国外商业银行监管研究及启示

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1、 国外商业银行监管研究及启示 摘要：我国加入世贸组织已跨入第四个年头，我国商业银行监管机构在引导我国商业银行完善风险管理机制，防范和化解金融风险，促进商业银行业增加国际竞争力的工作中，有必要继续借鉴国际上商业银行监管的先进经验，推动我国商业银行监管制度和监管机制的进一步创新。 一、商业银行为什么要受到监管一般人认为，商业银行应该受到监管是为了保护存款人或投资者的利益，但是，监管商业银行更重要的意义在于保持和促进国民经济的健康发展。这是因为，国民经济的健康发展既依赖于商业银行的稳定和高效率的运转，中央政府在运用灵活有效的经济政策或货币政策时，也高度依赖于稳健的商业银行系统推动国民经济迈向既定的宏

2、观经济目标。商业银行所属的金融业的外部性具有正、负双重效应。从宏观层面看，金融业既是经济运转中社会多余资金向资金短缺而又急需的地方流动的媒体与渠道，又因其自有资本相对较少，是一个运营风险度高、自身经营风险波及面广的行业。它们的经营风险一旦发生，可能引发社会信用链条的中断和社会支付清算系统的瘫痪，危及整个社会经济的正常运行。同时，由于人们难以获知商业银行的具体经营状况，无法及时得知银行的问题所在，存款人和投资人与商业银行之间的信息不对称。因而把中央宏观经济管理机构对商业银行的监管分为了直接监管和间接监管。中央宏观经济管理机构运用自身的监管权力，直接干预商业银行的经营行为来保障它们的安全和稳固，称

3、为直接监管；而间接监管则是要求各类商业银行充分披露其经营信息，以便存款人和投资者了解和监督商业银行的经营状况，提高金融市场的透明度，缓解市场主体之间的信息不对称，遏制逆向选择和道德风险的发生，保障金融市场的安全。二、商业银行监管的国际经验(一)美国的商业银行监管1.监管机构的设置。(1)根据国民银行法于1863年建立的美国财政部货币监管总署，其主要职责是审查国民银行的注册及其分支行的设置、银行之间的合并，制订商业银行监管相应的管理条例和法规，并贯彻执行。货币监管总署的最高负责人由美国总统任命，任期5年。货币监管总署的总部设在华盛顿，在全美国设有6个大区办公室。货币监管总署有权停止有问题商业银行

4、的业务，吊销其营业执照，撤销或停止银行高级负责人的职务，或者将其置于被接管或破产监护的地位。它还有权对违法、违规或从事高风险经营的商业银行高级管理人员、董事及职员进行处罚。(2)联邦储备委员会。其主要职能是制订金融政策和金融规章制度，监督管理联邦储备银行和会员银行的业务，监督货币的投放与回笼，并充当联邦政府的代理人，定期公布有关联邦储备系统的情况和统计数字。它是总部设在华盛顿，并由12个区域性联邦储备银行及所属的25个分行组成。联邦储备体系除主要负责对会员商业银行进行监管外，还负责对商业银行控股公司及外国商业银行在美国的分支机构进行监管。联邦储备体系拥有许多强有力的手段来保证监管政策的实施。这

5、些手段包括：停止商业银行的部分业务，撤销商业银行的高级管理人员，对违法违规经营的商业银行及其有关管理人员实施处罚，甚至取消会员商业银行资格等。(3)联邦存款保险公司。联邦存款保险公司主要负责对加入保险的非联邦储备会员银行实施监管。同时，在必要的情况下，也积极介入对其他参加保险的商业银行(包括国民商业银行和州会员商业银行)的监管过程。其宗旨是为了保障存款，防止个别银行的信用危机扩散到其他银行。联邦存款保险公司有权停止商业银行的存款保险，有权停止商业银行的部分业务，有权撤销有问题商业银行的高级管理人员的任职资格，有权对被监管商业银行实施处罚。它也有权帮助面临破产的商业银行调整经营方向，组织清理和安

