雾霾外文及翻译(共8页)

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上原文The research of haze governance issuesMarkus HAbstractHaze is PM2.5 particles floating in the atmosphere such as dust, aerosol particles, in certain humidity, temperature and other weather conditions have relatively stable state of the weather phenomenon. Fog disaster, is the result o

2、f air pollution for a long time. How to control air pollution is one of the urgent problems facing mankind. Haze weather mainly is the development pattern, caused by the unreasonable industrial structure and energy structure, its roots in the fossil energy, also is a coal burning, one is the fuel, a

3、nother way is more extensive, a large amount of pollutant discharge, the main reasons include the atmospheric air pressure is low. The ground dust, which is low humidity of the air, the ground and car flow make stir up dust. Automobile exhaust is haze is a factor, as well as the factory produce seco

4、ndary pollution, etc. This paper mainly studies the typical haze literature is reviewed, mainly analyzes the cause of the haze and fog governance countermeasures and Suggestions. And from the Angle of theoretical analysis, draw lessons from the intermediate microeconomic theory, gives the utility ma

5、ximization to maximize the net income and social levels of smog pollution. Finally, pointed out the direction of further research, the root cause of the haze in the future the main empirical research is prospected.Keywords: Haze; Literature review; Control measures; Experience1 IntroductionStudies h

6、ave shown that recent strong fog weather is atmospheric stability, man-made pollutants, together with the abundant water vapor and dust, is a natural factors and human factors combined action of environmental pollution event. Because of air flow and the location of the adjacent, fog inevitable penet

7、ration, diffusion, etc., no country, which city can escape in the fog haze covered large area. All over the world have taken place in different levels of smog event, such a beautiful environment of the country, including Singapore there were different degrees of haze weather, other are Malaysia, Ind

8、ia and other countries, has caused extensive concern of the people all over the world. In todays increasingly social and economic development, people pay more and more attention to the surrounding environment. Environment not only affects the future development of the foundation, also affects people

9、s health. Not assured labor health, human resources required for further economic development becomes madras reflected. In meteorology, due to a large number of tiny drops of water floating in the air, make the horizontal visibility is less than 1. 0 km is called fog; Due to the small dry dust parti

10、cles floating in the air, make the horizontal visibility less than 10. 0 km called haze, sometimes called gray haze. A mixture of both is called smog. And our main object of governance is haze, fog and some relatively minor. In spite of the fog day also affect the safety of people travel, but compar

11、ed with haze caused by environmental problems will soon be much less. 2 Literature review Through the study of resource and environmental economics as we know, command type governance mechanism is often low efficiency. Just use command control such highly regulative tools, not well play the role of

12、reducing smog. Thailands case study is pointed out that the failure mode of one size fits all is not considering the regional heterogeneity, complexity and burning ash motivations behind, so the author suggests the experiences of the local case study should be extended to planning and policy process

13、, strengthen the autonomy of local government, strengthen inter-regional cooperation. British scholars conducted more detailed research, analysis of the composition problem of ash haze, the haze formation mechanism have a more clear understanding. They think the ash haze weather than the ash haze we

14、ather, the particle concentration increases; the amount of water soluble inorganic ions in the particulate matter also increases. To study the water soluble components of air particulates can understand the crucial factor for the formation of urban haze. In the process of case analysis in cities, th

15、ey think that plays a main role in the process of particulate matter is the automobile exhaust emissions .Through the study of particulate matter, 11 different diameter range is grey haze and the ash haze days, the range of particles in the water soluble inorganic analysis which inorganic on most af

16、fected by the formation of haze. They also corrected the previous definition of haze, only pay attention to the visibility of the past, do not emphasize the humidity, the humidity have important influence on the formation and continuation of haze. Gray haze is visibility less than 10 km and humidity

17、 less than 90% of the weather. The results of the empirical analysis: gray haze days PM1. 8 / PM10 is very high, the value of the correlation is mainly due to the coarse particles from the surface is faster than the newly formed fine particles disperse, reinforce the stability of the weather, and th

18、in boundary layer phenomenon. Particle distribution in the ash haze days than higher ash haze days peak, 3.2-5.6 microns thick particle peak than 0. 56-1. 0 mu m fine particulate matter is higher. Due to the sampling time in April, a relatively high wind speed can also help road dust suspended. Root

19、, nitrate, ammonium sulfate ions is in the haze formation. High humidity helps to form droplets of particulate matter. October is the main source of particulate matter after corn harvest biomass burning (high ash content of inorganic ion content).Potassium as clouds freezing nuclei for low exothermi

