初中非谓语动词

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1、中考英语非谓语动词讲解一、不定式的语法功能：1、 作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.= It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.十分钟这内完成这项工作很难。To lose your heart means failure.= It means failure to lose your heart. 失去信心就意味着失败。2、作表语，表示主语的“职业、职责或性质”等：Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作就是打扫大厅。He seems to

2、 know everything about this matter. 他似乎对这件事什么都知道。3、作宾语：常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, ask, (would) like, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, (would)prefer.如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，真正不定式（宾语）后置，放在宾语补足语后面。He found it important to study English. 他发现学习英语很重要。I hav

3、e no choice but to stay here. 除了呆在这儿我没有别的选择。He did nothing last Sunday but to repair his bike.4、作宾语补足语，用以说明宾语的性质、身份、特征和行为等情况：如下动词常跟动词不定式充当宾语补足语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, invite, call on, wait for. I told Jeff to give up his bad h

4、abits, but he wouldnt listen. 我告诉杰夫让他改掉坏习惯，但他不听。5、作定语：动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后，与所修饰名词有如下关系：（A）动宾关系：I have some friends to invite. 我要邀请几个朋友。注意：（1）不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词。He found a good house to live in. 他发现一个可以住的好房子。The child has nothing to worry about. 孩子没有什么可担心的。（2）如果不定式修饰time, place, way,

5、可以省略介词： He has no place to live. 他没有住的地方。（B）说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work. 我们有一个完成这项工作的计划。（C）被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get there. 他是第一个到那的。6、作状语：（A）表目的：He worked day and night to get the money. 他日夜工作来赚钱。To prepare for the coming examination, he studied hard these days 为了准备

6、即将到来的考试，他这些天学习很努力。(B)表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone. 他到晚了结果发现火车开走了。常用only放在不定式前表示强调：Nell went away only to leave his two children by themselves.内尔走了，结果只留下了两个孩子。(C) 表原因，这种原因状语往往跟在表示“高兴、愉快、生气、荣耀、遗憾”等形容词之后，说明之所以产生这些情绪的原因。They were very sad to hear the news. 听到这个消息他们非常伤心。(D) 表程度：Its too dark

7、 for us to see anything. 天太黑了，我们什么也看不见。The question is simple for him to answer. 这个问题对他来说太容易回答了。7、作独立成分：To tell you the truth, we dont want to have you. 实话告诉你吧，我们不想和你在一起。8、不定式的并列，第二个不定式可省略to：He wished to study medicine and become a doctor. 他想学医并成为一名医生。二、不带to的不定式1、使役动词：let (让), make（使）, have（使） 感官动词：

8、see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at, listen to 等，跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。但改为被动句时，不定式前应加上to。如：They heard her sing in the next room. 他们听见她在隔壁唱歌。She was heard to sing in the next room. （被动句）Help后面的不定式作宾语补足语，可以带to也可能不带to。You must help me do the cooking this afternoon. 你今天下午必须帮我做饭。She helped her parents to c

9、lean the house. 她帮助父母打扫房屋。2、不定式作表语，其前面的主语从句中含有do时，后面的to省略。What he did was lose the game. 他所做的就是输掉了比赛。3、句中含有动词do时，but, except, besides, such as等后面to可省略。Dont do anything silly, such as marry him. 不要做任何蠢事了，比如说和他结婚。4、句中含有不定式， 后面有rather than, rather than后省略to。如：Id prefer to stay here rather than go there

10、. 我宁愿呆在这儿也不愿意去那儿。5、why not 后，动词不定式中的to应省略。Why not play football? 怎么不踢足球呢？ Id like to, but I have to finish my homework first. 我想去，但我得先将作业做完。三、动词不定式与疑问词的连用不定式可以和疑问代词who, what, which及疑问副词when, how, where连用，构成不定式短语，在句中担当主语、宾语、表语等成分。1、作主语：What to do is a big problem. 做什么是个大问题。Where to begin is what I wa

11、nt to know. 从哪儿开始是我想知道的（问题）。2、作宾语：I know how to use the computer. 我知道如何使用计算机。I didnt find out when to leave. 我不清楚何时出发。3、作宾语补足语：Liu Di asked her when to start. 柳迪问她什么时候开始。He taught me how to read it. 他教过我如何读它。4、作表语：The question is how to get there. 问题是如何到达那儿。The difficulty was when to start. 困难是何时动身呢

12、。注意：“疑问词+不定式”作宾语和宾语补足语时，常与下列动词连用：know, show, teach, tell, find out, learn, decide, forget等。有时疑问词前可用介词，如：I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道如何做此事。四、不定式的常用句型1. Its time to do sth.=Its time for sth. “是做的时候了”2. Theres no (time) to do sth “没有（时间）做某事”3. It takes sb. some time to do sth “某人花费多少时间做某事”4. be

13、 +形容词 + enough to do sth “足够做某事”5. be+too+形容词+to do sth “太不能做某事”6. be ready +to do sth. “准备做某事” “7. Its +形容词+for sb/of sb +to do sth. “对于某人来说做某事（怎么样） ”8. be afraid to do sth “不敢做某事”9. prefer to do sth rather than do sth. “宁愿也不愿”10. would like to do sth 与would love to do sth 常用于口语中，表示“喜欢”11.had bette

14、r do sth （不带to的不定式）“最好”12. will/would you please (not) do sth “请你（不要）做好吗？”13. had/would rather (than) (不带to的不定式) “宁愿， 宁可”14Why not do sth = Why dont you do sth “为什么不做某事”15. Prefer to do rather than do “宁愿也不愿”动名词一、动词ing形式及语法功能1、动词的ing 形式是英语中用得较多的形式之一，它是由“动词原形+ing”（动词名词） 构成的，它既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的一些特征。在句中