6、排商业银行破产时的资产清理和债务偿还等。”它的存在给存户提供了存款的安全感，解除了银行挤兑风险的发生。(4)美国各州都有自己的机构负责监督和管理在本州注册的商业银行。这些机构同时管理着州内其他商业银行，如储蓄存款协会、互助储蓄银行、信用社和财务公司。它们的职责范围基本与货币监管总署近似，只是各州之间略有区别。即包括批准新的州银行的成立，开设或关闭商业银行在本州内的业务范围，制定与州银行相关的规章制度等。(5)除了上述主要监管机构之外，美国商业银行的活动还受其他一些机构的监督。如司法部有权对拟议中的银行机构的改组与合并进行审议，必要时可对此提起诉讼。联邦证券交易委员会则重点管制商业银行涉足证券市

7、场的交易活动。全国信用社管理总局则作为统一管理全国信用社的中央机构，执行着监督管理职能。由于历史上多次出现金融风险的经验教训，也是不断修正监管体制的结果，美国的商业银行监管体制较为复杂，实行的是国民商业银行和州立商业银行双重监管体制，法律不仅赋予联邦政府有监管商业银行的职能，也授权各州政府有监管商业银行的职责。这种纵横交错的立体监管模式从多个方面监督、控制和调整着商业银行的经营行为，比较有效地防范和化解了商业银行的经营风险。2.监管的具体措施。顺应商业银行打破“防火墙”，走向多种金融业务经营的趋势，1999年11月，美国国会通过了金融服务现代化法案，允许金融控股公司通过设立子公司的形式经营多种

8、金融业务。金融控股公司的银行业务由美国财政部货币监管总署、联邦储备委员会、联邦存款保险公司监管；证券业务由美国联邦证券交易委员会监管；保险业务由各州保险监管署监管，该监管体系的具体监管措施有：(1)各监管主体之间，监管者与被监管者的高级管理人员和内部审计部门之间定期进行信息交流。通过交流，既加强了不同监管者之间监管信息的交流和沟通，避免监管漏洞的发生；又通过直接与金融控股公司高级管理人员和内部审计部门人员的沟通，及时获取必要的信息。(2)金融控股公司要定期向监管者递交自身内部风险评估报告。通过对公司自身评估报告的阅读和对报告内容的核查，监管者可以了解公司面临的风险以及公司的风险管理程序是否有效

9、。在此基础上，监管者可以对金融控股公司或整个金融行业的风险状况做出评价。(3)为确保商业银行和整个金融体系的安全，也为了有助于获得商业银行关于风险管理和内控制度的足够信息，监管者可以实施现场检查。检查的内容包括对商业银行的信息收集系统、决策系统的评价，以确保建立在信息收集基础上的银行风险管理和控制程序的有效性，并在现场检查的评价结果与现场检查前的评价结果进行比较后，决定未来的监管策略。(4)资本充足率管理始终是监管者控制商业银行经营风险的重要内容。美国监管当局除了按照巴塞尔协议对银行业资本充足率的要求监管商业银行以外，正在试验一种新的资本充足率的监管方式：预先承诺制。即监管当局设定一个测试期间

10、，商业银行在测试期初向联储承诺其资本量水平，在整个承诺期间内，只要累计损失超过其承诺水平，美国监管当局将对其给予提高资本充足率的惩罚。这一方案主要适用于内部风险管理和控制较好的银行。这样就减少了监管成本，激励了商业银行强化对风险的自我控制。(5)对资产流动性的监管是美国金融监管当局防止商业银行发生信用危机的另一项极为重要的措施。美国金融监管当局为了分散商业银行的贷款风险，要求商业银行把单一借款与银行自身的资本量挂钩。例如，美国法律规定，商业银行对任何单一客户的贷款不得超过该行自有资本的10%。(二)英国的商业银行监管1.英国商业银行监管的组织机构。英国实行的是以英格兰银行为中心的单一集中式的商

