积分球校准操作说明

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1、Photometry System Calibration光度测定系统标准Photometry Training August 20062Photometry光度测量What is photometry?什么是光度测量Photometry is the measurement of light.光度测定是用来测量光If you cannot measure what you produce, you will not be in business for long.如果你不能测量你自己的产品,那么你不会有长久的买卖Photometry Training August 20063Electrom

2、agnetic Spectrum电磁波频谱Photometry Training August 20064Radiation辐射 Light is the portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum that can excite the retina and produce a visual sensation. 光是电磁波频谱的一部分,它能刺激视网膜产生视觉 Visible Light可见光 380 to 800 nm UltraViolet Radiation紫外辐射 UV-C - 200 to 260 nm UV-B - 260 to 320 nm

3、UV-A - 320 to 400 nm长波紫外线 InfraRed Radiation红外辐射 800 to 3600 nmPhotometry Training August 20065Relative Eye Sensitivities眼睛相对的灵敏度Scotopic Eye Sensitivity Curve暗视觉灵敏度曲线Photopic Eye Sensitivity Curve适光Photometry Training August 20066Integrating Spheres Why use them?积分球 In practice, luminous flux is me

4、asured using an integrating sphere. 习惯上积分球用来测量光通量 The spheres are coated with a highly diffuse, reflective and spectrally flat coating. 球面上覆盖有一层高反射物质 The advantage of a sphere is that the light from the test source is “integrated” via multiple reflections such that the reflected light striking any p

5、oint on the sphere wall is proportional to the luminous flux emitted by the lamp. 球的优势是测试源的光是”完整的”,经过多次反射,反射光照到球面内任何一个点上的灯发出的光通量是均衡的Photometry Training August 2006System Design系统设计Test Lamp测试灯Baffle挡片Detector探头Baffle挡片AuxiliaryLamp辅助灯Power SystemPhotometry Training August 20068Sphere Design球设计 Detec

6、tor to measure the light output. 探头测量光的输出 Baffle to block the direct light from the lamp from the detector 档片阻挡从灯管直接到探头的光 We are interested in the integrated reflected light in the sphere not direct light (Illuminance). 我们要测定的是在球内完整的反射光而不是直接照射光 Auxiliary Lamp and baffle to monitor the sphere calibra

7、tions. 辅助灯和挡片是监控球的标准Photometry Training August 20069Sphere Photometer球面光度计Photometry Training August 200610Sphere Theory球原理E = I/r2E=Illuminance照度I=Luminous Intensity发光强度Photometry Training August 200611E = I/AE=IlluminanceI=Luminous Intensity LINE 1 HAS ONE REFLECTION直线1有一个反射E1 = r/ASphere TheoryPh

8、otometry Training August 200611222E = I/ALINE 2 HAS TWO REFLECTIONSE2 = rr/ASphere TheoryPhotometry Training August 2006112223333E = I/ALINE 3 HAS THREE REFLECTIONSE3 = rrr/ASphere TheoryPhotometry Training August 2006ETOTAL = I/r2 + r/A + rr/A + rrr/A+ . . .ETOTAL = I/r2 + r/A + r2/A + r3/A+ .ETOTA

9、L = I/r2 + /A S (r + r2 + r3 + . . .)ETOTAL = I/r2 + r A (1-r)Sphere TheoryETOTAL = r After Baffle Insertion to Block Direct A (1-r)The detector signal is proportional to luminous flux!探测到的信号与光通量成比例Photometry Training August 200615Basic Photometry SystemsPhotometry Training August 200616 Units: Lume

10、ns 1 lm is 1 “light Watt”. 单位:Lumens-1lm是1”光瓦” Eye sensitivity corrected power. Definition: The time rate of flow of radiant energy (radiant power) as weighted by the photopic spectral sensitivity of the eye. 定义:光源在单位时间内所发出的光量,其中可产生视觉者 If a uniform point light source of 1 cd luminous intensity is po

11、sitioned at the center of a sphere of 1-m radius, every area of 1 m2 on the inside of the sphere will receive a luminous flux of 1 lm. 如果在一个半径为1m的球内的中心位置有一个光强度为1cd的均匀点光源,在1 m2 内表面接收到的光通量是1lm.Luminous Flux ()光通量Photometry Training August 200617Determined by Equation:方程式 P() is the spectral power dist