20、c and visibility has significant effect. Suspension of road dust, soil dust, construction dust is mainly is the source of calcium and magnesium ions.PM1. 8 and PM10 in the root, nitrate and ammonium sulfate in the ash haze days more, the reason is that relatively high humidity sulfur dioxide, nitrog

21、en oxide and ammonia after the rapid transformation of multi-phase reaction. Nitrate and sulfuric acid root material proportion can be used as a pollution from non-point pollution or mobile pollution index, because the car exhaust emissions more nitrogen, and sulfur more come from the combustion of

22、coal. And researchers say the ash haze weather is the main reason is that the initial gas pollutants rapidly into inorganic ion lead to PM 2.5 of explosive growth, especially the burning of fossil fuels and emissions increased nix formation; Metal ions are oxidation catalysts, nitrogen dioxide in th

23、e process of sulfur dioxide into sulfate also played the role of catalyst, inorganic sulfide, nitride ions increased the formation of haze. External reason is that strong cold air and geographical unusual cycle of atmospheric conditions. Air pollution reduce atmospheric oxidation ability enhancement

24、, visibility, worsening environment quality. The conversion process between pollution source and sediment is very complex, jointly affect the environment. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide is mainly comes from fossil fuel combustion and emissions, combustion and emissions of nitroge

25、n oxides of sulfur dioxide into sulfate has important role. In addition, continuous gray haze weather, also with the geography and atmospheric environment is related to stop the spread of the contaminant. Ash haze weather low pressure accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, high temperature and high

26、 humidity, low wind speed, atmospheric boundary layer is too thin, advection is the more common form, sharply reduce pollutant dispersion in space, leading to regional concentrations of pollutants, makes the ash haze last a long time.3 Empirical study of haze pollution control3.1 Industrial pollutio

27、n One is strictly punish illegal emissions. The United States has a strict punishment measures to deal with illegal emissions. California related laws and regulations, such as illegal emissions will be fined for enterprise, the maximum fine of $50000 a day, a fine time from illegal emissions to meet

28、 the requirements of the rectification of the day., in addition to the fine and confiscation of illegal income of economic benefits, environmental damage will have civil action and public interest litigation shall be investigated for compensation, the most severe punishment corporate business licens

29、e is revoked, greatly improve the illegal cost of enterprises. The second is the environmental permit system differentiation, dynamic. Finlands third largest city tampered according to specific emission situation of each enterprise all kinds of industry pollution permits standard. Supervision person

30、nel and enterprise technical personnel repeated negotiations, and seek the opinions of the stakeholder groups, through consultation and discussion for apply to specific enterprises of tradable permits.3.2 Industry planningSingapore government requires more closely with industry layout must be with t

31、he environmental planning, industrial zone should be the next direction and away from the original ecological system. In addition, the Singapore for each specific area of the environmental function zoning, issued a detailed environmental quality standard system, and set up strict emission standards

32、for industrial projects. The second is through central heating co-generation implementation. In Finland, nearly all towns and densely are populated area by way of cogeneration central heating. Distributed in all parts of the country of the thermal power plant USES waste heat power generation heating

33、 water, to provide customers with central heating and washing with hot water. Each residential area of central heating automatic control center can be adjusted according to the variation of outdoor temperature heating temperature. In the backwater heating pipe heating by central heating pipelines be

34、ing sent back to the thermal power plant, the implementation recycled after use. Sweden is one of the Arctic Circle, heating relationship both quality of life, and is related to energy consumption and environmental pollution. Swedens most residential area and office building use central heating, hea

35、ting facilities often have outdoor sensor head. Indoor temperature is assumed in a certain temperature, the amount of heating central heating as the outdoor temperature change and adjustment, this makes the indoor temperature of Sweden basic maintained people living needs temperature all the year ro

36、und. Sweden department specifically set up energy consultant in local governments, to help the families of different design different scheme of energy use, including heating, to minimize household spending, and at the same time protect the environment.3.3 The city planningThan the Swedish city of Ha

37、ma residents must sign an ecological environmental contracts to check-in, fully embodies the Hama than the concept of ecological city. Motor vehicle pollution, and first is the control of motor vehicle pollution. Motor vehicle pollution is a complicated problem, and at a deeper level of traffic plan

38、ning and urban space layout. Singapore through the tax policy, vehicle quota system, fuel quality standards, complete inspection maintenance system, regional passport and a series of system; Road congestion charges; Bus service, establish and improve a variety of preferential encouraging public tran