15、可作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语。它没有人称和数的变化，但有时态、和语态的变化。否定式：not+动词的ing形式 2、 动词的ing形式的语法功能：（1）作主语，往往说明事物的普遍性、广泛性。Reading aloud is very helpful. 大声朗读是很有好处的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣。当动词的ing形式短语作主语法常用it作形式主语。Its no use quarrelling. 争吵是没用的。不定式和动词的ing形式作主语的区别：不定式更强调具体性，往往有明确的时间，而动词的ing形式是一种泛指、一种体验，不是

16、明确地发生在过去现在或将来的动作，更具有普遍性。Reading is really fun. 读书真是有趣。To read such a story is hard. 读这样一个故事真是难。（2）作表语，用以说明事物的身份性质等，此时和不定式的用法基本相同。What he likes is playing football after class. 他所喜欢的事情就是踢足球。（3）作宾语：Do you enjoy listening to pop music? 你喜欢听流行音乐吗？We are thinking of making a new plan. 我们正考虑制订一个新计划。I am n

17、ow busy sending postcards. 我现在正忙着邮寄贺年卡。注意：(1) 动词的ing形式即可作动词宾语也可作介词和形容词宾语。如上面三个例句。此外，动词的ing 形式作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式it.We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。(2) 如下动词及短语只跟动词ing形式作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit, deny, mind，permit, forbid

18、, practise, risk, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, cant stand, cant help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent. (from), keep.from, stop.(from), protect.from, set about, be engaged in, spend. (in), succeed in , be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like

19、（4）作定语，表示被修饰词的性质、身份、用途、正在进行的行为或状态等。The old man has to walk with a walking stick. 这位老人只好借助拐杖行走。This is an interesting story. 这是个有趣的故事。（5）作宾语补足语， 表明宾语的性质、状态或正在进行的行为：如下动词后可跟动词的ing形式作宾语补足语。see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch, discover.Can you hear h

20、er singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。（6）作状语，表示时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果、目的等。（While）Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时，他是一名先进工人。（时间）Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员他经常帮助他人。（原因）He stayed at home, cleani

21、ng and washing. 他呆在家里，又擦又洗。（伴随）(If) Playing all day, you will waste you valuable time. 要是整天玩，你就会浪费宝贵的时间。（条件）He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，结果摔得粉碎。（结果）He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了。（目的）（7）作让步状语Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。二、不定式与动词i

22、ng形式作宾语的比较：1、在下列一些动词后面常跟动词ing作宾语，而不跟不定式：admit, appreciate, advise, avoid, allow, consider, delay, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, fancy, forbid, forgive, imagine, include, keep, mention, mind, miss, practice, resist, risk, suggest等2、在下列一些动词后只跟不定式，不跟动词ing作宾语：want, hope, expec

23、t, wish, decide, would like, refuse, manage, pretend, demand, offer, afford, plan, wonder, intend等，如：I am expecting to get a letter from my parents. We are planning to build another research center.3、在下列一些动词后面跟不定式或动词ing形式作宾语，意义不同， 如：I remember doing this exercise before. 这记得以前做过这个练习。Remember to post

24、 the book for me. remember doing 记得（做过的事，某事已做过）remember to do 记住 （去做某事，某事还没做）We shall never forget hearing Jackson singing.Dont forget to give m regards to them.forget doing 忘了（做过的事，某事已做过）forget to do 忘了（去做某事，某事还没做）Ill try to improve my pronunciation.Since no one answered the front door, why not try

25、 knocking at the back door?try to do 尽力去做某事try doing (用另外一种方法) 试一试，试试看I suggest we stop working and have a rest.They stopped to listen, but there was no more sound.stop to do 停下（某事）去做某事（表目的）stop doing 把某事停下来（宾语）What do you mean to do with your old bicycle?I wont wait if it means delaying a week or s

26、o. mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着做某事4、在love, like, hate prefer后面跟不定式和动词ing形式无多大区别，如：Do you like to eat an ice-cream? I like traveling very much.I like driving (to drive) fast cars.5、在start, begin后面，一般接不定式和动词ing形式无大区别，在下列情况下，多用不定式：（1）自然界变化： It started to rain Snow started to melt as spring came.（2）心理

27、活动，在understand, know, realize等词前面：I began to understand my mothers feelings.（3）begin, start 本身为进行时：Mother was starting to cook in the kitchen when I got home.6、在allow, advise, permit, forbid等动词后面，有名词或代词作宾语，用不定式做宾语补足语，如果没有宾语，直接用ing形式，如：We dont allow parking here. 我们不允许在这儿停车。The police dont allow peop

28、le to park here. 警察不允许人们在这儿停车。7、need, require, want 译作“需要”时，跟动词ing作宾语，主动表示感谢被动，相当于to be done, 如：The windows require cleaning. The windows require to be cleaned. 窗子要擦了。8、在一些固定表达中用动词ing形式，不用不定式：Cant help doing, be worth doing, devote to doing, look forward to doing, be/ get/ become used to doing, obje

29、ct to doing, thankfor doing, excuse for doing等。Einstein devoted his life to making a research in science. 爱因斯坦献身于科学研究。Im looking forward to getting your letter. 我期盼收到你的来信。动词ing形式与ed形式作形容词时的区别：动词ing形式在句中作定语，表示一个正在进行的动作它与中心词之间存在着主谓关系，动词的ed形式在句中作定语，表示一个已完成的或被动词的动作它与中心词之间常存在着动宾关系。如：This was because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time. 这是因为没有一台可以让人在水底下长时间呼吸的机器。We live in a place called Gum Tree.Take away the broken glass.The sleeping baby is hers.