12、ribution (SPD) of the light source in W/nm P()是光源的光谱能量分布W/nm V() is the photopic spectral sensitivity of the eye used here as a “weighting factor” V()是眼睛产生的视觉-”权重因数” This is the fundamental photometric equation 这是光度的基本方程 k = 683 lm/W Luminous Flux ()Photometry Training August 200618F32T8TL850 Spectr

13、a0.00E+005.00E-021.00E-011.50E-012.00E-012.50E-013.00E-013.50E-01360410460510560610660710760Wavelength (nm)Spectral Power (arbitrary units)00.20.40.60.811.2Relative power that the eye sees00.050.10.150.20.250.3360410460510560610660710760Wavelength (nm)Spectral Power (arbitrary units)P() = lamp power

14、 spectra灯能量范围V() = eye sensitivity curve视觉灵敏曲线P()*V() = effective power spectra the eye sees可见功率范围You can think of the eye as a detector with a response curve V()眼睛就象是V()曲线所反应Photometry System CalibrationPhotometry Training August 200619Photometry System Calibration光度系统标准 Why calibrate?为什么用标准？ Prope

15、r calibration links Philips measurements to Standard International Unitsoptical watt and lumen. 飞利蒲测量单位是以国际单位为标准-瓦特和流明 US Federal Trade Commission requires that ratings in catalogues, in advertising, etc be based in actual measurements. 美国商务委员会要求刊登在目录、广告等要基于实物测量 Many customers request certification

16、to ANSI, CSA, or other standards. Photometric measurements are a part of many certifications. 许多顾客要求有ANSI, CSA或者其它标准的认证。光度测量也是这些标准中的一部分。Governmental contracts (state and national) many times require certification.政府合同大多数要求有证明 Philips Lighting is in the business of providing light and lighting soluti

17、ons, NOT selling “light bulbs”. We must be able to measure what we sell. 飞利蒲照明是供应灯和照明方案，不出售“电灯泡”。我们必须有能力测试我们所卖的。Luminous flux, color, CRI, Lifetime, etc is what we sell and how we differentiate ourselves from others.我们出售的产品的光通量、色温、CRI、寿命等，如何与其它公司区别Photometry Training August 200620Photometry System C

18、alibration Why calibrate? Without good measurements, we cannot: 没有好的测量法，我们没有好的测量法，我们不能不能：Determine our quality.决定我们的质量Judge the effectiveness of improvements or product cost reductions.判定效力的提升或者生产成本减少Properly analyze customer complaints.完整的分析顾客抱怨Effectively bench mark the competition.有效的竞争基点Provide

19、good data for court cases.提供对案例有益的资料Rebut competition claims and misinformation.反驳竞争要求和误传Support sales.支持销售Photometry Training August 200621Fundamental Calibration Equation标准方程的基本原理 Calibrations are typically performed by measuring a known value and then establishing a Calibration Factor or Correcti

20、on Factor as the ratio of the known and Measured Value: 标准代表测量一个已知值，设定一个校准因数或者修正因数当作已知和测量值的比率 Measured values of unknowns are then calculated as: 测量未知值计算如下测量值已知值KnownKnownMeasurandValueCF =已知未知未知测量值已知值测量值测量值未知值*=CFMeasurandValueMeasurandCFMeasurandValueKnownKnownUnknownUnknownUnknownPhotometry Train

21、ing August 200622Fundamental Calibration Equation方程基本原理 The standard lamps are placed in the sphere and operated at the electrical characteristics specified by the certificate 标准灯放置在球内然后按照说明书进行电特性操作 The flux value provided by the certificate is then used to determine the Calibration Factor: 根据说明书提供的

22、光通量值测定校准因数 For some photometers (LMT I1000 and C1200s) this value can be entered in as the attenuator for the system. 这个值可以当作是一些光度计系统的衰减器测量值已知光通量MeasuredKnownValueCF=Photometry Training August 200623Sphere Corrections球体修正 Corrections must be applied to integrating sphere measurements to account for

