小学英语语法大全_经典全面

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1、小学英语语法大全经典全面- 17 -第1讲 字母第2讲 语音第3讲 名词第4讲 冠词第5讲 代词第6讲 形容词第7讲 副词第8讲 介词第9讲 数词第10讲 连词第11讲 动词第12讲 一般现在时第13讲 现在进行时第14讲 一般过去时第15讲 一般将来时第16讲 句法第17讲 听力第18讲 话题第19讲 构词法第20讲 英美文化常识p.2p.3p.45p.6p.78p.9p.9p.1011p.12p.13p.14p.15p.16p.17p.18p.1920p.21p.2224p.25p.26第1讲 字母1、 英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是

2、辅音 字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。3、可数名词复数形式的构成规则： 一般名词在末尾直接加s，清辅音后读/ s /，浊辅音和元音后读/ z / e.g. book-books， bag-bags， cat-cats， bed-beds 以s、x、sh、ch结尾，加es，读/ IZ / e.g. bus-buses， box-boxes，brush-brushes，watch-watches 以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i，再加es， 读/ z / e.g. baby-babies， librar

3、y-libraries，factory-factories 以f或fe结尾，变f或fe为v，再加es，读/ vz / e.g. thiefthieves，knifeknives 以o结尾，表示无生命的物体时加s, 表示有生命的物体时，加es，都读/ z / e.g. photo-photos， piano-pianos， radio-radios， zoo-zoospotato-potatoes，tomato-tomatoes，mango-mangoes，hero-heroes 不规则变化 e.g. manmenchildchildrenfootfeetfishfishwomanwomenmo

4、usemicetoothteethsheepsheeppolicemanpolicemenoxoxengoosegeesedeerdeer fish表示鱼的数量时，单复数同形；表示鱼的种类时，复数为fishes.e.g. My cat had two fish for lunch. You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake. 6、名词所有格 在英语中，有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。大多数表示有生命的东西。e.g. Toms book 如果复数名词末尾已有s，就直接加 。e.g. the teac

5、hers office 如果一些物品为两者共有，只需在后一个名词后加s ；如果为各自所有，则需在每个名词后加s。e.g. Lucy and Lilys bedroom.（Lucy 和 Lily共用一个卧室）Lucys and Lilys bedrooms.（Lucy 和 Lily分别拥有各自的卧室） 表示无生命的物体的名词所有格，一般与of短语连用。e.g. a map of the world ，a photo of my family 双重所有格：把of所有格和s所有格结合在一起表示所有关系。e.g. a friend of my fathers第4讲 冠词冠词一般用在名词的前面，对名词起

6、限定作用，不能离开名词单独存在。1、不定冠词a，an用在单数可数名词前面，泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。 a用于辅音音素开头的名词之前。e.g. a bed，a computer，a “U” an用于元音音素开头的名词之前。 e.g. an egg，an umbrella，an hour 2、定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前，也可用在不可数名词前。 表示特指的人或物前。e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack. 指说话人双方都知道的人或物前。e.g. Lily, close the door, please. 在上文提到过，第二次又提到的人

7、或物前。e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James. 表示世界上独一无二的事物前。e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon. 用在序数词前面。e.g. It is the first day of the new term. 用在乐器名称前。e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends. 用在形容词最高级前。e.g. Spring is the best season in a year. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。e.g. I went t

8、o the Great Wall last week. 用在国家名称的缩写前。e.g. He is from the UK.3、零冠词：名词前不用冠词的情况。 在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类或棋类运动前，通常不用冠词。e.g. have breakfast ，play basketball，play chess第5讲 代词1、人称代词：表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。我你他她它我们你们他们主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey宾格meyouhimheritusyouthem主格一般用在句子开头做主语，通常用在动词前。e.g. I am a student. Th

9、ey are cleaning the classroom.宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象，一般用在动词和介词后面。e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.2、物主代词：表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他们的形容词性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名 词 性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如：my watch, his cousin, our school名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词，故其后不能再加名词，可单独使用。

