of the metals and alloys which perform satisfactorily in a car cannot be used in ajet-propelled plane. New alloys must be used, because the jet engine operates at a muchhigher temperature than an automobile engine. The turbine wheel in a turbojet must

4、withstandtemperatures as high as 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit, so aircraft designers had to turn to theresearch metallurgist for the development of metals and alloys that would do the job injet-propelled planes.Dividing scientists into two groups is only one broad way of classifying them, however. Whens

5、cientific knowledge was very limited, there was no need for men to specialize. Today, with thegreat body of scientific knowledge, scientists specialize in many different fields. Within eachfield, there is even further subdivision. And, with finer and finer subdivisions, the varioussciences have beco

6、me more and more interrelated until no one branch is entirely independentof the others. Many new specialties -geophysics and biochemistry, for example - haveresulted from combining the knowledge of two or more sciences.1. The applied scientist _.A. is not always interested in practical problemsB. pr

7、ovides thebasic knowledge for practiceC. applies the results of research to practiceD. does originalresearch to understand the basic laws of nature2. The example given in the passage illustrates how _.A. pure science operates independently of applied scienceB. the appliedscientist discovers the basi

8、c laws of natureC. applied science defines all the areas in which basic research is done D. applied sciencesuggests problems for the basic scientist3. The problem discussed in the second paragraph called for_.A. selecting the best hear-resistant metal from existing metalsB. developing a turbine whee

9、l capable of generating heat up to 1,600 degrees FahrenheitC. developing metals and alloys that would withstand terrific temperaturesD. causing the jet engine to operate at higher temperatures4. Finer mad finer subdivision in the field of science has resulted in_.A. greater independence of each scie

10、nceB. greater interdependence of all the various sciencesC. the eradication of the need for specialistsD. the need for onlyon classification of scientists第2页5. The horizons of science have expanded means that_ .A. the horizon changes its size from year to yearB. science hasdeveloped more fields of e

11、ndeavorC. scientists have made great progress in studying the horizonD. scientists can see further out into space chow Passage 2In The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society, Revised and EnlargedEdition (W. W. Norton) Schlesinger provides deep insights into the crises of natio

12、nhood inAmerica. A new chapter assesses the impact both of radical multiculturalism and radicalmonoculturalism on the Bill of rights. Written with his usual clarity and force, the book brings anoted historians wisdom and perspective to bear on Americas culture wars.Schlesinger addressesthe questions

13、: What holds a nation together? And what does it meanto be an American? Describing the emerging cult of ethnicity, Schlesinger praises its healthyeffect on a nation long shamed by a history of prejudice and narrow-mindedness. But he warnsagainst the campaign of multicultural advocates to divide the

14、nation into separate ethnic andracial communities. From the start, he observes, the United States has been a multiculturalnation, rich in its diversity but held together by a shared commitment to the democratic processand by the freedom of intermarriage. It was this national talent for assimilation

15、that impressedforeign visitors like Alexis de Tocqueville and James Bryce, and it is this historic goal thatSchlesinger champions as the best hope for the future. Schlesinger analyzes what he sees asgrim consequences of identity politics: the widening of differences. Attacks on the FirstAmendment, h

16、e argues, threaten intellectual freedom and, ultimately, the future of the ethnicgroups. His criticisms are not limited to the left. As a former target of McCarthyism, heunderstands that the radical right is even more willing than the radical left to restrict andweaken the Bill of Rights.The author

17、does not minimize the injustices concealed by the melting pot dream. TheDisuniting of America is both academic and personal, forceful in argument, balanced injudgment. It is a book that will no doubt anger some readers, but it will surely make all of themthink again. The winner of Pulitzer Prizes fo

18、r history and for biography, an authoritative voice ofAmerican liberalism, Schlesinger is uniquely positioned to bring bold answers and healingwisdom to this passionate debate over who we are and what we should become.6. According to Schlesinger, the United States is_.A. a melting potB. a nation wit