23、Lamp Color, Shape, Size, non-linear (or different) sphere illumination, fixturing, and Intensity Distribution. 修正必须适用于累计球（光度计的圆球）测量说明灯的色温、外型、尺寸、非线形（或者不同）球照明、预定时间和亮度分布 The corrections are:修正如下： Self Absorption自吸收 Spatial空间 Intensity Distribution亮度分布 Spectral光谱 Positional位置Photometry Training August 2

24、00624Photometry System Calibration光度测量系统标准 There are typically only 2 calibrations required for photometry systems: 光度测量系统典型的有2个要求标准 Luminous flux (detector based)光通量（基于探头） Spectral光谱 Once correction factors are determined, the information can be put into calculation software (such as PDAQ) or sprea

25、dsheets and automatically used in the measurement process. 一旦确定修正因数，资料应该被输入到计算软件（象PDAQ）或者电子数据表格，自动使用在测量程序中。Photometry Training August 200625Photometry Systems Calibration Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1：探头标准-光通量标准 Lumens流明 Includes SAF, ID, Spectral, Spatial,

26、Positional Correction Factors 包括SAF、ID、光谱、空间、位置、修正因数 Equipment: LMT, sphere. 设备：LMT、球 Calibration 2: Spectral Based Calibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration 标准2：光谱标准-光谱能量分布 Spectral Power Distribution光谱能量分布Used to calculate CCT, CRI, x, y, all R-values习惯上计算CCT、CRI、X、Y、所有R值x,y correction f

27、actors are dependent upon this calibration, NOT the luminous flux calibration.X、Y的修正因数依赖于这个标准，不是光通量标准。 This calibration is currently a “relative” calibration does not include corrections such as SAF, ID, etc. 这个标准是当前“相对的”标准-不包括修正象SAF、ID等The calculated values need only relative values, not absolute v

28、alues.计算值需要的只是相对值不是绝对值 Equipment: DAS, OMA, Monochromator, Spectrometers, etc. 设备：数据采集器、OMA、单色仪、分光计等。Photometry Training August 200626Photometry Systems Calibration Correction factors applied to luminous flux can include: 修正因数适用于光通量包括： Self Absorption Correction: A lamp in a sphere absorbs light emi

29、tted by itself and reflected back from the sphere wall, thus reducing the sphere responsivity 自吸收修正：一支灯在球内吸收自身发出和球壁上反射的光，从而减少了球的敏感度 Spectral Mismatch Correction: The spectral responsivity of the integrating sphere photometer is not perfectly matched to the eye sensitivity curve V() function. 光谱失谐修正：

30、积分球的光谱敏感度与人眼灵敏度曲线不是完全相等 Spatial Non-uniformity Response Correction: The response of the sphere is not spatially uniform because of the baffle or other objects in the sphere (fixtures for u-bend), contamination of the sphere wall, gaps between hemispheres, different angular luminous-intensity distrib

31、utions from those of the test lamp. 空间不均匀反应修正：球内反应不是空间均匀的，因为在球内有挡光片和其它物体，球壁上的污染物，半球的空隙，测试灯从不同角度的照射。Photometry Training August 200627Photometry Systems Calibration Correction factors applied to luminous flux can include: 修正因数适用于光通量包括： Intensity Distribution Response Correction: The response of the sp

32、here is not spatially uniform due to different angular luminous-intensity distributions from those of the test lamp as compared to the calibration lamp. 强度分布反应修正：球体反应空间不一致取决于从标准灯不同角度发光亮度分布-Positional Correction: Ideally, all measured test lamps should be measured in the same positional orientation a

33、s the standard lamps during calibration procedures. In some cases, lamps must be measured in a different orientation. This correction is also important when making measurements on position limited lamps. In order to account for any effects that may occur due to a combination of non-uniform spatial i

34、ssue with the sphere, a positional correction factor is used.-位置修正：理想上所有测试的试验灯应该安装在相同的位置方向按照标准灯的标准程序。有时候，灯必须在不同的方向上测试。这个修正同样重要当靠有限灯管来确定测量位置。为了解决任一效果的可能发生，取决于球的空间不一致问题，所以使用了位置修正因数。Photometry Training August 200628Photometry Systems Calibration Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux C

35、alibration 标准1：探头标准-光通量标准(1) Define the “null” condition of the sphereExample: Empty socket, no lamp.定义球体“无效”条件 如：没有灯(2) Determine SAF of the calibration lamp standards 确定SAF标准灯的标准(3) Determine the Attenuator Setting确定衰减器设置 Measure standards raw data, no correction factors 测量标准-原始数据，没有修正因数 Attenuato