10、e.g. Is that your bike？ No. Mine is blue. 3、不定代词：没有明确指定代替某个（些）人或物的词叫不定代词。(1)some和any都表示“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 some多用在肯定句中，any多用在否定句和疑问句中。e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. （肯定句）There isnt any milk in the fridge. （否定句）Do you have any hobbies? （疑问句） 在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。e.g. Would

11、you like some coffee? Yes, please. （邀请） Mum, can I have some peaches? Sure.（希望对方给予肯定回答）（2）both和all both表示“两个都”，只指代或修饰可数名词。e.g. We are both policemen.（强调两人） all表示“三个或三个以上都”，既可指代或修饰可数名词，也可指代或修饰不可数名词。e.g. They are all in the room.（至少三人）（3）many和much都表示“许多”，many修饰可数名词，much修饰不可数名词。e.g. My uncle has many s

12、tamps. There is much tea in the cup.（4）each和every each强调个人，指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”；every是指许多人或事物的“全体”，与all的意思相近。e.g. Ill buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。（5）other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”，指尚未提到的部分，其后一般接复数名词。e.g. We study Chinese, English, M

13、aths and other subjects.（6）something和everything something 某事；某物 e.g. I want something to drink. everything 一切事物；每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.（7）nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.4、疑问代词：用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词，一般放在疑问句的句首。what问什么Whats your name? My name is Tom. What colour问颜色What

14、 colour is your coat? Its red. what day问星期What day is it today? Its Monday.what date问日期What date is it today? Its the first of June.what shape问形状What shape is the moon? Its round.whatjob问工作Whats your fathers job? Hes a bus driver.what time问时间What time is it? Its ten oclock.when问时候When is your birthd

15、ay? Its on the first of May.which问哪个Which is your watch, this one or that one? That one.where问地点Where is my pen? Its on the floor.who问谁Who is the boy with big eyes? Hes Liu Tao.whose问谁的Whose bag is this? Its Helens.why问原因Why are you absent today? Im ill.how问方式How do you go to school? By bus.how many

16、问数量How many books are there? There are five.how much问价钱How much is it? Twenty yuan.how old问年龄How old are you? Im twelve.how far问距离How far is it from here? Its about one kilometer.how about问情况Im thirsty. How about you? Me, too.5、指示代词 this（这个）、these（这些）表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。 that（那个）、those（那些）表示在时间上或空间上较远的

17、人或物。第6讲 形容词形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态和特征。它的位置通常放在被修饰的名词前，也可以放在be动词和look、feel、taste、sound、get之后。在英语中，形容词有三个等级，即原级、比较级和最高级。1、表示两者“等同”时用原级，结构为：as原级as，表示“xx和xx一样”e.g. Are you as tall as your twin sister? 其否定形式结构为：notas原级as，表示“xx和xxx不一样”e.g. Im not as tall as you. 2、表示两者“比较”时用比较级，结构为：比较级than，表示“xx比xxx更” e

18、.g. Hes one year younger than me. 形容词比较级的构成规则： 一般在词尾加er e.g. taller，longer，stronger，younger 以字母e结尾，只加r e.g. latelater，nicenicer 以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i，再加er e.g. heavyheavier 双写末尾的辅音字母，再加er e.g. fatfatter，thinthinner，bigbigger 双音节和多音节词的比较级，在原级前加moree.g. more beautiful，more careful 不规则变化 e.g. good-better，many

19、/ much-more，far-farther，bad / ill-worse3、三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较，用形容词最高级。结构为：the + 形容词最高级 in/of等表示范围的短语，表示“最”。e.g. Autumn is the best season in New York.She is the tallest girl of our three.第7讲 副词1、副词是一种用来修饰动词或形容词的词，说明时间、程度、方式等概念。大多数副词都可以放在动词后面。e.g. dance beautifully，listen carefully，sit quietly，speak loudl

