电影片名翻译与语境适应论影视编导专业

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1、电影片名翻译与语境适应论摘要：随着文化交流的扩大，越来越多的国外影片引进中国，受到观众的喜爱，越来越多的中国电影受到外国观众的关注。电影标题作为电影语言的一部分，是电影第一面对受众的部分，其翻译自然是电影推广宣传的关键一环。众所周知，电影标题也是社会语言的一部分，当然会涉及到社会文化形式的各个方面，包括政治，经济，历史，宗教等。如何逾越不同社会文化背景所造成的理解鸿沟，是电影片名翻译首先要解决的问题。语境适应论作为国内语用学范畴探讨的新理论，对如何逾越不同社会文化背景所造成的理解鸿沟有较强的指导性。本文首先从商业、文化、艺术的视角指出了片名的重要性，接着分析了电影片名翻译主要影响因素社会文化背

2、景差异，然后详细分析了解决这一因素的语境适应论，并根据这一理论探讨指导中外电影片名互译的实用策略，同时指出语境适应理论对片名翻译有制约和延伸的作用。关键词：电影片名；翻译; 文化差异; 语境适应论; 翻译策略ABSTRACT:With the development of culture exchange in the world, more and more English films have been introduced into our country, which have gained preference of the Chinese people. At the same t

3、ime, Chinese films are favored by foreign audience. Film title is an important part of film language, and the first part to be directly confronted with the audiences, whose translation plays a critical role in promotion of the film production in international film market. As we all know, film title

4、is also a portion of the social language, so it surely relate to aspects of the social culture, such as politics, economics, history, religion, etc. Therefore, how to bridge the comprehension gap of the audiences from different cultural background is crucial to film title translation. Contextual Ada

5、ptation Theory, a hot topics in pragmatics nowadays, mainly talks about the key to bridge the gap of different contextual backgrounds, so this paper will apply contextual adaptation to the film title translation. Firstly, the importance of the film title translation is analyzed from the perspective

6、of commerce, culture and art; then the paper discusses the main factors of film title translation, that is the difference of the cultural backgrounds; in the following chapter, Contextual Adaptation Theory is introduced in details, for the purpose of exploring the proper strategies of film title tra

7、nslation. Key words: film title; translation; cultural difference; contextual adaptation; translation strategy1 Introduction As we all known, film is an audio-visual art. This glamorous act is a magnificent gem in human history, which creates romantic stories and leads human into a marvelous land we

8、 have never come before. Looking back to the development history of film, we cannot deny that film reflects the society reality and the time spirit. As the cultural exchange between China and overseas become booming, film plays an important role as culture envoy. Film was entrusted with the mission

9、to let more people from different cultural backgrounds to enjoy the entertainment and share advanced technology together. This is an unavoidable trend in the world now.As the most popular form of mass communication, film has accompanied human for almost one century. In the long history, film industr

10、y experiences six serious changes. From the era of films father Liaster brother taking black and white documentary into peoples life to the era of talkie, ever-big change of film industry has remarkable significance in human history. Countless famous film stars show their charming glamour on the scr

11、een and many excellent films are popular with audience in the whole world. Entering into 21 century, the film industry continues to develop rapidly, which is entrusted with the mission to let more people with different cultural background understand foreign culture. As the development of society, th

12、e trend of film importing and exporting is unavoidable due to the globalism. Since the policy of reform and opening carried out in China at the end of 1970s, an increasing amount of English films have entered Chinese market and the Chinese film industry has developed in the meantime. Both sides need

13、 to share the market and spread culture of each other. Therefore, it is curial to be accepted by the audience from other cultural background. Undoubtedly, film title translation is an important segment concerted, which is far from being explored. Film title musters the essence of the film wholly, an

14、d in some sense, a successful film title should be the one that can attract people to the cinema. A good translator should translate the film title in the base of the contextual adaptation, which reflects the culture surroundings of audience such as society current situation, religion and history. T

15、hose objective factors are in direct contact with acceptance and comprehension of audience. Actually, it is high time that film title translation should pay more attention to the contextual adaptation field. This paper makes a tentative study of Chinese and English film title translation with an att