39、sit; Prospective of the comprehensive traffic planning is a series of measures such as comprehensive governance of motor vehicle pollution. Second is to promote clean vehicles and product technology and measures. Los Angeles city government vigorously promotes clean vehicle technology and product to

40、 cut pollution. In addition, by tax and tax incentives to promote transportation electrification, promote the use of a hybrid car. Third is to encourage low carbon travel. Hama, its residents are encouraged to use bicycles, electric cars and buses and other low-carbon way to travel.译文雾霾治理问题研究Markus

41、H摘要雾霾是漂浮大气中的PM2.5等尺寸微粒、粉尘、气溶胶等粒子，在一定的湿度、温度等天气条件相对稳定状态下产生的天气现象。雾霾灾害，是大气长期污染造成的结果。如何治理大气污染，是全人类面临急需解决的问题之一。雾霾天气主要是发展方式粗放、产业结构和能源结构不尽合理造成的，其根源还在化石能源，一个是烧煤，一个是燃油，另外发展方式比较粗放，排放了大量的污染物， 主要原因包括：大气空气气压低。 地面灰尘大，空气湿度低，地面的人和车流动使灰尘搅动起来。汽车尾气是是雾霾的一个因素，以及工厂制造出的二次污染等。本文主要对代表性的雾霾研究文献进行了综述，主要分析了当前雾霾的成因和雾霾治理的对策建议。并从理论

42、分析的视角，借鉴中级微观经济理论，给出了效用最大化和社会净收益最大化的雾霾污染水平。最后通过指出进一步研究的方向，对未来雾霾主要成因的实证研究进行了展望。关键词: 雾霾; 文献综述; 治理措施；经验1 引言研究表明，最近的强雾霾天气是大气稳定、人为污染物排放、丰富水汽和浮尘共同作用的结果，是一次自然因素与人为因素共同作用的环境污染事件。由于空气的流动与区位的相邻，雾霾必然会发生渗透、扩散等，没有哪个国家，哪个城市可以在雾霾笼罩的大区域里独善其身。世界各地都发生了不同程度的雾霾事件，包括新加坡这样的环境优美的国家，都出现了不同程度的雾霾天气，其他还有马来西亚，印度等国家，引起了各国人民的广泛关注

43、。在社会经济日益发展的今天，人们越来越重视周边的环境。环境不仅影响到未来发展的基础，还影响着人们的健康。劳动力的健康得不到保证，经济进一步发展所需的人力资源就变成无源之水。在气象学上，把由于大量微小水滴浮于空中，使水平能见度小于 1. 0km 的称为雾; 由于细微干尘粒浮于空中，使水平能见度小于 10. 0km 的称为霾，有时形象的称之为灰霾。两者的混合就是通常所说的雾霾。而我们要治理的主要对象是霾，而雾相对次要一些。尽管大雾天也影响人们的安全出行，但比起霾所引起的环境问题就要逊色的多。2 文献综述通过资源与环境经济学的学习我们知道，命令型的治理机制往往效率较低。仅仅利用命令控制这样高度规制性

44、的工具，不能很好地起到减少雾霾的作用。Edsel E.在泰国清迈的案例研究中指出“一刀切”的模式失败之处在于未考虑各地区的异质性、复杂性和灰分燃烧的背后动因，因此作者建议应将本地案例研究中的经验推广到计划和政策的制定过程中，巩固本地政府的自治权利，加强跨区域的合作。英国学者进行了更细致的研究，分析了灰霾的组分问题，对雾霾的形成机制有一个更清晰的认识。他们认为灰霾天气比非灰霾天气，颗粒物集中度增加，颗粒物中的水溶性无机物离子量也增加。研究空气颗粒物的水溶性成分可以了解城市灰霾形成的关键因素。在城市案例分析中，他们认为颗粒物形成过程中起主要作用的是汽车尾气排放。通过研究11 种不同直径范围的颗粒物

45、，比较灰霾天和非灰霾天颗粒物中水溶性无机物的分布范围，分析哪种无机物对雾霾形成的影响最大。他们还纠正了以往对霾的定义，过去只注重可视度，并不强调湿度，而湿度对霾的形成和延续有重大影响。灰霾指的是可视性低于 10 公里且湿度小于 90%的天气状况。实证分析的结果: 灰霾天 PM1. 8/PM10 的值相关性非常高，主要是由于来自地层表面的粗颗粒物比新形成的细颗粒物消散的快，稳定的天气和薄边界层强化了这一现象。灰霾天的颗粒物分布范围比非灰霾天峰值更高，3. 2 5. 6m 的粗颗粒物峰值要比 0. 56 1. 0m 的细颗粒物更高。由于采样时间在四月，相对较高的风速也有助于道路灰尘悬浮。硫酸根、硝