11、业银行监管体制。英格兰银行作为英国的中央银行，始终是商业银行监督管理的核心机构，在商业银行的监管过程中发挥着重要作用。英国的1979年商业银行法正式赋予英格兰银行的监管权力。该法规定作为英国商业银行的惟一监管机构，英格兰银行有权对接受存款的机构进行认可，授予或拒绝授予从业执照，要求商业银行提供财务报表、信息资料等。此外，基于对存款人利益的考虑，英格兰银行还实施了存款保护计划。英格兰银行对商业银行的监管由该行的商业银行业监督委员会和商业银行业监督局负责。英格兰银行把这两个机构的职能划分得十分明确。商业银行业监督委员会是商业银行监督的最高权力机构，其主要职能是每年发表执行商业银行法情况的年度报告，

12、汇报依据商业银行法对商业银行监督的执行情况等。而对商业银行的具体管理，则由商业银行业监督局全面负责。商业银行业监督局下设许多主管专门业务对象的分部，每个分部下面又根据商业银行国别与规模划分成18个区域组。各区域组之外，商业银行业监督局还设立了评审与检查委员会、检查支队、特别调查小组以及法律小组等4个特别机构。其中，评审与检查委员会主要履行商业银行法规定的给予、取消、限制商业银行的授权，并向执行董事提供讨论和推荐意见；特别调查小组的主要任务是在商业银行业监督局怀疑商业银行可能有内部滥用职权、经营管理不当、经理人员失职等情况下，对该商业银行的财务安全予以调查；法律小组的作用是给商业银行业监督委员会

13、、商业银行业监督局等部门提供监管实施的法律指导和解释，以确保监管当局能按商业银行法的规定行使其权利与义务，达到最有效的监管目标；而检查支队主要是代表商业银行业监督局对商业银行实施现场检查，以促进商业银行专业技能的增强，提高监督的效力。2.商业银行监管措施。(1)英格兰银行对商业银行授权后会不断地对被授权机构进行评估和考查，若商业银行未能持续满足商业银行法规定的授权标准，英格兰银行随时可限制或取消商业银行的授权，吊销其许可证。(2)英格兰银行委派检查支队对商业银行的总体状况、信贷评估与控制、业务管理以及会计等4个方面进行现场检查。在检查支队完成现场检查后，须向英格兰银行提交一份检查报告，汇报该商

14、业银行的体系控制的充足性和报表的准确性，或证实体系中存在某些重大失误。根据检查支队提交的检查报告和商业银行自己提交的报表，英格兰银行将与被检查商业银行频繁举行各种会议，讨论和解决检查出的问题。(3)英格兰银行还通过对商业银行报表的分析和监测来进行非现场监管。监管的内容涵盖资本充足性、资产流动性、大额资金风险和外汇风险等4个方面。(4)当商业银行不能持续满足授权标准或不能履行商业银行法所赋予的义务，威胁到存款人利益时，英格兰银行有权寻求法院对该商业银行实施清盘或接管。(三)德国的商业银行监管1.德国的联邦信贷监督局和联邦银行在商业银行的监管工作中既有分工又有协作。德意志联邦银行负责整个商业银行体

15、系的日常监管，重大的原则性问题则由联邦信贷监督局负责。它们互通信息、互相协作，共同负责德国商业银行的监管工作。根据德国商业银行法的第6条规定，联邦信贷监督局直接对德国财政部负责，并定期向其上报监管情况。联邦信贷监督局与德意志联邦银行在监管范围上也有明确的界定：一是主管权属于联邦信贷监督局；二是在制定有关条规之前，联邦信贷监督局要与联邦银行进行协商；三是联邦银行要对商业银行进行经常性的定期监督，并对商业银行的年报及其他报告进行分析。德国之所以选择这种监管分离的体制，是由于德国非常重视中央商业银行的独立性和商业银行监管部门的信誉。2.由于德国的商业银行全面涉及证券业务和保险业务，对商业银行的监管就