16、empt to formulate some practical theories and methods to explore film title translation.The film title musters the essence of the film wholly, and in some sense, a successful film title should be the one that can attract people to the cinema and that should become a great box-office hit.The intense

17、rivalry of big film companies impels all film investors to pay careful attention to the international market. However, film title translation is a process to master the psychology and acceptance of foreign audiences. Namely, this process is a cruel segment to enter international market. The aim of t

18、ranslating film title is to inherit, that is to say, the translator should apply audience-oriented translation skills on the base of referring to film content in order to enter into the market successfully .The aim of film title translation lay the position of disseminating film . Translation is not

19、 just the process of language transferring, but the society phenomenon of culture exchange . 1The great mission of film title translation is to incarnate the culture value and develop the understanding between different countries.Being a special and significant part of translation, film title transl

20、ation has been piloted from many aspects, such as the angle of reception aesthetics, the perspective of skopostheorie and cultural perspective. A great portion of scholars keep their eyes on reception aesthetics which has often been taken as the theoretical background to analyze film title translati

21、on. Based on those theories, typical models are established aiming at providing the theoretical framework to guide film title translation. Those fruitful research contribute a lot to the work. However, till now not a single theory or theoretical frame has been set up to guide the film title translat

22、ion, which is far from being explored in the past years. Contextual adaptation, a newly developed field in China, is adopted as the theoretical background of this paper and an audience-oriented English and Chinese film title translation approach is highly advocated. The reception process is a kind o

23、f Contextual adaptation, and the contextual adaptation significance of a literary work cannot be fully realized without the readers reception. Contextual adaptation provides us with a new perspective of the relationship between film and audience. Exploring the sources, types and styles of film title

24、, this paper claims that translating film title is on the base of four-foundation rule: information value principle, culture value principle, aesthetic appreciation principle and business value principle. Accordingly, this paper put forward three basic translating methods with the guidance of contex

25、tual adaptation, which are literal translation, transliterate and adaptation. Then the paper will raise those translating approaches with rich examples to elaborate the importance and the way of applying contextual adaptation.Contextual adaptation serves as the theoretical base of this paper due to

26、its apparent applicability of this newly developed field, which is testified as guiding principles. Convincing examples and proper methods have been given. Chapter One gives the importance introduction of film title translation, from the angle of social development and the angle of the aim of title

27、translation. Chapter Two sates the definition, content and importance of contextual adaptation. Chapter Three studies the application of the contextual adaptation in film title translation, which includes four-foundation rule and three basic translating methods with typical examples of film title tr

28、anslation.2 Main Factors In The Translation Of Film TitleThe translator should bear in mind that there are some main factors in the translation of film title. Aesthetic Principle, Ideology, Theme and Style of film are the main points that need careful consideration in the process of film title trans

29、lation. Then, in this chapter, the key factors of film title translation will be analyzed according to rich examples.2.1 Aesthetic Principle And The Translation Of Film TitleChinese aesthetics emphasizes the balance very much, particularly in using the organizational structure of the language like a

30、 parallel symmetry. Therefore, Four- character phraseology is commonly used in Chinese film titles and the translated titles of foreign, such translated titles as 卢浮魅影, 生死时速, 完美风暴, 一往无前, 永不妥协, 天使之城, 择日而亡, 霹雳娇娃, 狼犬丹尼, 冰河世纪, etc.Westerners aesthetic concepts is putting more emphasis on analysis and pa

31、ying more attention to local and individual and advocating conciseness which is reflect on the film titles directly. Substantial factors affecting the development of the film plot (such as people, objects, things, location, etc.) or a single term are used as a film title universally, like the net, S

32、aw, the piano, Congo, ghost, the car, cold mountain, King Kong, etc. So now many Chinese films, according to the appreciating custom and psychology, adopt the translated titles as brief as western films, such as 决战紫禁之颠into the Dual; Jet lees latest film 霍元甲 with the name Fearless; Chen Kaige s block

33、buster 无极 with its translated title the Promise; 看上去很美with the Little Red Flower, etc.2.2 Ideology And The Translation Of Film TitleThe concept of ideology has been broadening and its introduction to Translation Studies has enabled researchers to probe into some translational phenomena, which might

