四级仔细阅读理解逐句翻译(共28页)

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上2006年6月一、Communications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth.通讯技术在传递真相的时候并不是简单地和真相本身一致。The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in em

2、ails. 从第一项对使用不同通讯媒介时的诚实程度的比较重可以看出，人们在使用电话时的说谎几率是使用电子邮件时的两倍。The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt (困扰) you-appears to be the key to the finding.因为电子邮件内容会被自动记录下来-并可能对你造成困扰-这就是这项研究的关键所在。Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca ik , New York, asked 30 students to

3、 keep a communications diary for a week. Jeff Hancock在位于纽约州伊萨卡的康奈尔大学执教，他曾要求30个学生记录一周中每天的通讯情况。In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. 参与其中的人需要记录超过10分钟的对话或者电子邮件通讯的数量，并且要坦诚自己说了多少谎话。Hancock then work

4、ed out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 per cent of instant messages, 27 percent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 percent of phone calls.Hancock据此推算出使用各种通讯媒介在每次交流过程中说谎的次数。他得出结论：谎言在电子邮件通讯中占了14%，在当面沟通中占了27%，而在电话

5、交流中占了37%His results, to be presented at the conference on human computer interaction in Viennavien, Austria:stri, in April, have surprised psychologists. 这项研究结果于4月份再奥地利维也纳的“人与电脑互动国际会议”上被宣读，并且令心理学家们感到惊讶。Some expected e-mailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people unc

6、omfortable, the detachment (非直接接触) of e-mailing would make it easier to lie.有人认为电子邮件是最主要的谎言媒介，因为欺骗会让人不适，而电子邮件非直接接触的特性使其更容易成为谎言发生的渠道。Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.还有人认为在当面交流的过程中更容易说谎，因为当面交流史最常见的沟通方式。（因为人们更擅长当面交

7、流，所以撒谎技术更娴熟）。But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread, and whether occurs in real time. 但是Hancock认为同样重要的是对话过程是否会被记录下来并能够被重新阅读，以及对话是否是即时发生的。People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to ac

8、count, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.当人们觉得时候要对交流过程负责时，就会对说谎存有恐惧感。这就是为什么电子邮件中的谎言要少于电话中的。People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message to phone call, say-than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. Hancock说，与有时间思考如何回应的情况相比，人们

9、也更倾向于在即时交流过程中说谎-例如在即时信息或者电话中。He found many lies are spontaneous (脱口而出的) responses to an unexpected demand, such as: Do you like my dress?他发现很多谎言都是对一些偶然问题脱口而出的回应，例如：你觉得我的裙子怎么样？Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. Hancock希望他的研究结果能帮助公

10、司找出员工之间沟通的最佳途径。For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given his result, work assessment, where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.但是根据该项研究结果，在做以诚实为重的工作时，最好还是发电子邮件。二、In a country that defines itself by id

11、eals,not by shared blood,who should be allowed to come,work and live here?在一个以理念，而不是血缘定义自身的国家里，什么样的人才可以来到这里工作和生活呢？In the wake of the Sept.11 attacks these questions have never seemed more pressing.在9-11袭击事件之后，这些问题的紧迫性达到了前所未有的程度。On December .11,2001,as part of the effort to increase homeland securty

12、,federal and local authorities in 14 states staged Operation Safe Travel -raids on airports to arrest employees with false identification(身份证明).2001年12月11日，作为增强国土安全工作的一部分，联邦和14个州的机关发动了“安全旅行操作”行动-搜查了机场并逮捕了使用假身份证的雇员。In Salt Lake City there were 69 arrests.But those captured were anything but terrorist

13、s,most of them illegal immigrants from Central or Sounth American .在盐湖城有69人被捕。这些被捕的人形形色色，但是就是没有恐怖分子，他们中大多数人是来自中南美洲的非法移民。Authorities said the undocumented workers illegal status made them open to blankmall(讹诈)by terrorists.当地政府说，非法劳工的不合法身份使他们容易受恐怖分子讹诈。Many immigrants in Salt Lake City were angered by

14、 the arrests and said they felt as if they were being treated like disposable goods.许多在盐湖城的移民对于被捕感到非常气愤，并表示感觉自己就像被丢弃的东西一样。Mayor Anderson said those feelings were justified to a certain extent.Anderson市长称这些人的感受就某种程度而言是有根据的Were saying we want you to work in these places,were going to look the other wa