16、需要证券及保险监管部门即联邦证券监督局和联邦保险监督局协调配合，信息共享。联邦证券监督局和联邦保险监督局有责任向联邦信贷监督局提供相关信息和资料，并定期召开协调工作会议。三、启示任何一种商业银行的监管体制都是在特定历史条件和政治经济体制下形成和发展的，不存在一个可以照抄照搬的典范。比如，美国的商业银行监管体制就是在其社会政治、经济和历史文化环境中形成的。尽管美国是世界上金融业最发达、金融市场最为健全的国家。其商业银行监管非常注重工作的程序化，监管指标的标准化、监管程序和监管人员行为的规范化。但就其监管体制而论，仍然存在着监管机构过多、体系过于庞大、信息沟通时间过长、监管成本过高的问题。仍然有根

17、据社会经济的发展变化及时进行改进和创新、调整和变革的需要。但上述各国对商业银行监管的经验结合我国商业银行监管的实际情况，我们仍然可以得到一些有益的启示：1.我国目前对商业银行的监管注重于合规性监管而没有突出风险性监管，侧重于对商业银行违规行为进行批评和处罚，而强调商业银行的风险防范不够，没有对商业银行的风险防范进行足够的引导。此外，中国银监会作为商业银行的监管主体，合理设置内部职能机构和地域职能范围也是一个非常关键的问题。要改变过去的监管工作中各部门或各地之间不相协调的被动局面，逐步形成完善、有效、规范化的监管新格局。2.在英国，特别强调要有适合的银行管理人员和完善的银行内控制度作为商业银行准

18、入的标准。这一点尤其值得我国银监会借鉴，因为商业银行是经济体系中特殊而又最重要的机构，不同于一般企业，决定了它在市场准人方面的条件应该是比较苛刻的。对商业银行及其分支机构的设立，审批所参照的标准，应该有是否符合社会经济发展的需要，业务规模是否适度，最低自有资本比例，资本金的构成和高级管理人员的素质等严格要求。也可借鉴德国商业银行法的规定，外国商业银行在德国开立分支机构，除在开业时必须申请许可证外，以后每次在德国境内开设新的分支机构都需要向联邦信贷监督局再次申请，并取得相应的许可证。德国对外国商业银行开设分行，不仅要求它们符合德国商业银行业有关开业资本和负责人资格的要求，而且其任命的两名负责人中

19、，至少要有一名曾有在德国境内的商业银行工作的经验。另外，对商业银行准人的审批还应延伸到商业银行的创新业务准人。对那些有意逃避监管、转移业务风险、或潜在风险大的创新业务更要严格审批，以期商业银行加强对创新业务的风险管理。3.创造良好的商业银行监管的外部环境。(1)进一步完备与商业银行监管相适应的各类经济法规，力求商业银行的监管法律体系完整配套、协调灵活、操作性强。(2)商业银行的会计制度应尽快与国际会计准则接轨，使商业银行在账务处理上达到统一化、标准化，确保商业银行的经营信息便于监管人员了解与分析。(3)实施商业银行财务报表公开制度，创造一个公开、透明的信息环境以保证公众及时获取信息，发挥公众的

20、监督作用。(4)可借鉴和运用国际经验和国际监管惯例，建立一套标准化、系统化的科学监控指标体系，对商业银行进行容观、公正的评级。借鉴英格兰银行与商业银行之间频繁举行现场监督会议的经验，建立我国银监会与商业银行间的定期磋商制度和不定期质询制度，加强双方的交流和协作，促进银监会监管职能的充分发挥。又由于非现场监管获得的信息真实性较低，根据美国的监管经验，银监会对商业银行资产与债务、管理工作与业务程序进行现场检查是必要的。尽管现场检查持续时间较长，监管成本较高，但银监会根据检查组在检查之后写成的详细报告作判断，可较为准确地对违法、违规的商业银行做出处分和裁定。5.强化商业银行的危机意识和商业银行市场退

