高中英语动词不定式2

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1、动词不定式一、动词不定式的特征和种类动词不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。A 不定式的一般式 不定式的一般式表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。 He appears to be very happy. 他看起来好像很高兴。（同时发生） To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 为了赶上火车，我们最好赶紧乘出租车去车站。（to catch the train发生在hurry to the station之后）B不定式的进行式 不定式的进行式表示正在进行

2、的或与谓语动词同时发生的动作。 It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到达那里的时候，天碰巧在下雨。C 不定式的完成式 不定式的完成式表示的动作在谓语表示的动作之前发生。 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的钥匙弄丢了。D 不定式的完成进行式 不定式的完成进行式表示的动作在谓语之前发生并且一直进行着。 He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 据说他在伦敦一直住了20年。 比较： 不定式的时态意义。 He is said t

3、o be studying abroad. 据说他正在国外读书。（不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行） He is said to have studied abroad. 据说他在国外学习过。（不定式的完成式表示动作已经结束）E 不定式的被动形式 当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式表示的动作的承受者时，不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式根据其与谓语动作发生的先后关系，有一般式和完成时两种。1一般式 to be done These are the books to be given out to the students. 这些是要发给学生的书。 2完成式 to have been done

4、 The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 据说这部小说已被译成多种语言。F. 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式构成。 We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天气不好，我们决定不出去。 注意：谓语动词的否定和不定式的否定不同的意义 I did not promise to wake him up. 我没有答应叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答应了不叫醒他。二、动词不定式

5、的用法动词不定式除了不能单独作谓语外，几乎能担任句子中所有的句子成分。A动词不定式作主语 不定式具有名词的特征，可在句子中充当主语。 1不定式短语在句首作主语 To say is one thing and to do is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness one can get. 爱与被爱是一个人能获得的最大幸福。 2用it作形式主语 在很多情况下，人们通常用it作为形式上的主语，而把不定式移到谓语之后，使句子结构显得平稳一些。 Its rude to turn your ba

6、ck to your teacher and refuse to answer. 背对着老师，拒绝回答问题是不礼貌的。 注意： 当主语和表语都是不定式时，不能用形式主语代替动词不定式。 To respect others is to be respected. 尊重别人就是尊重自己。B 动词不定式作表语 不定式作表语可以说明主语的具体内容或表示目的。 His wish is to become an astronaut. 他的愿望是成为一名宇航员。 注意： 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的。 She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。C 动词不定式作宾语 不定

7、式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语，也可以充当but和except等介词的宾语以及形容词的宾语。 1作动词的宾语 不定式可以充当部分及物动词的宾语。 Father likes to listen to music in silence. 父亲喜欢静静地听音乐。 必背： 可接不定式作宾语的动词有： afford负担得起 agree 同意 aim以为目标 ask 要求 attempt 尝试 begin 开始 care喜爱 choose决定 continue 继续 decide 决定 desire 要求 determine决心 expect 期待 fail不能 forget 忘记 hate不愿 hope

8、希望、 ntend 打算 manage设法 mean 打算 offer表示愿意 plan 计划 prefer 宁愿 pretend 假装 promise 答应 refuse 拒绝 remember记起 try努力 want 想要 wish希望 在feel, find, make, think, consider等动词后，如果宾语带有宾语补足语时，人们常常用it作形式宾语，而把真实宾语放在宾语补足语之后。 I found it possible to work out the problem without a computer. 我发现有可能不用计算机而解出这道题目。 She made it

9、a rule to get up at five. 她养成了五点起床的习惯。 在表示“希望、打算”等动词（如hope, expect, intend, mean, want等）的过去式后，可接动词不定式的完成式来表示没有实现的动作。 I had intended to call on you. 我原想来拜访你的。 I had expected to meet him here last night. 我原以为昨天晚上能在这里见到他的。 We had meant to stay there a week. 我们原打算在那儿呆一个星期的。2作介词的宾语 不定式可以作介词but和except的宾语。

10、 He had no choice but to sit there as usual. 他没有什么选择，只好像往常一样坐在那儿。 There is nothing we can do but wait patiently. 我们只能耐心等待。3作形容词的宾语 不定式作形容词的宾语有两种句型，一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语，另一个是句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语。这类形容词有able, afraid, angry, anxious, careful, clever, content, cruel, determined, disappointed, eager

