经济学常用英语单词

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1、精品文档经济学常用英语单词Aaccounting会计accounting cost会计成本accounting profit会计利润adverse selection逆向选择allocation配置allocation of resources资源配置allocative efficiency配置效率antitrust legislation反托拉斯法arc elasticity弧弹性Arrows impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理Assumption假设asymetric information非对称性信息average 平均average cost平均成本averag

2、e cost pricing平均成本定价法average fixed cost平均固定成本average product of capital资本平均产量average product of labour劳动平均产量average revenue平均收益average total cost平均总成本average variable cost平均可变成本Bbarriers to entry进入壁垒base year 基年bilateral monopoly双边垄断.精品文档benefit收益black market黑市bliss point极乐点boundary point边界点break ev

3、en point收支相抵点budget预算budget constraint预算约束budget line预算线budget set预算集Ccapital 资本capital stock资本存量capital output ratio资本产出比率capitalism资本主义cardinal utility theory基数效用论cartel 卡特尔ceteris puribus assumption其他条件“不变 ”的假设ceteris puribus demand curve其他因素不变的需求曲线Chamberlin model张伯伦模型change in demand需求变化change

4、in quantity demanded需求量变化change in quantity supplied供给量变化change in supply供给变化choice 选择closed set闭集Coase theorem科斯定理Cobb Douglas production function柯布 - 道格拉斯生产函数.精品文档cobweb model蛛网模型collective bargaining集体协议工资collusion合谋command economy指令经济commodity商品commodity combination商品组合commodity market商品市场commod

5、ity space商品空间common property公用财产comparative static analysis比较静态分析compensated budget line补偿预算线compensated demand function补偿需求函数compensation principles补偿原则compensating variation in income收入补偿变量competition 竞争competitive market竞争性市场complement goods互补品complete information完全信息completeness完备性condition for

6、efficiency in exchange交换的最优条件condition for efficiency in production生产的最优条件concave 凹concave function凹函数concave preference凹偏好consistence一致性constant cost industry成本不变产业constant returns to scale规模报酬不变constraints约束.精品文档consumer消费者consumer behavior消费者行为consumer choice消费者选择consumer equilibrium消费者均衡consumer

7、 optimization消费者优化consumer preference消费者偏好consumer surplus消费者剩余consumer theory消费者理论consumption消费consumption bundle消费束consumption combination消费组合consumption possibility curve消费可能曲线consumption possibility frontier消费可能性前沿consumption set消费集consumption space消费空间continuity连续性continuous function连续函数contrac

8、t curve契约曲线convex 凸convex function凸函数convex preference凸偏好convex set凸集corporatlon公司cost 成本cost benefit analysis成本收益分cost function成本函数cost minimization成本极小化Cournot equilihrium古诺均衡.精品文档Cournot model古诺模型Crossprice elasticity交叉价格弹性Ddead weights loss重负损失decreasing cost industry成本递减产业decreasing returns to

9、scale规模报酬递减deduction演绎法demand 需求demand curve需求曲线demand elasticity需求弹性demand function需求函数demand price需求价格demand schedule需求表depreciation折旧derivative导数derive demand派生需求difference equation差分方程differential equation微分方程differentiated good差异商品differentiated oligoply差异寡头diminishing marginal substitution边际替代

10、率递减diminishing marginal return收益递减diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减direct approach直接法direct taxes直接税discounting贴税、折扣diseconomies of scale规模不经济.精品文档disequilibrium非均衡distribution分配division of labour劳动分工distribution theory of marginal productivity边际生产率分配论duoupoly双头垄断、双寡duality对偶durable goods耐用品dynamic

11、 analysis动态分析dynamic models动态模型EEconomic agents经济行为者economic cost经济成本economic efficiency经济效率economic goods经济物品economic man经济人economic mode经济模型economic profit经济利润economic region of production生产的经济区域economic regulation经济调节economic rent经济租金exchange 交换economics经济学exchange efficiency交换效率economy经济exchange

12、 contract curve交换契约曲线economy of scale规模经济Edgeworth box diagram埃奇沃思图.精品文档exclusion排斥性、排他性Edgeworth contract curve埃奇沃思契约线Edgeworth model埃奇沃思模型efficiency效率，效益efficiency parameter效率参数elasticity弹性elasticity of substitution替代弹性endogenous variable内生变量endowment禀赋endowment of resources资源禀赋Engel curve恩格尔曲线ent

13、repreneur企业家entrepreneurship企业家才能entry barriers进入壁垒entry/exit decision进出决策envolope curve包络线equilibrium均衡equilibrium condition均衡条件equilibrium price均衡价格equilibrium quantity均衡产量eqity 公平equivalent variation in income收入等价变量excesscapacity theorem过度生产能力定理excess supply过度供给exchange 交换exchange contract curve交