21、出机制。(1)借鉴德国商业银行监管部门的经验，我国银监会应十分强调商业银行要对自身的经营行为负责，把强化商业银行的危机意识作为维护整个金融体系稳定的前提。(2)尽快建立商业银行破产的标准、条件和程序，强化商业银行的市场约束机制和退出机制。(3)我国银监会应该尽快成立专门清偿和处理破产商业银行的机构，负责商业银行的清算和接管等具体事务。(4)借鉴美、英、德等国普遍实行的存款保护措施，增强公众对我国商业银行体系的信心。6.要始终把资本充足率的监管作为监管的主要内容。巴塞尔协议对商业银行的资本要求是，自有资本比风险资产不得低于8%；核心资本比风险资产不得低于4%。而据有关资料估算，2003年底，在不

22、考虑中国银行和中国建设银行被注资450亿美元的情况下，我国主要商业银行加权平均资本充足率为5.8%左右，其中，4家国有商业银行、3家政策性银行、11家股份制商业银行和112家城市商业银行的平均资本充足率分别为5.3%、6.0%、7.4%和6.1%，普遍低于8%的资本充足率最低要求。如果要使整体资本充足率符合8%的最低要求，则我国主要商业银行的资本缺口在3000亿元左右。因此，我国银监会有必要按照我国各商业银行自有资本充足率状况、风险资产的分类、货币与实物风险比率、交易账户的风险程度、衍生金融产品的多少以及银行风险内控水平对商业银行的资本充足率要求有所升降。在商业银行上述经营环境较好时，其资本充

23、足率要求可以在满足巴塞尔协议的条件下低一些，但情况相反时，资本充足率要求就要相应地提高。7.在商业银行的监管过程中，亟待提高监管人员的素质。商业银行监管中，不仅需要监管人员自身要有风险监管的专业知识和处理具体事务的技巧，更需要熟知金融与资本市场的专家、风险评估专家、信息技術处理专家以及有丰富经验的银行家来充实监管人员队伍。银监会应大力实施人力资源培训计划，为监管工作提供更强的人力资源支持，提高我国商业银行监管工作的整体质量水平。8.对照国际经验，加强和改善商业银行监管的方式、方法。如果把我国的监管方式和美国的监管方式做个比较，不难发现两者之间的差别。为了防范金融风险，我国采用的是强化管制、严格

24、限制商业银行业务范围和业务活动自由度的监管原则，通过限制商业银行的业务活动来预防风险，因而监管工作相当粗放。而美国的监管原则是尽量减少对银行业务的限制。这一原则使得美国得以成为世界上商业银行的金融活动最为活跃、而金融监管又最为严格和深入的国家。另外，美国的金融监管调动了地方政府积极性，让各州政府负责监管大量地方性中小商业银行。而我国的银监会目前监管全部商业银行，监管工作量大和监管面宽，监管效果自然受到影响。我国可借鉴美国的经验，在一定的制度安排下向地方政府适度分权。我国加入世贸组织已跨入第四个年头，我国银监会一直以国家实施宏观调控为契机，通过风险提示、窗口指导等多项措施，引导我国商业银行完善风

25、险管理机制，有效地防范了金融风险，促进了商业银行业和国民经济的健康发展。在此基础上，更多地借鉴国际先进经验，加强和改进我国商业银行的监管水平，推动监管制度创新和监管机制的创新，必将进一步提升我国商业银行业的整体管理水平、抗御风险的能力和参与国际竞争的能力。Abstract: Chinas accession to the WTO has entered its fourth year, Chinas commercial banks to regulatory agencies in guiding Chinas commercial banks to improve risk managem

26、ent mechanism to guard against and defuse financial risks, and promote the commercial banking sector to increase the international competitiveness of the work, it is necessary to continue learn from the advanced experience of the international commercial bank supervision, and promote further innovat

27、ion of Chinas commercial banks to the regulatory regime and regulatory mechanisms.One, why commercial banks to be regulated byMost people think that commercial banks should be subject to regulation in order to protect the interests of depositors or investors, but, more important meaning of the regul

28、ation of commercial banks is to maintain and promote the healthy development of the national economy. This is because the healthy development of the national economy not only depends on the stable and efficient operation of the commercial banks, the central government in the use of flexible and effe

29、ctive economic policy or monetary policy, but also highly dependent on sound commercial banking system to promote the national economy towards established macroeconomic goals.The external nature of the financial industry-owned commercial banks have positive and negative double effect. From a macro p