20、y，very happy2、副词的比较级变化规则与形容词比较级基本相同，以ly结尾的副词一般用more。e.g. more carefully ，more quietly第8讲 介词介词又叫前置词，是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间关系的词，它一般放在名词、代词（宾格）或动词（动词ing形式）前面。1、in 在里面。如：in the classroom in颜色，穿着颜色的衣服。如：Whos the man in white? in语言，用某种语言说。如：Whats this in English? 在上午、下午、晚上。如：in the morning，in the afternoon，in t

21、he evening 在年、月、季节前。如：in 2008，in August，in summer 在国家、城市和较大的地方前。如：in China，in Wuxi，in the playground 固定搭配。 如：in the middle of（在中间），do well in（擅长），in the day（在白天），take part in（参加），stay in bed（躺在床上），in the street（在街上）2、on在上面。 如：on the desk用在某一天（上、下午）前。如：on the 5th of May，on Sunday，on Monday morning以Da

22、y结尾的节日前。如： on Childrens Day，on New Years Day 固定搭配。如：on foot（步行），on duty（值日），put on（穿上），get on（上车）turn on（打开），on the right / left（在右边/左边），on the wall (在墙上)，on Zhongshan Road（在中山路上）注 意：树上长的水果用on the tree；不是树上长的外来物用in the tree。如：I can see a lot of apples on the tree. There is a boy in the tree. 3、at在某个

23、时刻前。如：at seven oclock在传统节日前。如：at Spring Festival，at Mid-Autumn Festival，at Christmas在较小的地点。如：at the bus stop固定搭配。如：at once（立刻，马上），be good at（擅长），look at（看），at home（在家），at school（在学校）, at weekends（在周末）, at the back of（在后部）, at night（在夜晚）4、under 在下面 如：There is a cat under the table.5、behind 在后面 如：Ther

24、e is an umbrella behind the door.6、near 靠近 如：There is a park near my house.7、beside 在旁边 如：The students are standing beside the teacher.8、next to 紧靠旁边 如：The teachers office is next to our classroom.9、before （时间上）在之前 如： before class（上课前）10、after （时间上）在之后；依照固定搭配： after class（课后），after school（放学后），look

25、after（照看），run after（追赶），read after me（跟我读）11、between 在两者之间 如：There are some trees between Building A and Building B.12、by 乘某种交通工具 如：by bus，by plane，by the way（顺便说一下）13、from be from = come from（来自） 如：Mr Smiths is/comes from Australia.fromto（从到）We go to school from Monday to Friday.14、to 到、去 如：Lets go

26、 to the zoo. 固定搭配：write to（给xx写信）15、about 关于；大约如: I want to buy a book about animals. Its about one kilometer away.16、for 为、给 如：Heres a letter for you. Whats for breakfast?固定搭配：look for （寻找），wait for（等候）17、with 与一起。如：Ill go shopping with my mother.具有某种特征。如：Whos the boy with big eyes?help. with. 在某方面

27、帮助某人 如： Can you help me with my English?play with. 和一起玩；拿玩 如：play with me，play with a yo-yo18、in front of 在前面 如：There is a tree in front of the classroom.in the front of 在前部 如：There is a blackboard in the front of the classroom.19、along 沿着，顺着 如：Go along this street.20、as 作为 如：What would you like as

28、a birthday present?21、out of 从出来；往之外 如：The dog is running out of the house.22、of 的，属于 如：a map of China ，a map of the world23、off 离开，在之外 如：keep off the grass（勿踏草坪)，get off（下车）24、up 向上 如：stand up（起立），pull up carrots（拔胡萝卜）25、down 向下 如：sit down（坐下）， jump up and down（上下跳）第9讲 数词1、基数词：表示数目多少。1one11eleven21

29、twenty-one2two12twelve22twenty-two3three13thirteen30thirty4four14fourteen40forty5five15fifteen50fifty6six16sixteen60sixty7seven17seventeen70seventy8eight18eighteen80eighty9nine19nineteen90ninety10ten20twenty100hundred注意：数字“0”可以读作“zero”，也可以读作字母“o”。2、序数词：表示顺序先后。1stfirst11theleventh21sttwenty-first2nds