34、have been neglected otherwise. The ideological manipulation in translation could refer to any interference with the text is it cultural, religious, political or otherwise, imposing modifications that are not textual constraints, for the purpose of indoctrination.2As growing and living in the differe

35、nt social system, the ideology of Chinese people and westerners are quite different even different between Hong Kong, Taiwan and china main land. the title of Chinese film 红色恋人 audience know clearly it is about the love of the Communist in hard years. But in westerners mind, on one hand, they may no

36、t understand red lover indicate a couple of Communist lover, on the other hand, even if they know the t indicative meaning of the red in china, they do not identify with Communist at all. So it is a good choice to adopt creative translation with the film English title a time to remember. 2.3 Theme A

37、nd Style Of The FilmUsually the theme and style of the film is related to the film titles cheek by jowl. Naturally it is closely related to the translation of the film titles as well. A good translated title should reflect the main idea of the film proper, well and truly, which embody the theme and

38、give prominence to the style of the film. To classify the 63 films according to its theme as follows:typeFilmTranslated titleEthical FilmsAmerican beauty美国美人Rain man雨人Monster 女魔头Forrest Gump 阿甘正传活着To liveCampus Life FilmCoach Carter 铁血教练Mr. Hollands Opus 春风化雨American Pie美国派10 Things I Hate About You

39、对面恶女看过来War FilmsApocalypse Now现代启示录Enemy at the Gates兵临城下All Quiet on the Western Front 西线无战事Hotel Rwanda卢旺达饭店Saving Private Ryan 拯救大兵瑞恩Legend-Based FilmsCleopatra埃及艳后Alexander亚历山大大帝Troy特洛伊King Arthur 亚瑟王The Aviator 飞行者Western filmDances with Wolves与狼共舞Unforgiven 不可饶恕To Kill a Mockingbird 杀死一只知更鸟Onc

40、e upon a time in American义薄云天RomanceNotting Hill诺丁山开往春天的地铁Spring subwayAre We There Yet? 小鬼上路The Break Up 同床异梦Just My Luck倒霉爱神情迷大话王Everyday is valentines大城小事Leaving Me, Loving You Political FilmsSchindlers List 辛德勒的名单JFK刺杀肯尼迪Good night, good luck晚安,好运生死抉择Fatal decisionCartoon filmsMonsters, Inc. 怪物公

41、司Robots机器人总动员Chicken run小鸡快跑Peter Pan 小飞侠Sci-Fi FilmsJurassic Park侏罗纪公园Artificial intelligent人工智能the Island 逃出克隆岛serenity 冲出宁静号Stealth 绝密飞行Thriller filmThe Others 小岛惊魂Silent Hill 寂静岭Halloween 月光光心慌慌Final Destination死神来了The Silence of the Lambs沉默的羔羊Musical filmThe Red Shoes红菱艳Chicago芝加哥Moulin Rouge梦断

42、花都如果爱Perhaps love Marilyn Hotchkiss Ballroom Dancing and Charm School舞动心方向Action film Rush hour 尖峰时刻Cliffhanger绝岭雄风霍元甲fearlessDust to Glory 车舞狂沙喋血双雄The Killer纵横四海Once a ThiefDocumentary filmRize 瑞兹The Year of the Yao 挑战者姚明Fahrenheit 9/11华氏911Deep Sea 3D 深海大进击/深深的海We can see the film titles of differ

43、ent types above with different characteristics, Documentary film is the track record of true life and affairs in the world, so its translated title need brief and direct without any exaggeration or more special translating techniques. Ethical films usually have profound social meanings and ethical t

44、hinking, which have serious and elevated topics in truly sense. So the translated titles of ethical film do not need to be added some elements in translating, as the primary film name has been the best summary of the film. As to the legend-based films, war films and political film, they are all adap

45、ted from the true history in a largely scale, therefore we advocated the literal translation and we need the true and impersonal film title no matter after translation or not.Finally, title translation of the other kinds of film has a vast room to bring techniques and imaginations into play. Thrille

46、rtitles are to create thriller atmosphere so that abundant Chinese character and thriller cultural element could be used in translation. Romances translated titles should be warm, cozy, romantic and especially charming to female audiences and amatory audiences. Sci-Fi films titles should have fantas