11、, foolish, fortunate, frightened, happy, impatient, glad, lucky, naughty, prepared, proud, ready, slow, shocked, sorry, surprised, willing等。 I am sorry to say that he is going from bad to worse. 很遗憾，他的情况每况愈下 She was not content to live a quiet life in a small town. 她不满足在一个小镇里过默默无闻的生活。 句子的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语

12、。这类形容词有easy, hard, cheap, expensive, dangerous, difficult, funny, fit, impossible, interesting, nice, pleasant, simple, strange, useful等。 This problem is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。 The water is not fit to drink. 这水不适于饮用。 She is hard to get along with. 她这个人很难相处。 注意：在这种结构中，如果不定式是不及物动词，则必须加上结构或含义所需的介词。

13、The river is dangerous to swim in. 在这条河里游泳很危险。 A spring mattress is comfortable to sleep on. 席梦思床垫睡上去很舒服。D 动词不定式作宾语补足语 不定式可以在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”句型中充当宾语补足语。在这一句型中，宾语是动词不定式的逻辑主语。1在表示感觉的动词后作宾语补足语，并且不定式都不带to。这类动词有：see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe, look at, listen to等。 I heard them sing yesterday. 昨天

14、我听见他们唱歌了。 注意：转为被动语态时，原不带to的不定式要变成带to的不定式。notice和watch没有被动语态。 We saw the car stop. The car was seen to stop. 我们看见这辆车停了下来。n 2在使役动词后作宾语补足语，不定式不带to。 这类动词有：make, let, have等。转为被动语态时，其后通常都用带to的不定式（have没有被动语态）。 有些动词跟不定式作宾语补足语时省去了to，这些动词有： 一感二听三让四观看。 一感：feel 二听：hear,listen to 三让：let,have,make 四观看：observe,see

15、,watch.,look at What would you have me do 你要我做什么？ She made him give up smoking. 她让他戒了烟。3在表示心理状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove等。这类动词后的不定式通常是“to be+形容词或名词”结构，think, consider, find后的to be常可省略。 We consider him (to be) a good teacher. 我们认为他是一个好老师

16、。 He proved that theory (to be) very important. 他证明那个理论是很重要的。4在表示情感状态的动词后作宾语补足语。这类动词有：love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect等。 Id prefer you to leave him alone. 我希望你不要打扰他。 I dont want there to be any trouble. 我不想有任何麻烦。5动词advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help,

17、 encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order, warn, cause等后面，多接不定式短语作宾语补足语。 We dont allow such things to happen again. 我们不容许这种事情再发生。 Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke. 大多数父母都同意禁止自己的孩子抽烟。 She asked me to answer the phone in her absence. 她请我在她不在的时候接电话。 Please remind m

18、e to leave her this note. 请提醒我留给她这张纸条。 She requested him to go with her. 她邀请他一同去。 注意：hope, demand, suggest等动词后面不能接不定式作宾语补足语。 【误】I hope you to give me a hand. 【正】I hope you can give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 【正】I wish you to give me a hand. 我希望你能帮我一把。 【误】He demanded me to be present at the meeting. 【正】He

19、 demanded that we should be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。 【正】He required us to be present at the meeting. 他要求我们出席会议。 【误】Mr Li suggested her not to go there alone. 【正】 Mr Li suggested that she should not go there alone. 李先生建议她不要独自去那里。6动词不定式也可作一些短语动词的宾语补足语。 Im waiting for James to arrive. 我正等着詹姆斯

20、的到来。 Hes arranged for a car to pick them up at the station. 他已安排了一辆汽车去车站接他们。 The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire. 联合国号召交战双方遵守停火协定。E 动词不定式作定语 不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后，和被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系和修饰关系。1主谓关系 The future to greet us will be bright. 我们的未来会十分美好的。 He is always the first pe

21、rson to come and the last one to leave. 他总是第一个来最后一个离开。 The next train to arrive was from New York. 下一列到站的火车是从纽约开来的。2动宾关系 On Sundays, he always has a lot of letters to write. 星期天，他总是有许多信要写 The teacher left us a lot of problems to solve. 老师给我们留了许多道题要解答。 He can find no one to make friends with. 他找不到可交朋

22、友的人。 注意：由于动词不定式与其修饰的词之间往往有动宾关系，因此，如果该不定式是不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。 She has a child to take care of. 她有一个孩子要照看。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。3同位关系 He broke his promise to write to his parents regularly. 他没有遵守诺言定期给他父母亲写信。 We students should have the courage to face any difficulty. 我们学生应该有勇气面对任何困难。4