36、r setting is set to force the following: 衰减器设置是强制设置如下：Certificate Lumens = SAF*Raw Lumens证明光通量=SAF*原始光通量Note: Raw Lumens = Attenuator Setting*Detector Signal.注意：原始光通量=衰减器设置*探头信号Therefore: Lumens = SAF* Attenuator Setting*Detector signal.因此：光通量=SAF*衰减器设置*探头信号Since we have the SAF, we can set the atte

37、nuator setting.一旦我们有了SAF，我们就可以设置衰减器设置了。 Measure standards as a test测试时测量标准Measured lumens = SAF*Raw lumens. 标准的光通量=SAF*原始光通量Confirm the data matches the certificate assigned value.确认证明赋值的数据匹配Photometry Training August 200629Photometry Systems CalibrationCalibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Lumi

38、nous Flux Calibration标准1：探头标准-光通量标准(4) Determine Luminous Flux Spectral Correction Factor 确定光通量光谱修正因数o The LMT cell mimics the eye sensitivity curve, but it is never perfect. Therefore, error is introduced.o LMT模仿人眼视觉灵敏度曲线，但是它还不是很完美，所以有误差o This correction factor is required whenever lamps are measur

39、ed with different spectra than the initial calibration source.o 修正因数要求无论何时测量不同光谱灯管都应和初始校准源比较o A spectral correction factor is used so that the attenuator does not have to be reset for lamps with different spectra.o 因为运用了光谱修正因数，所以不同光谱的灯衰减器也不用重新调整 Determine the SAF for “other” standards (fluorescent,

40、u-bend, etc). 确定SAF适合“其它”标准（荧光灯、U形灯等）。 Measure standards raw lumen data, no correction factors. 测量标准-原始光通数据、无修正因数。 Spectral CF = Certificate Lumens/(SAF*raw lumen data). 光谱CF=证明光通量/（SAF*原始光通数据） Measure standards as a test 测试的测量标准Measured lumens = SAF*SPEC*Raw lumens.测量光通量=SAF*原始光通量Confirm the data m

41、atches the certificate assigned value.确认证明赋值的数据匹配Photometry Training August 200630Photometry Systems Calibration Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1:探头标准-光通量标准(5) Determine Luminous Flux Intensity Distribution Correction Factor(5)确定发光强度分布修正因数o Reflector lamps unev

42、enly illuminate the sphere in a different way from the initial standard lamps. This is especially an issue with smaller spheres.o 最初的标准灯以不同的方式在球内不均衡的反射.小球的结果尤为特别.o This correction factor is required whenever lamps are measured with different illumination patterns than the initial standards.o 修正因数要求无

43、论何时测量不同光谱灯管都应和初始校准源比较o A intensity distribution correction factor is used so that the attenuator does not have to be reset for lamps with different spectra.o 运用亮度分布因数,测试不同光谱灯时衰减器不必重新安装 Determine the SAF for “reflector” standards. 确定SAF适合“反射标准 Measure standards raw lumen data, no correction factors 测

44、试标准-原始光通量数据、无修正因数 Intensity Distribution CF = Certificate Lumens/(SAF*raw lumen data) 亮度分布CF=已证光通量/(SAF*原始光通量数据)Photometry Training August 200631Photometry Systems Calibration Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration(5) Determine Luminous Flux Intensity Distribution Correc

45、tion Factor (continued) Measure standards as a test检验测量标准Measured lumens = SAF*ID*Raw lumens.标准光通量=SAF*ID*初始光通量Confirm the data matches the certificate assigned value.确定初始数据的证明赋值 Calibration 1: Detector Based Calibration Luminous Flux Calibration 标准1:探头标准-光通量标准o Other Corrections Factors can be dete

46、rmined such as positional, etc.o 确定其它修正因数如位置等o Remember, this calibration is for Lumens only! There is no need to perform color corrections at the time you perform lumen calibration.o 记住这个标准仅适用光通量!当你操作光通量标准时不必进行颜色修正.o The use of correction factors is dependent upon the lamp type. o 使用修正因数取决于灯的型号 Mea