47、tic and illusory color with some pressure, giving the imaginative room for audience. Cartoon film titles should be cute, dramatic, simple-word and new-minded so as to attract both children and grown-up.3 Contextual AdaptationAs discussed above, whether the film title can be appreciated by target aud

48、ience involves many aspects of human life, such as, politics, economy, history, all of which are included in macroscopic context. So to attract the target audience is to adapt their context. In this chapter, the author introduces the definition and content of contextual adaptation and makes a study

49、of film title translation on this base due to its apparent applicability of this newly developed discipline. According to the contextual adaptation, a new visual angle to analyze target title can be raised.3.1 The Definition &Content Of Contextual AdaptationThe contextual adaptation is in the range

50、of context, which notion is essential to the pragmatic study of language. 3The context is divided into two portions, which are macroscopic context and microcosmic context. The macroscopic context means social cultural appearance, which involves every aspect of human life. 4In contrast, the range of

51、microcosmic context is narrow. We consider it as the concrete environment shared by the speaker and hearer. Accurately, the contextual adaptation is in the range of macroscopic context. There is a long history to explore contextual adaptation abroad, which is composed of microcosmic contextual adapt

52、ation and macroscopic contextual adaptation. The macroscopic contextual adaptation means the process of language adaptation to specific surrounding, which is analyzed in the aspect of the society and culture. 4Social surroundings restricts using language, which are the foundation of language develop

53、ment and the most complicated factors in context. The social surroundings include politics, economy, religion, history, etc. Different nations have their own culture due to the specific social surroundings, which differ from that of other nations. Because of the culture relative independence, there

54、is an understanding gap between native and foreign culture. To build a bridge over the gap is an arduous mission for translator. The microcosmic contextual adaptation refers to the use of sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. Actually, the macroscopic contextual adap

55、tation is adopted as the theoretical background of this paper.3.2 Importance Of Contextual Adaptation On Translation Traditionally, people consider translation as “faithfulness”. Translators have laid great emphasis on both source text and target text, on faithfully reproducing the original first in

56、 terms of meaning and second in terms of style. 5Nevertheless, Professor Wu Jun explored the study of medium and considered the translation as “the essence of translation is the transmit of information, that is communication” 6 It calls our attention to the transference of the efforts from the text

57、to the reception of the potential reader. As a new voice out of context, contextual adaptation ushers in fresh air to local translation studies. Translator can become the bridge between different languages under the prerequisite of contextual adaptation. Namely, contextual adaptation is the foundati

58、on of culture exchange and understanding. 3.3 Importance Of Contextual Adaptation On Film Title TranslationAs a popular art, film is tinged with a film of commercialization. When the film enters into target market, the first impression for audience is film title. Understanding film content is very i

59、mportant, but we should take contextual adaptation on the top of the list. Contextual adaptation provides us with a new perspective of the relationship between film and audience. Different nations have different traditional cultures and value preferences, letting along the distinction of western and

60、 eastern culture. Through comprehending contextual adaptation to find the appropriate approach, the deviation of understanding will be avoided. There are plenty of wonderful target names in film domain. Those successful cases state the importance of combination of film content and contextual adaptat

61、ion during translation.4 The Application Of Contextual Adaptation In Film Title TranslationAs stated previously, to gain a toehold in the international market, the overseas and domestic film companies are bumping up efforts to put forward their film to target audiences. Obviously, contextual adaptat

62、ion is curial in the film title translation. It is the contextual adaptation that endows the title with uniqueness that pleases the senses and provided audience enjoyment. In this chapter, the strategies of film title translation will be analyzed according to the fundamentals of contextual adaptatio

63、n. 4.1 Realization Of Four Basic PrinciplesIn the process of film title translation, translator should persist in four basic Principles for the propose to make the effect of culture exchange. The four basic points are the informative value, the cultural value, the aesthetic value and the commercial

64、value. Those points are the concrete centerpieces in exploring contextual adaptation from theory to practice. According to the standard of contextual adaptation, there are three audience-oriented title translation skills：literal translation , transliterate and adaptation.4.2 The Feasibility Of Contextual Adaptation In Film Title TranslationAs the newly developed filed, contextual adaptation can be the guidance of the audience-oriented translation skills in film title translation. Translator can regard the contextual adaptation as the criterion to judge the target title whether it