15、y in terms of what our laws are,and then when its convenient for us,or when we can try to make a point in terms of national security,especially after Sept.11,then youer disposable There are whole families being uprooted for all of the wrong reasons,Anderson said.“我们声称想让你们在这些地方工作，但我们的法律却让我们用另外一种方式来看待

16、你们，因而在适当的时候，或在我们以国家安全为由的时候，特别是在9-11之后，你们就被丢弃了。有些人全家都因为这些不合理的理由而被扫地出门。”If Sept.11 had never happened the airport workers would not have been arrested and could have gone on quietly living in America,probably indefinitely .如果9-11没有发生，机场工作人员就不会被捕，可以在美国一直过着安宁的日子，可能永远这样生活着。Ana Castro,a ,amanager at a Ben

17、 & Jerrysice cream shop at the airport.had been working 10 years with the same false Social Aecurity card when she was arrested in the December airport raid.一位名叫Ana Castro的机场Ben Jerrys雪糕店经历，使用伪造的社会保障卡工作已经有10年了，直到她在12月机场搜查中被捕。Now she and her family are living under the threat of deporation(驱逐出境).Cast

18、ros case is currently waiting to be settled.While she awaits the outcome ,the government has granted her permission to work here and she has returned to her job at Ben&Jerrys.现在她和家人生活在可能被驱逐出境的威胁下。Castro的案件目前正等候处理。在她等待处理结果时，政府允许她在美工作，所以她又回到Ben Jerrys继续她的工作。2006年12月一、Reaching new peaks of popularity i

19、n North America is Iceberg Water， which is harvested from icebergs off the coast of Newfoundland， Canada.从加拿大纽芬兰海岸附近的冰山采集而来的Iceberg瓶装水，在北美到达了流行的新巅峰。Arthur von Wiesenberger， who carries the title Water Master， is one of the few water critics in North America. 拥有“水之大师”头衔的Arthur von Wiesenberger，是北美为数不

20、多的“水评家”之一。As a boy， he spent time in the larger cities of Italy， France and Switzerland， where bottled water is consumed daily. 孩童时代的她，在一些意大利、法国和瑞士的大城市里待了很长一段时间，那些地方每天会消费大量的瓶装水。Even then， he kept a water journal， noting the brands he liked best. “My dog could tell the difference between bottled and

21、tap water，” He says.从那之后，他写了一本水日记，记录他最喜好的品牌。“连我的狗都可以分辨瓶装水和自来水”他戏称。But is plain tap water all that bad？ Not at all. In fact， New Yorks municipal water for more than a century was called the champagne of tap water and until recently considered among the best in the world in terms of both taste and pur

22、ity. 但平淡无味的普通自来水就那么糟糕吗？不尽然。事实上，过去的一个多世纪以来，纽约的水被称为自来水中的香槟酒，最近更被人称为在未到和纯净方面属于全球最好之一。Similarly， a magazine in England found that tap water from the Thames River tasted better than several leading brands of bottled water that were 400 times more expensive.同样，一本英国杂志发现院子泰晤士河的自来水尝起来远比一些贵上400倍的大牌瓶装水要好。Never

23、theless， softdrink companies view bottled water as the next battleground for market sharethis despite the fact that over 25 percent of bottled water comes from tap water： PepsiCos Aquafina and CocaColas Dasani are both purified tap water rather than spring water.然而，软饮料公司认为瓶装水是下一个市场份额的战场-尽管事实上超过百分二十五

24、的瓶装水来自自来水。Pepsico公司的Aquafina和Coca-Cola的Dasani两者都是净化过的自来水，而非矿泉水。As diners thirst for leading brands， bottlers and restaurateurs salivate （垂涎） over the profits. 用餐者都渴望喝大牌的瓶装水，瓶装水供应商和参观则垂涎背后的利润。A restaurants typical markup on wine is 100 to 150 percent， whereas on bottled water its often 300 to 500 per

25、cent.餐厅通常会在将酒价标高至100%到150%，然后在瓶装水上，通常是300%到500% But since water is much cheaper than wine， and many of the fancier brands arent available in stores， most diners dont notice or care.但由于水比酒廉价多了，况且许多稀奇古怪的品牌在商店里买不到，大多数用餐的人也就不注意，不关心了。As a result， some restaurants are turning up the pressure to sell bottl