47、sured lumens = SAF*SPEC*ID*Raw lumens. 标准光通量=SAF*SPEC*ID*原始光通量Photometry Training August 200632Example - SAF ProcessPhotometry Training August 200633Example Spectral CF ProcessPhotometry Training August 200634Example Lumen Calibration ProcessNONote: only shows a few correction factors SAF and Spectr

48、al CF.Photometry Training August 200635Lumen Calibration Process ContdPhotometry Training August 200636Photometry Systems CalibrationCalibration 2: Spectral Based Calibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration标准2:光谱标准-光谱能量分布标准Spectral Power Distribution光谱能量分布Used to calculate CCT, CRI, x, y, al

49、l R-values习惯用于计算CCT,CRI,X,Y,所有R值x,y correction factors are dependent upon this calibration, NOT the luminous flux calibration.X、y修正因数由这个标准决定,不是光通量标准.CCT is directly calculated from x,y, so this must be correct for the CCT to be correct.CCT是从x、y中直接计算出来,所以必须给CCT做正确的校正.Calibrate with a Spectral Flux St

50、andard.校准光谱流量标准Units are in W/nm 单位A file with data for the standard lamp is compared with the raw measured data.比较标准灯的档案资料数据与原始测量数据(1) Carefully place the Spectral Flux Standard into the sphere.(2) 小心地将光谱流量标准放进球内(3) Operate the lamp according to the certificate for the standard.(4) 按照标准说明书安装灯Photom

51、etry Training August 200637Photometry Systems CalibrationCalibration 2: Spectral Based Calibration Spectral Power Distribution Calibration标准2:光谱标准-光谱能量分布标准(3) Use appropriate software to measure the Spectral Flux Standard. (3)用合适的如件来测量光谱流量标准The software will generate a calibration file by comparing

52、the spectral flux standard file with the measured file, wavelength by wavelength.通过比较光谱流量标准文件和测试文件,软件会产生一个标准文件Each data point at each wavelength in the calibration file is calculated according to:每个波长里的每个数据点在标准文件内计算公式如下CAL=标准文件数据/原始探测数据CAL = (Standard File Data)/(Raw Detector Data).The calibration f

53、ile is used to convert raw detector data to measured data by:标准文件用于将原始探测数据转变成测量数据:标准SPD=CAL*原始探测数据Measured SPD = CAL*(Raw Detector Data). (4) Measure the Standard as a test and compare the measured SPD with the Spectral Flux Standard File.(4)检验测量标准,比较测量SPD与光谱流量标准档案Photometry Training August 200638Ph

54、otometry Systems CalibrationoSpectral calibration must be performed when:o必须执行光谱标准New equipment or sphere modifications are performed (painting, New spectrometer, etc)新设备或者球更改(着色,新分光计等)Whenever a color issue is suspected无论何时对色参数有怀疑Note: It is good practice to have a set of color check lamps that are

55、 read each month.注意:每个月检查一组颜色对比灯是一个好的习惯.oSpectral calibration does not need to be performed when recalibrating for luminous flux unless you suspect that there has been a sphere condition change (large sections of paint flaked off, the baffle shifted, etc).o光通量重新校准光谱标准不需要执行除非你怀疑球条件已经有变动(大块掉漆,移动困难等)Ph

56、otometry Training August 200639Photometry Best PracticesUse lumen check lamp使用光通量校验灯 Create a set of stable lamps and measure them periodically 制定一组稳定的灯测量它们的周期性 Best to perform this check on a schedule weekly, biweekly, or monthly 最好按时完成这个检查每周、半个月或者每月 Best to perform this check with other organizati

57、ons Dev and Factory 最好让其他机构完成这个检查Dev和制造厂Use Color Check lamps使用颜色较验灯 Create a set of stable color check lamps 制定一组稳定的颜色校验灯Recommend at least 2 lamps one at 2700K, and one at 5000K.推荐至少2盏灯2700k和5000k Best to perform this check on a schedule as above. 最好按时完成上述这个检查 Best to perform this check with other organizations. 最好让其它机构完成这个检查 Color check lamps and lumen check lamps can be the same lamps 颜色校验灯和光通量校验灯可以是同一盏灯Perform all checks simultaneously同时完成所有检查Use X-bar R charts使用X-R制图