30、econd12thtwelfth22ndtwenty-second3rdthird13ththirteenth30ththirtieth4thfourth14thfourteenth40thfortieth5thfifth15thfifteenth50thfiftieth6thsixth16thsixteenth60thsixtieth7thseventh17thseventeenth70thseventieth8theighth18theighteenth80theightieth9thninth19thnineteenth90thninetieth10thtenth20thtwentiet

31、h100thhundredth基数词变序数词记忆口诀：一、二、三，需要记，八去t，九省e，ve结尾时，f来代替，ty结尾时，y变ie，再加th，若是几十几，前基后序别忘记。第10讲 连词连词，顾名思义，是一种起连接作用的词。1、and “和”，表示并列关系。 如：There are some desks and chairs in the classroom. 2、but “但是”，表示转折关系。 如：You can skate well, but I cant .3、or “还是”，表示选择关系。 如：Would you like a glass of milk or a cup of te

32、a?注 意：在疑问句或否定句中，当表示并列关系时，不用and，而用or。 如：Do you have any brothers or sisters？I dont have any brothers or sisters. 4、than “比”，表示对比关系。 如：Su Hai jumps farther than Su Yang.5、because “因为”，表示因果关系。 如：I like summer best because I can go swimming.6、so “所以”，表示结果关系。 如：Helen was ill , so she didnt go to school y

33、esterday.第11讲 动词动词是表示动作或行为的词。按其词义和在句子中的作用可以分为连系动词、助动词、情态动词和行为动词。1、be动词（am，is，are） be动词做谓语时，要与主语在人称和数上保持一致。用法口诀: 我用am，你用are，is 用在他、她、它，复数全用are。 如：I am a teacher. You are a student. She is a nurse. We are Chinese. be动词的否定形式：am not(无缩写形式)，is notisnt，are not=arent 2、助动词(do，does，did) do，does用于一般现在时，does用

34、于第三人称单数，其他人称和数用do。其过去式did用于一般过去时。他们通常用在疑问句和否定句中。助动词后动词要用原形。如：Do you like this film? Does she like playing football?I didnt go to school yesterday. 否定形式：do not = dont，does not =doesnt，did not=didnt3、情态动词（can，may，must，should，will，would，shall等）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，表示“可能”，“可以”，“需要”，“必须”，“应当”等意思。情态动词没有人称

35、和数的变化，后面的动词要用原形。1）can和may都可以用来表示请求或允许，但may比can更正式，更客气些。如： Can I use your pen? May I come in？ 2）must和should must意为“必须，应当”，含有一种命令的语气，比较生硬，不容商量。 should意为“应当，应该”，表示建议或劝告，语气比较委婉，客气。 如：You must finish your homework before you go to bed. You should stay in bed and have a good rest. 3）will和would用于疑问句，表示说话人向

36、对方提出请求或询问，用would比will更委婉，更客气。如：Will you please open the window？ Would you like some coffee? 注意区别：Id like 我想要（接名词） 如：Id like some tea.Id like to 我想要做（接动词原形）如：Id like to go with you.I like 我喜欢（接名词或动名词）如：I like monkeys. I like reading.4） shall 在问句中表示征求对方的意见，主要用于第一人称。如：Shall we go there by bus?5）否定形式：ca

37、nt，may not，mustnt，shouldnt，wouldnt，shall not4、行为动词行为动词也叫实意动词，是具有实际意义的动词。如run（跑）, jump（跳），listen（听）,sing（唱）,eat（吃）,think（想）等。行为动词在句子中有人称和时态的变化。在英语中，不同时间里发生的动作或存在的状态，需要用不同的动词形式来表现，这就叫时态。一 般 现 在 时 一般过去时 现在进行时 一般将来时第12讲 一般现在时1、定义：表示经常发生或习惯性的动作、状态。句中通常有usually，often，every day，sometimes，always，at weekends