30、erspective, the financial industry is the economic operation of social excess funds urgently needed to a shortage of funds and the local flow of media and channels, but also because of its own capital is relatively small, is an operational risk and high own operational risk magnitude of broad indust

31、ry. Their business risks in the event, interrupt the payment and settlement system and social paralysis may lead to social credit chain, threatening the normal operation of the entire socio-economic. The same time, it is difficult to be informed of specific operating conditions of the commercial ban

32、ks, unable to catch up on the issue of banks where the asymmetric information between depositors and investors and commercial banks. Which the central macroeconomic management agency under the direct supervision and indirect supervision of the supervision of commercial banks into. Central macroecono

33、mic management agency to use its regulatory powers, and direct intervention in the conduct of operations of commercial banks to protect their safety and solid, called the direct supervision; indirect regulation is the full disclosure of its management information requirements of various types of com

34、mercial banks so that depositors and investors to understand and monitor the operating conditions of commercial banks to improve the transparency of financial markets, alleviate the information asymmetry between the main players in the market to curb the occurrence of adverse selection and moral haz

35、ard, to ensure the safety of financial markets.Second, the regulation of commercial banks of international experience(A) supervision of commercial banks in the United States1 set of regulatory agencies.(1) according to the National Bank Act in 1863 established the U.S. Treasury currency regulatory D

36、epartment, whose main duty is to review the registration of the National Bank and its branches set up, merger among banks, corresponding to the formulation of commercial bank regulation management rules and regulations, and implement them. Monetary supervision of Department head appointed by the Pre

37、sident of the United States for a term of five years. Currency regulatory Department headquarters in Washington, has six district offices in the United States. Monetary supervision of Department the right to stop the business of the commercial banks to revoke its business license revoked or stop the

38、 banks senior person in charge of the duties of, or placed into receivership or bankruptcy of the guardianship status. It is also the right to impose penalties for violation of laws or engage in commercial bank senior management, directors and officers of the high-risk operation.(2) Federal Reserve

39、Board. Their main function is to develop financial policies and financial rules and regulations, and supervise the business of the management of the Federal Reserve banks and member banks over monetary supply and return and act as an agent of the Federal Government, published on the Federal Reserve

40、System and statistics on a regular basis. It is headquartered in Washington, DC, and composed by the 12 regional Federal Reserve banks and their 25 branches. In addition to the mainly responsible for supervision of the member commercial banks, the Federal Reserve System is also responsible for super

41、vision of commercial bank holding companies and foreign branches of commercial banks in the United States.The Federal Reserve System has many powerful means to ensure the implementation of regulatory policy. These tools include: the stop part of the business of commercial banks, the revocation of th

42、e senior management of commercial banks, the imposition of penalties for illegal business of commercial banks and their management, or even cancel the eligibility of the member commercial banks.(3) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation is mainly responsible

43、 for supervision over the insured non-Federal Reserve member banks. Meanwhile, in necessary cases, but also actively involved in the regulatory process on the other insured commercial banks (including national commercial banks and state member commercial banks). Its purpose is to protect depositors,

44、 to prevent individual banks, the credit crisis spread to other banks. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has the right to stop the commercial banks, deposit insurance, the right to stop the commercial banks, part of the business, have the right qualifications for the revocation of the commercial

45、 banks have a problem senior management, the right to regulate commercial banks to the imposition of penalties. It has the right to help the bankruptcy of commercial banks to adjust business direction, clean up and arrange commercial bank bankruptcy liquidation and debt repayment. Its existence to t

46、he depositors in the sense of security of deposits, the lifting of the risk of bank runs.(4) states have their own agencies responsible for oversight and management of commercial banks registered in the state. The agency also manages the state commercial banks, savings deposits Association, mutual s

47、avings banks, credit unions and finance companies. Their remit basic and currency regulation Department approximation, but the slight difference between the states. Including approval of the establishment of the new state bank to open or close the scope of business of commercial banks in the state,

