英语十大词类的用法和名称速记讲解

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1、英语十大词类的用法和名称速记一英语的词类的意义：词类英语名称意义例词名词Noun(n.)表示人或事物的名称。pen, boy代词Pronoun(pron.)用来代替名词、形容词或数词。we, that, what动词Verb(v.)表示动作或状态。walk, have, is数词Numeral(num.)表示数量或顺序。two, second形容词Adjective(adj.)用以修饰说明名词或代词，表示人或事物的特征。good, red. nice副词Adverb(adv.)用以修饰说明动词、形容词或其它副词often, very介词Preposition(prep.)用在名词、代词之前，说

2、明表示名词、代词和句中其at, on, in, for,它词的关系。to, under冠词Article(art.)用在名词之前， 帮助说明名词所指的人或事物是泛指a, an; the（类别）还是特指。连词Conjunction(conj.)用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句子与句子。and, or, but,感叹词Interjection(int.)表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。oh, hi, hello十大词类的意义一定要理解熟记！因为非常非常重要！ ！二英语十大词类名称记忆英语十大词类很重要，十大词类名称和英语名称缩写都是很基本的常识，也是很重要的。然而，有的同学对十大词类名称和英语名称缩写

3、却记忆模糊，经常弄错，张冠李戴。有的同学直到初中毕业还没记住，可悲啊！我们必须熟记， 不然，那就标志着他 （她）的英语水平太差了！英语十大词类名称和英语名称缩写具体如下：名代动数形副介冠连感n.pron.v.num.adj.adv.prep.art.conj.int. 一定要熟记！ ！实词（意义完整，能独立作句子成分的词）虚词（意义不完整，不能独立作句子成分的词）十大词类汉语名称记忆歌诀：“名代动数形副介冠连感”（背熟！）根据上面的记忆歌诀，我相信任何一个用心的同学，只要用一分钟左右的时间就能背会英语十大词类的名称了，进而达到熟记的效果。不信，就试试看！十大词类英语名称缩写记忆点拨：名词 (n

4、.)、动词 (v.)单独记好记；数词(num.) 缩写相当于 number 的前三个字母； 形容词 (adj.) 和副词 (adv.)两个放在一起记；代词 (pron.) 和介词(prep.)两个易混淆，可放在一起对比记；冠词(art.)、连词(conj.) 和感叹词(int.) 三个放在一起对比记。 句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一） 句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。 但在 there be 结构、疑问句（

5、当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。一句话语法: 主语由名词性的词来充当 . 例如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词）One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great ple

6、asure. （不定式）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）It is necessary to master a foreign language.（ it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）（三） 谓语 ：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。一句话语法 : 谓语由动词充当 . 有很多同学在

7、写作的时候容易犯的错误就是要么乱用 be 动词 ,要么句子没有谓语动词 . 谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语：（ 1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。注意 :这里面的动词原形非常重要 . 如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成。如： We are students.（四）表语 ：表语用以说明主语的身份、 特征和状态， 它一般位于系动词 （如 be, become,

8、 get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。一句话语法: 表语使用形容词,不用副词!例如：Our teacher of English is an American. （名词）Is it yours? （代词）The weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （分词）Three times seven is twenty one? （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hob

9、by （爱好） is playing football. （动名词）The machine must be out of order. （介词短语）Time is up. The class is over. （副词）注意: 副词可以做表语的只有几个所以上面说 :表语使用形容词,不用副词 ! 我们所复习的语法直接针对高考这点请大家一定要记住.,非常简单 ,考试不考,不是搞语法研究,The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）（五） 宾语 ：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一句话语法宾语由名词性的词充当 ,宾语分为动词

10、宾语和介词宾语 ,分别构成动宾结构和介词结构非常重要 ,务必要牢记 .例如：:,这点They went to see an exhibition （展览） yesterday.（名词）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. （代词）How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语

11、）I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语）I think （ that） he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）宾语种类：（ 1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. 如果同学搞不清楚什么是双宾语,记下下面这个句子: give me a book. 一人一物做宾语就是双宾语.说得白一点 ,双就是两个的意思 .（ 2）复合宾语（宾语 +宾补），例如： They elected himtheirmonitor.（六） 宾语补足语 ：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直

12、接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make 等+宾语 +宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。一句话语法:宾语补足语使用形容词 ,不用副词 .例如：His father named him Dongming. （名词）They painted their boat white. （形容词）Let the fresh air in. （副词）You mustn t force him to lend his money to you（.不定式短语）We saw her entering the roo