38、，on Sundays等表示经常性时间的短语。 2、构成：1）当谓语是be动词时，一般现在时的构成：主语be动词其他如：I am a student. He is Jims father. They are from Japan.2）当谓语是行为动词时，一般现在时的构成：主语（非第三人称单数）动词原形其他如：I often watch TV at the weekends. Mr Green and Mrs Green like collecting stamps.主语（第三人称单数）动词的第三人称单数形式其他如：Jim usually visits his grandparents on S

39、undays. She sometimes goes to the park with her mother. 3、动词三单形式的变化规则： 一般情况下，直接加s 如：read-reads，swim-swims 以s，x，sh，ch，o结尾，加es 如：wash-washes，watch-watches，do-does 以辅音字母y结尾，变y为i，再加es 如：study-studies，fly-flies 不规则变化 如：have-has4、一般现在时的句型转换：肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答They watch TVevery day.They dont watch TVevery day.

40、Do they watch TV every day?Yes, they do. / No, they dont.She watches TVevery day.She doesnt watchTV every day. Does she watch TV every day?Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.第13讲 现在进行时1、定义：表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。句中常有now，look，listen等词。如：I am washing clothes now. Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree. Listen! J

41、ane is singing in the music room.2、构成：be动词（am/is/are）+ 动词现在分词（V-ing）3、动词现在分词构成： 一般是在动词原形后加ing 如：read-reading，drink-drinking，eat-eating，look-looking 以不发音的e结尾的动词，去掉e，再加ing 如：write-writing，make-making，ride-riding，take-taking 以重读闭音节结尾，如末尾只有一个辅音字母，要双写这个字母，再加ing 如：sit-sitting，swim-swimming，put-putting，run

42、-running，stop-stopping，get-getting，begin-beginning，jog-jogging，forget-forgetting4、动名词其实就是动词的现在分词，它既有名词性质（可作主语），又有动词性质（可带宾语）。如：Asking the wayMy hobby is collecting stamps.He is good at skating. 5、现在进行时的句型转换：肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答He is running now.He isnt running now. Is he running now?Yes, he is. / No, he is

43、nt. They are making a puppet.They arent making a puppet. Are they making a puppet?Yes, they are. / No, they arent.第14讲 一般过去时1、定义：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如：a moment ago，just now，yesterday，last week，this morning等。如：My brother often went to school by bike last term.The watch was beside the d

44、iary a moment ago.I watched the moon and ate the moon cakes last Mid-Autumn Festival.Jim went to the supermarket yesterday.2、构成：主语动词的过去式其他3、动词过去式的变化规则： 一般在动词原形末尾加ed 如：play-played，listen-listened，look-looked 结尾是e的动词，加d 如：live-lived，like-liked，taste-tasted 辅音字母y结尾的动词，变y为i，再加ed 如：study-studied，carry-ca

45、rried，cry-cried 末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母，再加ed 如：stop-stopped，plan-planned 不规则变化 如：am/is-wasare-werehave/has-haddo-didgo-wentsit-sattell-toldsee-sawget-gotmake-madegive-gaveread-readbuy-boughtcome-camedraw-dreweat-atefly-flewmeet-metput-putrun-ransay-saidsing-sangswim-swamtake-took4、一般过去时的句型转换肯定句否定

46、句一般疑问句及回答He watched TV yesterday.He didnt watch TV yesterday. Did he watch TV yesterday?Yes, he did. / No, he didnt.They played games just now.They didnt play games just now. Did they play games just now?Yes, they did. / No, they didnt.第15讲 一般将来时1、定义：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态，以及打算、计划或准备某事。句中一般含有表示将来的时间状语，如：to

47、morrow morning，next week，this afternoon等表示将来的时间状语。2、构成： be gong to +动词原形 如：I am going to see a Beijing opera tomorrow.We are going to meet at bus stop at half past ten.Dad and I are going to see a Beijing opera this afternoon. will +动词原形 如：They will go swimming this afternoon.3、be going to 和will 区别：