48、the development of relevant rules and regulations with the State Bank.(5) In addition to the above the main regulatory bodies, the activities of U.S. commercial banks subject to the supervision of a number of other institutions. Such as the Ministry of Justice has the right to the reorganization and

49、 consolidation of banking institutions in the proposed consideration of this lawsuit, if necessary. The federal Securities and Exchange Commission, the focus control the activities of commercial banks involved in stock market trading. National Credit Union Administration as the unified management of

50、 the central authority of the National Credit Union, the implementation of supervision and management functions.Many times in history, the experiences and lessons of the financial risk is constantly revised the results of the regulatory regime, the U.S. commercial bank regulatory system is more comp

51、licated, the implementation of the dual regulatory system of the National Commercial Bank and State Commercial Bank, the law only gives the federal government regulatory the functions of commercial banks, and also empowers the state governments to the duties of supervision of commercial banks. This

52、criss-cross the three-dimensional regulatory approach from many aspects of supervision, control and adjustment of the operating behavior of commercial banks to more effectively prevent and resolve the operational risks of the commercial banks.(2) the specific regulatory measures. Conform to the comm

53、ercial banks to break the firewall, the trend toward a variety of financial business, in November 1999, the U.S. Congress passed the Financial Services Modernization Act, which allows financial holding company operating through the establishment of subsidiaries in the form of a variety of financial

54、services. Financial holding companys banking business by the U.S. Treasury currency regulatory Department, Federal Reserve Board, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation regulation; the supervision of the securities business by the U.S. Federal Securities and Exchange Commission; insurance business by

55、 the state Department of insurance regulatory supervision, the specific regulation of the regulatory system measures are:(1) between the regulatory body, the regular exchange of information between the regulator and those being supervised senior management and internal audit department. Only strengt

56、hened through the exchange of regulatory information exchange and communication between regulators, to avoid the occurrence of regulatory loopholes; communication directly with the financial holding company senior management and internal audit department staff, timely access to necessary information

57、.(2) The financial holding company to submit their own internal risk assessment report to regulators on a regular basis. By reading the companys own assessment report on the verification of the report, regulators can learn about the effectiveness of the risk of facing the company and the companys ri

58、sk management procedures. On this basis, the regulator can make the evaluation of the risk profile of the financial holding company or the entire financial industry.(3) To ensure the safety of commercial banks and the financial system as a whole, but also to help commercial banks have enough informa

59、tion on risk management and internal control system, the regulator can be implemented on-site inspection. Evaluation of the results of the inspection includes the evaluation of the information collection system of commercial banks, the evaluation of the decision-making system, to ensure the establis

60、hment of the validity of the information collected on the basis of bank risk management and control procedures, and in the on-site inspection results on-site inspection were compared, it was decided the future regulatory strategy.(4) The capital adequacy ratio management is always an important part

61、of regulators to control the risk of commercial banks. U.S. regulatory authorities in addition to the requirements of regulatory banking capital adequacy ratio of commercial banks in accordance with Basel II, is testing a new form of regulation of capital adequacy ratio: pre-commitment system. Regul

62、atory authorities to set a test period, commercial banks in the test at the beginning level of the amount of capital commitment to the Federal Reserve, the entire commitment period, as long as the cumulative losses in excess of the level of commitment, the U.S. regulatory authorities to give them th

63、e punishment to raise their capital adequacy ratio. This program is mainly applied to the internal risk management and control of the good bank. This reduces regulatory costs, and encouraged commercial banks to strengthen risk of self-control.(5) the supervision of liquidity to U.S. financial regula

64、tory authorities to prevent another commercial bank credit crisis is very important measures. U.S. financial regulatory authorities in order to diversify the risk of commercial bank loans, requiring commercial banks linked to a single borrower with the banks own capital. For example, U.S. law, the c

65、ommercial banks on loans to any single customer shall not exceed 10% of the banks own capital.(B) the supervision of commercial banks in the UKA British commercial bank regulatory organizations. Britain is the Bank of England as the center of a single, centralized regulatory system of commercial banks. Bank of England as Britain