13、m.（现在分词）We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）（七） 定语 ：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一句话语法:定语使用形容词定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词）China is a developing country; America is a developed country. （分词）There are thirty women teachers i

14、s our school. （名词）His rapid progress in English made us surprised. （代词）Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. （不定式短语）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词）He is reading an article about how to learn English. （介词短语）（八） 状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子(这个就叫状语 ,一句话语法 : 状语用副词 ,不用

15、形容词 )，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：Light travels most quickly. （副词及副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式短语）He is in the room making a model plane. （分词短语）Wait a minute. （名词）Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从

16、句）状语种类如下：How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）(表示时间就是时间状语,那表示原因的呢? 对喽,就是原因状语 )Last night she didnI shall go there if it doesn t go to the dance party because of （the原rain因状.语）（条件状t语rain）.Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a

17、 dictionary in her hand. （伴随状语）In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语）She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语）I am taller than he is. （比较状语）根据语法形式，即句子的结构，英语的句子可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。1 简单句句型：主语 +谓语只包含一个主谓结构，而句子的各个结构都只由单词或短语表

18、示They are playing baseball in the garden.他们正在公园里打棒球。Her brother and sister both are teachers.初一名师讲堂初二名师讲堂初三全科复习高一名师讲堂她的哥哥和姐姐都是老师。2 并列句句型：简单句 +并列连词 +简单句（常见的并列连词有and， but ，or ）高二名师讲堂高考全科强化并列句是由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句意义同中学英语课件下等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。载中学英语试题下载Her father is a doctor and her

19、mother is a teacher.中学英语教案下I liked the story very much but Li Ming wasnt interested in it.载Hurry up ，or youll be late.3 复合句句型：主句 +连词 +从句；或连词 +从句 +主句（包含一个主句、一个或一个以上的从句，或只包含一个从句，但有两个或两个以上的主句的句子叫复合句。）复合句（ The Complex Sentence ）：句子中有一个或一个以上的从句，叫做复合句。复合句可分为：1).定语从句（The Attributive Clause）；2).状语从句（The Adv

20、erbial Clause）；3). 名词性从句（ The Noun Clause ）：一、 定语从句? 定语从句的定义定语从句在句子中作定语，用来修饰一个名词、名词词组或者代词。? 先行词和引导词被修饰的名词、名词词组或代词叫做先行词；在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫做引导词。引导词分为“关系代词”和“关系副词”。? 关系代词和关系副词关系代词有： who, whom, whose, that, which, as。关系副词有： when, where, why 。 注意：关系副词里面没有how。如果要修饰方式，用that或 in which引导，或者不用引导词。I don t lik

21、e the way(that, in which) he eyed me.我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。? 关系代词： who关系动词 who 在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。He is the man who wants to see you.He is the man who I saw in the park yesterday.? 关系代词： whomHe is the man（whom） I saw in the park yesterday.（whom在从句中作宾语）? 关系代词： whosewhose 用来指人或物，（只能用作定语 ,若指物，它还可以同

22、of which互换）。They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.（of which the cover/the cover of which）? 关系代词： which （1）which 指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。They needed a plant which didnt need as much water as rice. The farm (which) we visited yest

23、erday is located in the suburb of Beijing.? 关系代词： which （2）当在 which 和 that面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选which ：1. 在非限制性定语从句中通常用 which 作引导词，而不能用 that 做非限制性定语从句的引导词。2. 修饰整个主句。I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.3. 修饰谓语部分。He can swim in the river, which I cannot.4.介词 + whichThey are all questions t

24、o which there are no answers.? 关系代词： that （ 1）that 多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用 that ，也可用 which 。It s a question that (which) needs careful consideration.（指物，作主语。）Who is the man that is reading a magazine under the tree?（指人，作主语。）The girl (that) we saw yesterday is Toms sister.（指人，作宾语，可省略。）? 关系

25、代词： that （ 2）在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。1.先行词为all , everything, anything, nothing, little等不定代词时。All (that) she lacked was training.2. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时This is the best film that I have ever seen.3. 先行词被序数词和 the last 修饰时4. 先行词中既有人又有物时They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had vis

26、it ed.5.主句是含有 who或 which 的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时二、 状语从句1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由 where, wherever Where I live there are plenty of trees. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.引导。2 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引导。1） as, (just) asso 引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在 (just)asso 结构中位于句首， 这时 as 从句带有比喻的含义， 意思是 正如 ，