48、 be going to表示经过事先安排、打算或决定要做的事情，基本上一定会发生；will则表示有可能去做，但不一定发生，也常表示说话人的临时决定。如：I am going to take part in a party this evening.They are cleaning the library now. Ill go and join them.be going to表示近期或眼下就要发生的事情；will表示的将来时间则较远一些。如：He is going to write a letter tomorrow. I will meet her one day. be going t

49、o还可以用来表示有迹象表明某件事将要发生，常用于天气等自然现象。如：Look! Its going to rain.4、一般将来时句型转换：肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答She is going to have a picnic tomorrow.She isnt going to have a picnic tomorrow.Is she going to have a picnic tomorrow?Yes, she is. / No, she isnt.They will go swimming this afternoon.They will not(wont) go swimming

50、this afternoon.Will they go swimming this afternoon?Yes, they will. / No, they wont.第16讲 句法1、陈述句说明事实或陈述说话人观点的句子。基本结构：主语谓语其他1）肯定陈述句 We all like pandas very much.2）否定陈述句 He doesnt do housework at weekends3）肯定陈述句改否定陈述句一般是在be动词或情态动词后加not。Mary was at school yesterday. Mary was not at school yesterday.I c

51、an make a model plane. I can not make a model plane.不含be动词或情态动词的，行为动词前要用助动词的否定式（dont，doesnt，didnt），后面跟动词的原形。He likes drawing pictures.He doesnt like drawing pictures.I went to the park yesterday. I didnt go to the park yesterday.4）陈述句改一般疑问句有be动词或情态动词的，把be动词或情态动词提前。 Mary was at school yesterday. Was

52、Mary at school yesterday? I can make a model plane. Can you make a model plane?不含be动词或情态动词的句子，借助助动词开头，动词还原成原形。 He likes drawing pictures.Does he like drawing pictures. I went to the park yesterday. Did you go to the park yesterday?2、疑问句用来提出问题，询问情况的句子，末尾用问号。1）一般疑问句：一般疑问句常用来询问一件事是否属实，通常以be动词，助动词或情态动词开

53、头，用yes或no来回答，因此又叫是非疑问句，通常读升调。Is Mr Green from the UK? Yes，he is. / No，he isnt.Do you have any hobbies? Yes，I do. / No，I dont.Can you play the guitar? Yes，I can. / No，I cant.2）特殊疑问句：以特殊疑问词引导，要求回答具体问题，不能用yes或no来回答。How do you go to work every day? I go to work by car.3）选择疑问句：提供两种或两种以上情况，让对方选择，往往用or连接。W

54、ould you like some tea or coffee? Some coffee, please.4）反意疑问句：反意疑问句是由陈述句和附在其后的附加疑问句组成。Its a fine day, isnt it? Yes ,it is.3、祈使句表示请求或命令别人做某事或不做某事。1）用于第二人称，通常省略you。肯定祈使句：Open the door, please. 否定祈使句：Dont be late again.2）用于第一人称和第三人称，通常以let（let后跟宾格）或shall开头。Let me have a look. Lets play a game now. Let

55、him go home now.Shall we meet at one thirty in front of the Garden Theatre?4、感叹句表达喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾常用感叹号（!），语气用降调。1）what + 名词或名词性短语 What a big garden (it is)!What an interesting storybook (it is) !What lovely weather (it is)!What pretty girls (they are)!2）how +形容词或副词主语动词How nice!How beautiful the flowers

56、 are!How tall Yao Ming is!5、there be 句型 表示在某地有某人或某物。1）主语是单数，be动词用is(was)；主语是复数，be动词用are(were)。There is some milk in the fridge.There are some peaches in the basket.2）如果有几个不同的人或物并列存在，be动词根据最靠近的那个名词而定。There is a ruler and five knives in the pencil case.There are five knives and a ruler in the pencil case.3）there be句型和have/has区别：there be句型表示某地有某人或某物；have/has表示某人有某物。has用于第三人称单数，其余人称和数用have。There are some English books on the desk.I have some English books.