14、换契约曲线exclusion排斥性、排他性exclusion principle排他性原则.精品文档existence存在性existence of general equilibrium总体均衡的存在性exogenous variables外生变量expansion paths扩展径expectation期望expected utility期望效用expected value期望值expenditure支出explicit cost显性成本external benefit外部收益external cost外部成本external economy外部经济external diseconomy外

15、部不经济externalities外部性FFactor 要素factor demand要素需求factor market要素市场factors of production生产要素factor substitution要素替代factor supply要素供给fallacy of composition合成谬误final goods最终产品firm企业firms demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线firm supply curve企业供给曲线first-degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视.精品文档first order conditio

16、n一阶条件fixed costs固定成本fixed input固定投入fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数flow流量fluctuation波动for whom to produce为谁生产free entry自由进入free goods自由品，免费品free mobility of resources资源自由流动free rider搭便车，免费搭车function函数future value未来值Ggame theory对策论、博弈论general equilibrium总体均衡general goods一般商品Giffen goods

17、吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线Giffens Paradox吉芬之谜Gini coefficient吉尼系数goldenrule黄金规则goods 货物government failure政府失败government regulation政府调控grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿.精品文档Hheterogeneous product异质产品Hickskaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准homogeneity齐次性homogeneous deman

18、d function齐次需求函数homogeneous product同质产品homogeneous production function齐次生产函数horizontal summation水平和household家庭how to produce如何生产human capital人力资本hypothesis假说Iidentity恒等式imperfect competion不完全竞争implicitcost隐性成本income收入income compensated demand curveincome constraint收入约束income consumption curve收入消费曲线i

19、ncome distribution收入分配income effect收入效应income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性increasing cost industry成本递增产业increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增inefficiency缺乏效率index number指数.精品文档indifference无差异indifference curve无差异曲线indifference map无差异族indifference relation无差异关系indifference set无差异集indirect approach间接法indivi

20、dual analysis个量分析individual demand curve个人需求曲线individual demand function个人需求函数induced variable引致变量induction归纳法industry产业industry equilibrium产业均衡industry supply curve产业供给曲线inelastic缺乏弹性的inferior goods劣品inflection point拐点information 信息information cost信息成本initial condition初始条件initial endowment 初始禀赋inno

21、vation 创新input 投入input output投入 产出institution制度institutional economics制度经济学insurance保险intercept截距.精品文档interest利息interest rate利息率intermediate goods中间产品internatization of externalities外部性内部化invention发明inverse demand function逆需求函数investment投资invisible hand看不见的手isocost line等成本线，isoprofit curve等利润曲线isoqu

22、ant curve等产量曲线isoquant map等产量族Kkinded demand curve弯折的需求曲线Llabour劳动labour demand劳动需求labour supply劳动供给labour theory of value劳动价值论labour unions工会laissez faire自由放任Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗乘数，land 土地law 法则law of demand and supply供需法.精品文档law of diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减法则l

23、aw of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则law of diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution边际技术替代率law of increasing cost成本递增法则law of one price单一价格法则leader follower model领导者 - 跟随者模型least cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合leisure闲暇Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数licenses 许可

24、证linear demand function线性需求函数linear homogeneity线性齐次性linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数long run 长期long run average cost长期平均成本long run equilibrium长期均衡long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线long run marginal cost长期边际成本long run total cost长期总成本Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线loss minimization损失极小化1ump sum ta

25、x一次性征税luxury奢侈品Mmacroeconomics宏观经济学marginal边际的marginal benefit边际收益marginal cost边际成本.精品文档marginal cost pricing边际成本定价marginal cost of factor边际要素成本marginal period市场期marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率marginal product边际产量marginal product of capital资本的边际产量marginal product of 1abour劳动的边际产量marginal produ

26、ctivity 边际生产率marginal rate of substitution边替代率marginal rate of transformation边际转换率marginal returns边际回报marginal revenue边际收益marginal revenue product边际收益产品marginal revolution 边际革命marginal social benefit社会边际收益marginal social cost 社会边际成本marginal utility 边际效用marginal value products边际价值产品market市场market cle

27、arance市场结清，市场洗清market demand市场需求market economy市场经济market equilibrium市场均衡market failure市场失败market mechanism市场机制market structure市场结构market separation市场分割market regulation市场调节.精品文档market share市场份额markup pricing加减定价法Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数maximization极大化microeconomics微观经济学minimum wage最低工资misa

28、llocation of resources资源误置mixed economy混合经济model模型money货币monopolistic competition垄断竞争monopolistic exploitation垄断剥削monopoly垄断，卖方垄断monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡monopoly pricing垄断定价monopoly regulation垄断调控monopoly rents垄断租金monopsony买方垄断NNash equilibrium纳什均衡Natural monopoly自然垄断Natural resources自然资源Necessary c

29、ondition必要条件necessities必需品net demand净需求nonconvex preference非凸性偏好nonconvexity非凸性.精品文档nonexclusion非排斥性nonlinear pricing非线性定价nonrivalry非对抗性nonprice competition非价格竞争nonsatiation非饱和性non-zero sum game非零和对策normal goods正常品normal profit正常利润normative economics规范经济学Oobjective function目标函数oligopoly寡头垄断oligopoly