27、 就像 ，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas fr om our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though两者的意义和用法相同， 引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用

28、陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作 仿佛 似的 ， 好像 似的 ，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they neverexisted.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来

29、。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）说明： as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。3 原因状语从句比较： because, since, as和for1）because 语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why 提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。I d

30、idnt go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由 because 引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用 for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for 。He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.4 目的状语从句表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that,

31、in case等词引导，例如：You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.5 结果状语从句结果状语从句常由soth at或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解 so 和 such 与其后的词的搭配规律。比较： so 和such其规律由so 与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so还可与表示数量的形容词many, few,

32、much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flowerso many / few flowerssuch nice flowersso much / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people（ so many已成固定搭配，a lot of虽相当于many，但a lot of为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）sothat 与 suchthat之间的转换既为so 与 such 之间的转换。The boy i

33、s so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school6 条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that等。.if引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless = if not.Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk.7

34、 让步状语从句though, although注意： 当有 though, although时，后面的从句不能有but ，但是 though和 yet 可连用Although its raining, they are still working in the field.3)ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4) whetheror -不管 都Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5) no matter + 疑问词 或 疑问词 +后缀 e

35、ver No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换： no matter what = whateverno matter who = whoeverno matter when = wheneverno matter where = whereverno matter which = whicheverno matter how = however注意： no matter不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错） No matter what you say is of no

36、use now.（对） Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句 )（错） Prisoners have to eat no matter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。8 比较 while, when, as1） as, when引导短暂性动作的动词。Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came upto me.

37、2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while 。When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 3）从句表示 随时间推移 连词能用 as，不用 when 或 while 。As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。9 比较 until和 till此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是 做某事直至某时 ，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是 直至某时才做某事 。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词

38、的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight.我一直睡到半夜时醒了。Wait till I call you.等着我叫你。（在肯定句中可用 before 代替 Lets get in the wheat before the s un sets. ）否定句：She didnt arrive until 6 oclock.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.1)Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you told me, I had heard nothing of

39、 what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。2)Until when疑问句中，until要放在句首。-Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？- Until next Monday.呆到下周一。注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。(1)Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know wha t heat is.直到 19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize

40、 how much time I had wasted.直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。(2)It is not untilthat10 表示 一 就 的结构hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no soonerthan和 as soon as 都可以表示 一 就 的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注

41、意：如果 hardly, scarcely或 no sooner 置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.三、 名词性从句1） . 宾语从句（ The Object Clause）；? 宾语从句在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。? 宾语从句：及物动词Everybody knows that money

42、 doesnt grow on trees.? 宾语从句：短语动词Please go and find out when the train will arrive.? 宾语从句：介词的宾语I am interested in what she is doing.? 宾语从句：否定的转移I dont suppose youre used to this diet.我想你不习惯这种饮食。I dont believe shell arrive before 8.我相信她 8 点之前不会到。2） . 表语从句（ The Predicative Clause）；? 表语从句在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做

43、宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。What the police want to know is when you entered the room.This is what we should do.Thats why I want you to work there.as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。She seems as if she had done a great thing.It is because you eat too much.? 虚拟语气：表语从句主语是 idea, notion, proposal, suggest

44、ion, request等名词时 , 作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+ 原形动词。My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possibl e.3） . 同位语从句（ The Appositive Clause）。? 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如 answer( 答案 ) ， hope( 希望 ) ， fact( 事实 ) ，belief ( 信仰 ) ， news(消息 ) ，idea( 主意；观念 ) ，pr

45、omise( 承诺 ) ，inform ation( 信息 ) ，conclusion( 结论 ) ，order( 命令 ) ， suggestion( 建议 ) ，pro blem( 问题 ) ， thought ( 想法 ) 等后面。例如：I had no idea that you were here.She told us her hope that she would become a pianist.He made a promise that he would never come late.? 同位语从句： whetherwhether 可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用wh

46、ether 作为引导词。He hasnt made the decision whether he will go there.I have small doubt whether he is suitable for the job.? 同位语从句：whatwhat 可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词I have no idea what he is doing now.? 同位语从句：howhow可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词Its a question how he did it.? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（ 1）同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（ 2）that 在同位语从句中没有词义， 不充当句子成分； 而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。? 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（ 3）whether, what, how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。以说话目的分为：陈述句/问句 /祈使句 /感叹句