46、酸、铵离子是在霾中形成。高湿度有助于形成液滴的颗粒物。十月是玉米收获后颗粒物的主要来源(高灰分的无机离子含量)。钾为低放热和云冻结核有显著的影响。道路灰尘、土壤尘、建筑粉尘主要是钙和镁。PM1.8和PM10在根、硝酸和硫酸铵的灰霾天多,原因是相对较高的湿度二氧化硫、氮氧化物和氨在多相反应的快速转换。硝酸和硫酸根材料比例可以用作污染点源污染或移动污染指数,因为汽车尾气排放更多的氮、硫多来自煤炭的燃烧。和研究人员说,灰霾天气的主要原因是,初始气体污染物迅速转化为无机离子导致PM 2.5的爆炸性增长,特别是化石燃料的燃烧和排放增加尼克斯的形成;金属离子氧化催化剂,硫酸二氧化氮二氧化硫进入的过程中硫酸

47、根也起到了催化剂的作用,无机无机硫,氮化硅离子增加霾的形成。外部原因是强冷空气和地理不寻常的大气条件的循环。空气污染减少大气氧化能力增强,可见性、环境质量恶化。污染源和沉积物之间的转换过程是非常复杂的,共同影响环境。二氧化硫、氮氧化物和一氧化碳主要来自化石燃料燃烧和排放、燃烧和硫酸的氮氧化物排放的二氧化硫进入具有重要作用。此外,连续灰霾天气,还与地理环境和大气环境阻止污染物的传播有关。灰霾天气低压大气污染物的积累、高温度、高湿度、低风速、大气边界层太薄,平流更常见,大幅减少污染物分散在空间,导致区域污染物的浓度,使灰霾持续很长时间。3实证研究的霾污染控制3.1工业污染一是严格惩罚非法排放。美国

48、应对非法排放的严格的惩罚措施。加利福尼亚市有关法律规定,如非法排放企业将被罚款,最高罚款50000元一天,此外,除了罚款和没收违法所得的经济效益,环境损害民事诉讼和公益诉讼追究赔偿,最严重的惩罚企业营业执照被吊销,大大提高企业的违法成本。第二个是环境许可证系统分化,动态的。芬兰的第三大城市根据每个企业的具体排放情况各种行业污染许可标准。监管人员和企业技术人员反复协商,寻求利益相关者团体的意见,通过协商和讨论适用于特定企业可交易的许可。3.2产业规划新加坡政府需要更紧密地与产业布局必须与环境规划，工业园区应该成为下一个方向,远离原来的生态系统。此外,根据新加坡的每个特定区域环境功能区划,发布了一

49、份详细的环境质量标准体系,并建立严格的排放标准的工业项目。第二是通过集中供暖热联产的实施。在芬兰,几乎所有的城镇和人口密集区都采用热电联产集中供热的方式。分布在全国各地的火力发电厂使用废热发电供热水,为顾客提供暖气和热水洗涤。每个小区集中供热自动控制中心可以根据室外温度的变化调整加热温度。在回水加热管加热暖气管道被送回火力发电厂,实现回收后使用。瑞典是北极圈之一,生命的加热质量的关系,能源消耗和环境污染有关。瑞典的大多数居民区和办公楼使用中央供暖系统,供暖设施经常有户外传感器头。假定室内温度在一定温度,加热暖气的数量随着室外温度的变化和调整,这使得瑞典的室内温度基本维持人们生活需要的温度一年到

50、头。瑞典部门专门在当地政府,建立能源顾问帮助的家庭能源使用的不同设计不同的方案,包括加热,减少家庭支出,同时保护环境。3.3城市规划比瑞典哈马市居民必须签署一个生态环境签到合同,充分体现了哈马比生态城市的概念。机动车污染,首先是机动车污染防治。机动车污染是一个复杂的问题,更深层次的交通规划和城市空间布局。新加坡通过税收政策、车辆配额系统、燃料质量标准,完整的检查维护系统,区域的护照和一系列的系统;道路拥堵收费;公共汽车服务,建立和完善各种优惠鼓励公共交通;潜在的综合交通规划等一系列措施综合治理机动车污染。二是促进清洁汽车和产品技术和措施。洛杉矶市政府狠抓清洁汽车技术和产品来减少污染。此外,通过税收和税收优惠政策,促进交通电气化,推广使用混合动力汽车。第三是鼓励低碳旅游。哈马,鼓励居民使用自行车、电动汽车和公共汽车和其他低碳的出行方式。专心-专注-专业