26、ed water. 结果，好些餐厅都在想方设法卖瓶装水。According to an article in The Street Journal， some of the more shameless tactics include placing attractive bottles on the table for a visual sell， listing brands on the menu without prices， and pouring bottled water without even asking the diners if they want it.根据华尔街日报

27、的一篇文章，一些比较无耻的手法包括：在餐厅桌上放置有人的瓶子用以视觉销售；菜单只罗列瓶装品牌却无价格；还有叶不问用餐者是否想要，直接给你倒瓶装水。Regardless of how its sold， the popularity of bottled water taps into our desire for better health， our wish to appear cultivated， and even a longing for lost purity.且不论销售手段，瓶装水的流行利用了我们那一份对健康的渴求，那一份看起来有教养的心愿，以及那一份对于久违了的纯净的渴望。二、

28、As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease - especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. 如今我们发现，社会医疗保健的重心正从治疗疾病转移到放置疾病-尤其在改变我们诸多不良习惯方面，如：暴饮暴食，抽烟和

29、缺乏锻炼。The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. 与该改革息息相关的一类观点都需要进一步摸索。Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious(有营养的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who

30、drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. 想象这样一个人，体重恰好，偏不吃有营养的失误；感觉良好，但鲜有机会锻炼；每天上班，但业绩一般；晚上大多在家里喝些啤酒，但不会酒后驾车；而且胸部不痛，血压正常，可惜睡的很多且时常觉得累。This person is not ill. He may not even be a

31、t risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier.这个人不算生病，他甚至没有什么风险换上疑难杂症。不过我们能想象，这个人可以更健康。The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely not ill and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the bo

32、dys special needs. 在医药领域中，传统上我们并不区分那些仅是“没病”的人和那些健康且注意身体特别需求的人。这两类人都被称作“健康的人”。Both types have simply been called well. In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms well and wellness only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. 然而，近年来

33、，一些健康专家开始使用“身体好”和“健康”这两个术语，仅用于那些正在积极努力维持并改善自身健康的人。People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise and they make a point of monitoring their bodys condition. 身体好的人总会关注营养和锻炼，并且懂得监察自身的状况。Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to the

34、ir health. 也许最重要的是，身体好的人会对一切和健康相关的问题主动负责。Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be well, in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations.在这种新定义下，只要面对个人身体极限之时仍能尽其所能维持健康，就算身患顽疾或者身有残缺的人也算是身体好的人。 Well

35、ness may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. “健康”或许不应该被看做是一种人们可以达成的境界，而是一种人们为之努力的理想状态。People who are well are likely to be better able resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes.当疾病侵袭的时候，身体好的人更能够抵御对抗。And by focusing atte

36、ntion on healthy ways of living,the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.另外，多注意健康生活之道。健康的概念对于人们面对日常生活的挑战也大有益处。2007年6月一、Ive been writing for most of my life. 我一辈子大部分时间都在从事写作。The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to on

37、e distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. 写作无师自通这本书想我介绍了一种区别和一种练习。帮助我大大提高了写作水平。The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. 区别是关于创造性思维和评判性思维之间的区别。While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no

38、matter how much we might like to think so.你需要做的是运用两者帮助你得到一个结果，但是他们不能同时起作用，无论我们多么想要这样做。Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter.试图匆忙地批判写作内容可能是我们大多数人在写作时遇到的最大障碍。If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct you

39、r grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting （稍纵即逝的） thought, the thought will die. 如果你按照五年级英语老师教你的，在努力抓紧稍纵即逝的想法的同时纠正你的语法，这个想法肯定会消失。If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. 如果你抓住了稍纵即逝的想法，但仅以其原始的形式和世界分享，或许没有人能够理解。You m

40、ust learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.如果你想要把写作作为思考的工具，必须学会首先创造，然后批判。The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.”练习是指ELbow所说的“自由写作”，它可以帮助你改正边写边改的话习惯。In

41、 free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. 在自由写作中，我们的目标是在15-20分钟的时间内不间断写作。No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. 不停顿，不回头，不作批判。The goal is to get the words flowing. 这样做的目的是使文字流畅起来。As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadow

42、s and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen.当语言开始流畅，想法就会从阴暗处涌现出来，呈现在你的笔记本或者电脑屏幕上。Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that youve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. 现在，你有进行评判性思维的原材料了，建议你坐下静静地查看文稿。Most likely, you will beli

43、eve that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.通常，你会认为这个环节所需的时间比你实际需要的时间要长，并且直到最后一刻，你还盯着文稿，头脑一片空白。Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. 不要盯着空白的屏幕，无论多么糟糕，都开始写下去。Halfway through

44、 you available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product.写作时间进行到一半时，停下来整理你的初稿，让它更接近终稿。 Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.不断前后重复，直到时间用尽。这样，你所得到的终稿会比你用现在在练习中写的文稿要好得多。二、I d

45、ont ever want to talk about being a woman scientist again. 我不想再谈关于作为一位女性科学家的问题了。There was a time in my life when people asked constantly for stories about what its like to work in a field dominated by men.有一段时间，人们不断地问我在男性主导的领域中工作的故事。I was never very good at telling those stories because truthfully I

46、 never found them interesting. 我不擅长将这些故事，因为实际上我并不觉得它们有趣。What I do find interesting is the origin of the universe, the shape of space-time and the nature of black holes.我真正感兴趣的是宇宙的起源，时空的形状和黑洞的本质。At 19, when I began studying astrophysics, it did not bother me in the least to be the only woman in the c

47、lassroom.在19岁的时候，我开始学习天体物理学，作为班上唯一的女性，我一点也不觉得苦恼。But while earning my Ph.D. at MIT and then as a post-doctor doing space research, the issue started to bother me. 但是当我在麻省理工学院攻读博士学位和之后作为博士后进行太空研究时，这一点开始让我觉得苦恼。My every achievementjobs, research papers, awardswas viewed through the lens of gender (性别) p

48、olitics.So were my failures.我的每一项成就-工作，研究论文，奖项-都被人们从性别政治的角度进行审视。我的失败也一样。 Sometimes, when I was pushed into an argument on left brain versus (相对于) right brain, or nature versus nurture (培育), I would instantly fight fiercely on my behalf and all womankind.有时候，当我陷入左脑和右脑，天赋与培育的争论中时，我会立刻为我自己和所有的妇女进行激烈的抗辩

49、。Then one day a few years ago, out of my mouth came a sentence that would eventually become my reply to any and all provocations: I dont talk about that anymore.然后再很多年以后的一天，我口中冒出一句最终成为我对所有挑衅的回答：“我不再讨论这个问题了”It took me 10 years to get back the confidence I had at 19 and to realize that I didnt want to

50、 deal with gender issues. 我花了十年的时间重获19岁时的自信，让自己认识到我不再想要处理性别的问题。Why should curing sexism be yet another terrible burden on every female scientist? 为何性别歧视要成为每位女性科学家的另一个可怕的负担？After all, I dont study sociology or political theory.毕竟，我不是社会学或政治理论的研究者。Today I research and teach at Barnard, a womens college

51、 in New York City. 现在，我在Barnard-纽约的一所女子学院进行研究和授课。Recently, someone asked me how may of the 45 students in my class were women.最近，有人问我班上的45个学生中有多少是女性。You cannot imagine my satisfaction at being able to answer, 45. 你很难想象我在回答时的满足感：45。I know some of my students worry how they will manage their scientifi

52、c research and a desire for children.And I dont dismiss those concerns. 我知道有些学生会担心如何处理科学俺就和生儿育女之间的矛盾，我不会不理会这些担心。Still, I dont tell them “war” stories. Instead, I have given them this: the visual of their physics professor heavily pregnant doing physics experiments.但是，我也不会跟她们讲述“战争”的故事，相反，我会告诉他们：他们的物理

53、教授身怀六甲仍然坚持做物理实验的景象。And in turn they have given me the image of 45 women driven by a love of science. And thats a sight worth talking about.作为回报，他们给我我45个热爱科学的女性的形象。这才是值得谈论的景象。2007年12月一、By almost any measure, there is a boom in Internet-based instruction. 无论如何，网络教学已经十分流行。In just a few years, 34 percen