23、修饰关系 Now it is time to begin our class. 现在是上课的时间了。 I need somewhere to take a nap. 我需要一个地方打个盹。F 动词不定式作状语 不定式作状语可以表示行为的目的、结果、原因、条件等。1表示目的 Im saving up to buy a computer. 我在存钱买电脑。 To save the child, he laid down his life. 为了救那个孩子，他献出了生命。 注意：有时为了强调或突出这种目的，也可以用in order (not) to do,和so as (not) to do结构（s

24、o as to do不可以置于句首）。 2表示结果 He got to the station only to find the train had gone. 他赶到车站，发现火车已经开走了。 After the meeting, they parted, never to see each other again. 散会后，他们分手了，从此再也没有见面。 必背：不定式表示结果常见于下列句型。 1） so . as to do Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle 把你的自行车借给我好吗？ 2） such . as to do We

25、are not such fools as to believe him. 我们还没蠢到竟会相信他。 3） enough to do He didnt run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快, 没赶上火车。 4） only to do He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸自己的脚。 5） too . to do His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters. 她的视力太差了，不能看这么小的字。 注意：too.to.结

26、构中的形容词如果是eager, pleased, happy, ready等，动词不定式不表示结果，也没有否定的意思。 The boy was too eager to get a geography book. 那个男孩非常急切地想要得到一本地理书。 He is too anxious to know the examination results. 他很急切地想知道考试结果。 3表示原因 I was a fool not to listen to you at that time. 我当时不听你的话，真是傻瓜。 She wept to find him in such a difficul

27、t situation. 看到他处于这么困难的情形，她哭了。 4表示条件 A man would be blind not to see that. 一个人如果看不到这点，那他就是瞎子。 How can you catch the train to start so late 这么晚才动身，你怎么能赶上火车？三、动词不定式的几种常见结构A不定式的复合结构动词不定式的逻辑主语（即不定式动作的执行者）通常是句子的主语或宾语。如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语，此时一般用“for + 名词（代词）+ 不定式”来构成不定式的复合结构，这种复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。 This b

28、ox is too heavy for the little boy to carry. 这个箱子让这个小男孩来搬太重了。 Thats for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。 He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。 I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。 Bbe + 不定式结构 “be + 不定式”结构可以表示将来发生的动作，常有以下两种情况： 1表示命令和指示 The room is to be locked. 这房间要上锁。 You are not to stand here.

29、你不能站在这里。 2表示计划或安排 We are to begin the work next month. 我们安排下一个月开始这项工作。 Whats to be done next 下一步该怎么办？C疑问词 + 不定式结构 疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why后加动词不定式构成不定式短语，它在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。 I dont know whether to go to the meeting or not. 我不知道要不要去开会。 The problem was how to get rid of the waste thrown b

30、y the passengers. 问题是如何处理乘客们丢弃的垃圾。 When to visit the Palace Museum has not been decided yet. 何时参观故宫博物院还没有决定。Dwithwithout + 名词 + 不定式结构 “withwithout + 名词 + 不定式”结构在句子中通常起状语的作用。 With so much work to do, I shall not be able to go to the cinema with you. 有这么多工作要做，我不能和你去看电影了。 With him to stay in the house,

31、 I feel quite safe. 有他住在家里，我感到十分安全。 Without anything to eat, he died of hunger. 由于没有东西吃，他饿死了。EIt is + 形容词 + for/of sb + to do 结构 在“It is +形容词+ of sb +不定式”结构中，形容词往往表示人物的性格和特征，如kind, silly, good, unwise, clever, wrong, right, foolish, stupid, careless, rude, impolite, bold, thoughtful, honest, bad, se

32、nsible, naughty等。在“It is +形容词+for sb +不定式”结构中，形容词通常表示事物的性质，如important, possible, impossible, necessary, difficult, hard, reasonable等。 Its kind of you to think so much of us. 难为你这么为我们着想。(= You are kind to think so much of us.) 比较： It is good lf you to help me with my English. 你真好，帮助我学英语。（强调you 的特征You

33、 are good to help me.） It is good for you to give up smoking. 戒烟对你有好处。（强调的是give up smoking 这一行为Fof you to give up smoking is good.）F分裂不定式动词不定式to do通常是不拆开的，但偶尔也可在不定式符号to和动词原形之间插入一个副词，构成分裂不定式。 He was too ill to completely carry out that program. 他病得太重，不能完成那个项目。 He has made up his mind to once more try