19、h diverse cultures held together by the democratic processC. a federation of ethnic and racial communitiesD. a nation with various ethnic and racial groups7. We can infer from the passage that Schlesinger_ .A. advocates the assimilation of different cultures into one nationhoodB. prefers multicultur

20、alism to monoculturalismC. gives full support to the emerging cult of ethnicityD. holds that each racial group should keep its distinct identity8. The author wants to tell us that America_ .A. is experiencing a crisis of nationhood B. is trying to restrict the Bill of Right第3页C. has ended its histor

21、y of racial prejudiceD. has tried to obstruct intellectualfreedom9. According to the author, Schlesingers book will_ .A. cause anger among the radical rightB. cause anger among the radical leftC. put an end to the culture wars in America D. provoke thinking among the readers10. This passage is most

22、probably taken from _.A. a history book B. a book introduction C. a book review D. a journal of literary criticismchow Passage 3The El Nino (little boy in Spanish) that pounded the globe between the summers of2019 and2019 was in some measure the most destructive in this century. Worldwide damage est

23、imatesexceed 20 billion -not to mention the human death toll caused by resulting droughts, floodsand bushfires. El Nino and La Nina (little girl) are part of a seesawing of winds and currents inthe equatorial Pacific called ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) that appears every two toeight years. No

24、rmally, westward-blowing trade winds caused by the rotation of the earth andconditions in the Tropics push surface water across the Pacific towards Asia. The warm waterpiles up along the coasts of Indonesia, Australia and the Philippines, raising sea levels morethan a foot above those on the South A

25、merican side of the Pacific. As El Nino builds the normaleast-to-west trade winds wane. Like water splashing in a giant bathtub, the elevated pool ofwarm water washes from Asian shores back towards South America.In last seasons cycle, surface temperatures off the west coast of South America soaredfr

26、om a normal high of 23 C degrees to 28 C degrees. This area of warm water, twice the sizeof the continental US, interacted with the atmosphere, creating storms and displacinghigh-altitude winds. El Nino brought rain that flooded normally dry coastal areas of Ecuador,Chile and Peru, while droughts st

27、ruck Australia and Indonesia. Fires destroyed some fivemillion acres of Indonesian forest. The drought, along with the economic crisis, left about fivemillion people desperate for food and water. These conditions helped set the stage for riots thatled to the downfall of President Suharto. El Nino al

28、so took the blame for extreme temperaturesin Texas last summer over 38C degrees for a record 30 days in a row. In Florida, lushvegetation turned to tinder and bushfires raged. Even Britain has been sweltering with ourhottest year on record in 2019.11. As El Sino builds, _ .A. the normal westward tra

29、de winds weakenB. the normal eastward trade windsweakenC. the normal westward trade winds strengthen D. the normal eastward trade windsstrengthen12. Which of the following statements is true?A. El Nino results from droughts, floods and bushfires.B. El Nino brought rain to most areas that were affect

30、ed,C. When El Nino appeared, some of the worlds rainforests were attacked by droughts.D. Most areas that were affected by El Nino got droughts.13. Once El Nino even played a role in the political world. What was it?A. President Suharto was overthrown by the drought caused by El Nino.B. El Nino cause

31、d riots that led to the downfall of President Suharto.C. President Suharto resigned because of the drought caused by El Nino.D. The drought caused by El Nino together with the economic crisis prevailing in Indonesiahelped to overthrow President Suharto.14. The phrase in a row in the last paragraph m

32、eans_ .A. continuously B. in a line C. awfully D. now and then15. The writer of this passage is most likely to be_ .A. an Australia observer B. a British national C. an American geographerD. an Indonesia journalistchow Passage 4In patients with Huntingtons disease,its the part of the brain called th

33、e basal ganglia thatsdestroyed. While these victims have perfectly intact explicit memory systems, they cant learnnew motor skills. An Alzheimers patient can learn to draw in a mirror but cant remember doingit: a Huntingtons patient cant do it but can remember trying to learn. Yet another region of