30、 market寡头市场oligopoly model寡头模型opportunity cost机会成本optimal choice最佳选择optimal consumption bundle消费束perfect elasticity完全有弹性optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置optimal scale最佳规模optimal solution最优解optimization优化ordering of optimization(social) preference (社会 )偏好排序ordinal utility序数效用ordinary goods一般品output产量

31、、产出output elasticity产出弹性.精品文档output maximization产出极大化Pparameter参数Pareto criterion帕累托标准Pareto efficiency帕累托效率Pareto improvement帕累托改进Pareto optimality帕累托优化Pareto set帕累托集partial derivative偏导数partial equilibrium局部均衡patent专利pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线perfect competition完全竞争perfe

32、ct complement完全互补品perfect monopoly完全垄断perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视perfect substitution完全替代品perfect inelasticity完全无弹性perfectly elastic完全有弹性perfectly inelastic完全无弹性plant size工厂规模point elasticity点弹性positive economics实证经济学post Hoc Fallacy后此谬误prediction预测preference偏好.精品文档preference relation偏好关系pres

33、ent value现值price 价格price adjustment model价格调整模型price ceiling最高限价price consumption curve价格费曲线price control价格管制price difference价格差别price discrimination价格歧视price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性price floor最低限价price maker价格制定者price rigidity价格刚性price seeker价格搜求者price taker价格接受者p

34、rice tax从价税private benefit私人收益principal agent issues委托 - 代理问题private cost私人成本private goods私人用品private property私人财产producer equilibrium生产者均衡producer theory生产者理论product产品product transformation curve产品转换曲线product differentiation产品差异product group产品集团.精品文档production生产production contract curve生产契约曲线produc

35、tion efficiency生产效率production function生产函数production possibility curve生产可能性曲线productivity生产率productivity of capital资本生产率productivity of labor劳动生产率profit利润profit function利润函数profit maximization利润极大化property rights产权property rights economics产权经济学proposition定理proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线public ben

36、efits公共收益public choice公共选择public goods公共商品pure competition纯粹竞争rivalry对抗性、竞争pure exchange纯交换pure monopoly纯粹垄断Qquantity adjustment model数量调整模型quantity tax从量税quasi rent准租金.精品文档Rrate of product transformation产品转换率rationality理性reaction function反应函数regulation调节，调控relative price相对价格rent租金rent control规模报酬re

37、nt seeking寻租rent seeking economics寻租经济学resource资源resource allocation资源配置returns报酬、回报returns to scale规模报酬revealed preference显示性偏好revenue 收益revenue curve收益曲线revenue function收益函数revenue maximization收益极大化ridge line脊线risk 风险Ssatiation饱和，满足saving 储蓄scarcity 稀缺性law of scarcity稀缺法则seconddegree price discrim

38、ination二级价格歧视.精品文档second derivative -阶导数secondorder condition二阶条件service 劳务set 集shadow prices影子价格short run 短期short run cost curve短期成本曲线short run equilibrium短期均衡short run supply curve短期供给曲线shut down decision关闭决策shortage 短缺shut down point 关闭点single price monopoly单一定价垄断slope 斜率social benefit 社会收益social

39、 cost 社会成本social indifference curve社会无差异曲线social preference社会偏好social security 社会保障social welfare function社会福利函数socialism 社会主义solution 解space 空间stability 稳定性stable equilibrium稳定的均衡Stackelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型static analysis静态分析stock 存量.精品文档stock market股票市场strategy策略subsidy 津贴substitutes替代品substitution

40、effect替代效应substitution parameter替代参数sufficient condition充分条件supply 供给supply curve供给曲线supply function供给函数supply schedule供给表Sweezy model斯威齐模型symmetry对称性symmetry of information信息对称Ttangency相切taste兴致technical efficiency技术效率technological constraints技术约束technological progress技术进步technology技术third degree p

41、rice discrimination第三级价格歧视total cost总成本total effect总效应total expenditure总支出total fixed cost总固定成本total product总产量.精品文档total revenue总收益total utility总效用total variable cost总可变成本traditional economy传统经济transitivity传递性transaction cost交易费用Uuncertainty不确定性uniqueness唯一性unit elasticity单位弹性unstable equilibrium不稳

42、定均衡utility效用utility function效用函数utility index效用指数utility maximization效用极大化utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿VValue 价值value judge价值判断value of marginal product边际产量价值variable cost可变成本variable input可变投入variables变量vector向量visible hand看得见的手vulgur economics庸俗经济学.精品文档Wwage 工资wage rate工资率Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡Walrass law瓦尔拉斯法则Wants 需要Welfare criterion福利标准Welfare economics福利经学Welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形welfare maximization福利极大化Zzero cost零成本zero elasticity零弹性zero homogeneity零阶齐次性zero economic profit零利润.