34、 this method. 他已经下定决心再试试这个方法。G用作独立成分的不定式 有一些不定式短语可以作状语修饰整个句子，也可被称为插入语。 To be honest, we are not sure to find the girl in the forest. 说老实话，我们不能确保在森林里能找到那个女孩。 To be frank, I dont agree with what you said. 坦率地说，我不同意你说的话。必背：用作独立成分的不定式 to tell you the truth 说老实话 to be frank 坦率地说 to begin with 首先 to be br

35、ief 简言之 to make a long story short 长话短说 to be exact 精确地说 to say nothing of 姑且不说 to conclude 总而言之 to be sure 诚然，固然 to do him justice 说句对他公道的话 so to speak 可以这么说 H用主动式表示被动含义的不定式 动词不定式在句中究竟用主动还是被动，有时比较复杂，主要有下面几种情况：1不定式做后置定语，和被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，但又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时。 Do you have anything to say on this que

36、stion 针对这个问题你有什么要说的吗？ He is a pleasant person to work with. 他是一个与其合作起来令人感到愉快的人。2不定式作形容词的宾语，和句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时。 The book is difficult to understand. 这本书很难理解。 The chair is comfortable to sit on. 这把椅子坐起来很舒服。3There be结构中，当说话人考虑必须有人去完成某件事时。 There is nothing to worry about. 没什么可担心的。 There is nothing to fear

37、. 没有什么可害怕的。 比较： There is a lot of work to do. 有许多事情要做。（表示某人必须做这工作） There is a lot of work to be done. 有许多事情要做。（强调有许多事情必须做） She has two letters to type. 她有两封信要打。（自己打） She has two letters to be typed. 她有两封信要打。（别人打） I表示虚拟语气的不定式完成式。 I hoped to have met him at the railway station, but he didnt turn up. 我

38、本希望在火车站接到他，但他未露面。 We would love to have gone to the match, but the tickets were all sold out. 我们原想去看这场比赛的，但票已售完了。 The plane was to have taken off at 9, but something went wrong. 飞机原计划九点起飞，但出现了一些故障。J用于感叹句。 不定式可用于感叹句，含有惊异、不满、惋惜或赞美等感情色彩。 To think that he should do this! 想想，他竟然干出这等事！（表示惊讶） Oh, God, to s

39、ee her dance ! 哦，天哪，看看她的舞蹈！（表示赞美） To think that all the money has been wasted. 想想，所有的钱都被浪费掉了！（表示不满）四、关于不定式符号的几个问题A不带to的不定式 1在口语中，动词原形come和 go后可接不带to的不定式。 Go tell her. 去告诉她吧。 Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。 2在why引起的一些问句中，疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。 Why make so much noise 为什么发出这么大的噪音？ Why not join us 为什么不加入我们？3在had

40、 better, had best, would rather, would rather.than, would sooner, would sooner.than, cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。 Youd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的意见。 She cant do anything but ask silly questions. 她一直在问一些愚蠢的问题。 Rather than ride on a crowde

41、d bus, he always prefers to ride a bicycle. 他宁愿骑自行车，也不愿挤公共汽车。 We cannot help but admire his courage. 我们情不自禁地钦佩他的勇气。4如不定式前有行为动词do，那么在表语从句中的不定式和介词except或but之后的不定式可不带to。 The only thing I could do was go home. 我能做的唯一一件事就是回家。 They could do nothing but wait for the doctor to come. 他们只能等待医生的到来。5在两个动词不定式并列使

42、用时，为了避免重复，后面的不定式符号to可省略。 The little girl hardly knew whether to laugh or cry. 这小姑娘不知道是哭好还是笑好。 Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 200 p.m. 你能不能帮我打电话给他，叫他下午两点来开会？6在help之后，既可用带to的不定式也可用不带to的不定式。 Can I help (to) carry the box for you 我帮你搬箱子，好吗？7在一些固定搭配中用不带to的不定式。 He let go

43、the rope. 他松开了绳子。 I hear say there will be an earthquake soon. 我听说不久就要有一次地震。 She made believe she was innocent. 她假装清白。8在感官动词see, hear, watch, feel, notice以及使役动词make, let, have等后作宾语补足语的动词不定式不带to。 She watched the children cross the street. 她看着孩子们穿过了马路。B不定式符号的单独使用 为了避免重复上文中出现过的动词，可以用不定式符号to来代替上文中出现过的不定

44、式结构。 1在助动词或情态动词之后，如be going to, used to, have to, ought to, be able to, be about to等。 She must go but you dont have to. 她必须走，但你没有必要。 -Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor 你认为我应该去看医生吗？ -Yes, I think you ought to. 是的，我想你应该去。 2在want, decide, like, love, hope, wish, mean, refuse, try等动词之后。 You ma