34、thebrain, an almond-size knot of neural tissue seems to be crucial in forming and triggering therecall of a special subclass of memories that is tied to strong emotion, especially fear. Theseare just some of the major divisions. Within the category implicit memory, for example, lie thesubcategories

35、of associative memorythe phenomenon that famously led Parlovs dogs tosalivate at the sound of a bell which they had learned to associate with food and of habituation,in which we unconsciously file away unchanging features of the environment so we can paycloser attention to whats new and different up

36、on encountering a new experience.Within explicit, or declarative memory, on the other hand, there are specific subsystems thathandle shapes, textures such as faces, names - even distinct systems to remember nouns vs.verbs. All of these different types of memory are ultimately stored in the brains co

37、rtex, within itsdeeply furrowed outer layer - a component of the brain dauntingly more complex thancomparable parts in other species. Experts in brain imaging are only beginning to understandwhat goes where, and how the parts are reassembled into a coherent whole that seems to be asingle memory is a

38、ctually a complex construction. Think of a hammer, and your brain hurriedlyretrieves the tools name, its appearance, its function, its heft and the sound of its clang, eachextracted from a different region of the brain. Fail to connect persons name with his or her face,and you experience the breakdo

39、wn of that第4页assembly process that many of us begin to experience in our 20s and that becomesdownrightworrisome when we reach our 50s.It was this weakening of memory and the parallel loss of ability to learn new things easily thatled biologist Joe Tsien to the experiments reported last week. This ag

40、e-dependent loss offunction, he says, appears in many animals, and it begins with the onset of sexual maturity.Whats happening when the brain forms memories - and what fails with aging, injury anddisease - involves a phenomenon known as plasticity. Its obvious that something in thebrain changes as w

41、e learn and remember new things, but its equally obvious that the organdoesnt change its overall structure or grow new nerve cells wholesale. Instead, its theconnections between new cells - and particularly the strength of these connections that arealtered by experience. Hear a word over and over, a

42、nd the repeated firing of certain cells in acertain order makes it easier to repeat the firing pattern later on. It is the pattern that representseach specific memory.16. Which of the following symptoms can be observed in a person who suffers from theHuntingtons disease?A. He cannot remember what he

43、 has done but can remember trying to learn.B. He cannot do something new but he can remember doing it.C. He suffers from a bad memory and lack of motor skills.D. He suffers from a poor basal ganglia and has intact explicit memory.17. According to the passage,which of the following memories has nothi

44、ng to do with implicitmemory?A. Associating a signal with an action. B. Recognizing of new features.C. Focusing on new environment.D. Remembering a familiar face of a friend.18. Which of the following may happen to a patient who suffered from damages to his explicitmemory?A. When he is in a new envi

45、ronment, he is always frightened.B. When he plays football, he cannot learn new tricks.C. When he sees a friend, its hard for him to remember his name.D. When he finds a hammer, he cannot tell anything about it.19. The word extract in the second paragraph means_.A. obtainB. removeC. pull D. derive20

46、. We can draw a conclusion from the passage that_ .A. Scientists have found the mechanism underlying the memorizing activitiesB. More research must be done to determine the brain structure.C. Some researchers are not content with the findings.D. It is obvious that something in the brain changes as w

47、e learn and remember. chowPassage 5Mobility of individual members and family groups tends to split up family relationships.Occasionally the movement of a family away from a situation which has been the source offriction results in greater family organization, but on the whole mobility is disorganizi

48、ng.Individuals and families are involved in three types of mobility: movement in space,第5页第6页movement up or down in social status, and the movement of ideas. These are termedrespectively spatial, vertical and ideational mobility.A great increase in spatial mobility has gone along with improvements i

49、n rail and watertransportation, the invention and use of the automobile, and the availability of airplanepassenger service. Spatial mobility results in a decline in the importance of the traditionalhome with its emphasis on family continuity and stability. It also means that when individualfamily me

50、mbers or the family as a whole move away from a community, the person or thefamily is removed from the pressuresof relatives, friends, and community institutions forconventionality and stability. Even more important is the fact that spatial mobility permits somemembers of a family to come in contact