54、t of American universities have begun offering some form of distance learning (DL), and among the larger schools, its closer to 90 percent. 近几年来，有34%的美国大学开始提供不同形式的远程教学，而在较大的大学里，这个数字已经接近90%。If you doubt the popularity of the trend, you probably havent heard of the University of Phoenix. 如果你对这与潮流表示质疑，

55、那么或许你还没有听过凤凰城大学。It grants degrees entirely on the basis of online instruction. It enrolls 90,000 students, a statistic used to support its claim to be the largest private university in the country.这所大学的学位都是通过网络教学授予的，目前学生总数为9万人，该数字使之号称是美国最大的私立学校。While the kinds of instruction offered in these program

56、s will differ, DL usually signifies a course in which the instructors post syllabi (课程大纲), reading assignments, and schedules on Websites, and students send in their assignments by e-mail.尽管这些课程的具体教学内容不尽相同，但远程教学通常意味着老师会在网站上公布教程大纲，阅读作业和进度安排，而学生通过电子邮件交作业。Generally speaking, face-to-face communication

57、with an instructor is minimized or eliminated altogether.一般而言，师生间面对面交流会很少，甚至没有。The attraction for students might at first seem obvious. 起初，这种教学形式对学生的吸引是显而易见的。Primarily, theres the convenience promised by courses on the Net: you can do the work, as they say, in your pajamas (睡衣). 主要是网络课堂很便利，正如其宣传的一般，

58、学生可以穿着睡衣来上学。But figures indicate that the reduced effort results in a reduced commitment to the course. 然而数据表明，课堂参与的减少导致学生学习不是很努力。While dropout rates for all freshmen at American universities is around 20 percent, the rate for online students is 35 percent. 美国大学本科新生的退学率约为20%，而对于参加网络教学的学生而言，这个数字达到了35

59、%。Students themselves seem to understand the weaknesses inherent in the setup.学生本身也明白这个机制的不足之处。对In a survey conducted for eCornell, the DL division of Cornell University, less than a third of the respondents expected the quality of the online course to be as good as the classroom course.康奈尔大学远程教学部的调

60、查结果显示，只有不到三分之一的受访者热认为网络课程的质量和传统课堂一样。Clearly, from the schools perspective, theres a lot of money to be saved.无疑，从学校的角度，网络教学能节约大量金钱。Although some of the more ambitious programs require new investments in severs and networks to support collaborative software, most DL courses can run on existing or min

61、imally upgraded(升级) systems. 尽管部分更艰巨的项目需要新资金的注入来构建服务器的网络以支持协作软件。其余大多数的网络课程都可在现有或略微提升的系统上得以实现。The more students who enroll in a course but dont come to campus, the more the schools saves on keeping the lights on in the classrooms, paying doorkeepers, and maintaining parking lots.网络教学招生越多，学校节约的成本就越多：因

62、为学院不来学校，学校的灯无需开着，不必雇佣门卫，停车场也不用维修。 And, while theres evidence that instructors must work harder to run a DL course for a variety of reasons, they wont be paid any more, and might well be paid less.同时，有证据显示对于远程教育的导师来说，诸多原因使得他们必须更加努力地授课；也许他们的薪酬不会增加，还有可能减少。 二、In this age of Internet chat, videogames and

63、 reality television, there is no shortage of mindless activities to keep a child occupied. 在这个充斥着网聊，电子游戏与真人秀的时代，并不缺乏让小孩子沉迷的玩物。Yet, despite the competition, my 8-year-old daughter Rebecca wants to spend her leisure time writing short stories. 尽管有着这些诱惑，我8岁的女儿Rebecca，却希望花时间写写小故事。She wants to enter one

64、of her stories into a writing contest, a competition she won last year.她打算将其中一个作品拿去比赛-一个去年她获胜的比赛。As a writer I know about winning contests, and about losing them. 作为一名作家，我十分了解写作比赛中赢和输意味着什么。I know what it is like to work hard on a story to receive a rejection slip from the publisher. 我知道，当辛辛苦苦写完一个故事却遭到出版社的拒绝是一种什么样的心情；I also know the pressures of trying to live up to a reputation created by previous victories.我也知道，要维护从前的成功所带来的声望需要承受多么大的压力。What if she doesnt win the