45、y go with them if you hope to. 如果你希望的话，你可以和他们一起去。 -Did you go to see the Great Wall 你游览长城了吗？ -I wanted to, but I was too busy. 我本来想去的，但我太忙了。 3在做宾语补足语的ask, tell, order, advise, persuade, warn, wish, permit, allow, forbid等动词之后。 Dont do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你父亲叫你去做，不然不要做任何事情。 -Ma

46、y I use your car 我可以用你的汽车吗？ -No, I forbid you to. 不，我禁止你使用。 4在对话的答语中的happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready, pleased, afraid等形容词之后。 -Will you lend me a hand 你能帮我一个忙吗？ -Im willing to, but I cant now. 我很愿意，但现在不行。 -Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow 明天下午来参加我的生日聚会好吗？ -Ill be glad t

47、o. 我很乐意。 提示： 如果动词不定式是to be或to have，则一般不省。 - Did you finish the work 你的工作完成了吗？ - No, but I hoped to have. 没有，但我希望已经完成了。C介词to和不定式符号to to既可以是不定式符号，后接动词原形；to也可以是介词，后接名词或动词的-ing形式。英语中有很多常用短语带有to，我们要正确判断to是不定式符号还是介词，千万不可混淆。1 不定式符号to He made it a rule to read English aloud for half an hour every morning. 他

48、坚持每天早晨朗读半小时英语。 These young lads are longing to go to watch the football match. 这几个小伙子极想去看足球赛。 必背：常见的带不定式符号to的短语 be supposed to do应该做某事 be determined to do 决心要做某事 fail to do 未能做某事 go all out to do 全力以赴做某事 have the nerve to do 有胆量做某事 have a great mind to do 很想做某事 make a point to do 坚持做某事 make up ones

49、mind to do 决定做某事 take the trouble to do 不辞辛苦地做某事 prepare oneself to do 有思想准备做某事2 介词to If you stick to the truth, you will have nothing to fear. 如果你坚持真理，就没有什么可害怕的。 You must get used to getting up early. 你必须习惯早起。 Isnt it time you got down to marking those papers 难道还没到你定下心来阅卷的时间吗？必背：常见的带介词to的短语 be used

50、 to 习惯 be equal to 胜任 be given to 沉溺于 be opposed to 反对 be related to与有关 devote oneself to 献身于 get down to 着手做 give rise to 引起 lead to 导致 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对 pay attention to 注意 put ones mind to 全神贯注于 stick to 坚持1. Have you enjoyed your visit here? Yes, Ill be very sorry _.A. for leaving

51、B. of leaving C. to leave D. with leaving2. Where did he go?He went to a book store _.A. to buy pencils B. for buying pencils C. buy pencils 3. My baby has a heart trouble.Did the doctor find it difficult _?A. in treating B. Treating C. for treating D. to treat4. The lost child desired nothing but _

52、 home.A. go B. to go C. going D. went5. I was surprised _.A. watching him to eat so quickly B. watch him eat so quicklyC. watching him eat so quickly D. to watch him eat so quickly6. Now we could not do anything but _ for him here.A. waited B. waiting C. to wait D. wait7. I dont know her and I dont

53、_.A. want B. want to C. want it D. want so8. Its most foolish _ so.A. for you to say B. of you to say C. with you saying D. in your saying9. I have no pen _.A. writing B. to write C. to write with D. to be writing10. Those letters are _ to the countryside right away.A. to be sent B. sending C. to ha

54、ve been sent D. sent11. _ our wishes, we must try our best to work well.A. Realizing B. To realize C. Realized D. Having realized12. The child had no choice but _.A. to cry B. cry C. crying D. cried13. Dont take the medicine. It cant help _ rid of your colA. getting B. to get C. to getting D. gets14

55、. You will make great progress in the days _A. coming C. when to come D. to come15. With all her friends and money gone, she really didnt know _A. how to do B. what to do C. which to do D. when to do16. Can you ride a horse?No, I never had the chance _.A. for learning it B. for learning how C. how t

56、o learn it D. to learn how17. We advised her _ there at once.A. should get B. gets C. to get D. to getting18. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.A. having met B. meeting C. to have met D. to meet19. He is _ honest a man _ a lie.A. so/to tell B. too/to tell C. very/to tell D. such/that tell20. I ran too fast _ where I was going.A. to notice B. for me to notice C. to notice for me D. and notice