51、 with and possibly adopt attitudes, values, and ways ofthinking different from those held by other family members. The presence of different attitudesvalues, and ways of thinking within a family may, and often does, result in conflict and familydisorganization. Potential disorganization is present i

52、n those families in which the husband,wife and children are spatially separated over a long period, or are living together but see eachother only briefly because of different work schedules.One index of the increase in vertical mobility is the great increase in the proportion of sons,and to some ext

53、ent daughters who engage in occupations other than those of the parents.Another index of vertical mobility is the degree of intermarriage between social classes. Thisoccurs almost exclusively between classes which are adjacent to each other. Engaging in adifferent occupation, or intermarriage, like

54、spatial mobility, allows one to come in contact withways of behavior different from those of the parental home, and tends to separate parents andtheir children.The increase in ideational mobility is measured by the increase in publications, such asnewspapers, periodicals and books, the increase in t

55、he percentage of the population owningradios, and the increase in television sets. All these tend to introduce new ideas into the home.When individual family members are exposed to and adopt the new ideas, the tendency is forconflict to arise and for those in conflict to become psychologically separ

56、ated from each other.21. What the passage tells us can be summarized by the statement_.A. potential disorganization is present in the American familyB. social development results in a decline in the importance of traditional familiesC. the movement of a family is one of the factors in raising its so

57、cial statusD. family disorganization is more or less the result of mobility22. According to the passage, those who live in a traditional family _ A. can get more helpfrom their family members if the are in troubleB. will have more freedom of action and thought if they move away from itC. are less li

58、kely to quarrel with others because of conventionality and stability D. have todepend on their relatives and friends if they do not move away from it23. Potential disorganization exists in those families in which _A. the family members are subject to social pressuresB. both parents have to work full

59、 timeC. the husband, wife and children, and children seldom get togetherD. the husband, wife and children work too hard第7页24. Intermarriage and different occupations play an important role in family disorganizationbecause_ .A. they enable the children to travel around without their parentsB. they en

60、able the children to better understand the ways of behavior of their parentsC. they allow one to find a good job and improve ones social statusD. they permit one to come into contact with different ways of behavior and thinking25. This passage suggests that a well-organized family is a family whose

61、members _ A. arenot psychologically withdrawn from one anotherB. seldom quarrel with each other even when they disagreeC. often help each other with true love and affectionD. are exposed to the same new ideas introduced by books, radios and TV sets chowPassage 6A design for a remotely-controlled fir

62、e engine could make long road or rail tunnels safer. It isthe brainchild of an Italian fire safety engineer, who claims that his invention - dubbedRobogat - could have cut the death toll in the disastrous Mont Blanc tunnel fire in March 2019which killed 41 people.Most of the people who perished dies

63、 within 15 minutes of smoke first being detected. Quickaction is needed when fire breaks out in a tunnel. Robogat can travel at about 50 kilometersper hour. The Mont Blanc fire was 5 kilometers from the French end of the tunnel, so amachine could have got there in about six minutes.The Robogat has b

64、een designed and patented by Domenico Piatti of the Naples firedepartment. It runs on a monorail suspended from the roof of the tunnel. When the Robogatreaches a fire, it plugs into a modified water main running along the tunnel and directs itshoses at the base of the fire. It is capable of pumping

65、3,000 liters of high-pressure water perminute-about the same rate as that from an airport fire tender. Normal fire engines deliver 500liters per minute. The machines heat-resistant skin is designed to withstand temperatures ofup to 1,000 C. Designed to fight fires in tunnels up to 12 kilometers long

66、, the Robogat will beoperated from a control centre outside the tunnel. Ideally, tunnels should have a Robogatstationed at each end, allowing fires to be tackled from both sides.Piatti says that it would be relatively cheap to install the Robogat in new tunnels, with eachmach ine costi ng around250,000. Thats not expe nsive, says Stuart Jagger, a Britishfire-fighting specialist, who adds, Fire-fighters normally have to approach the blaze fromupwind. People have dies if the ventilation is overwhe