初中英语句子结构成份讲解及专项练习(共13页)

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上英语句子成分划分详解（一）主语：就是一个句子陈述的对象，或是动作的执行者。它回答的是“谁”“什么”的问题。如：我看书。谁看书？“我”。“我”就是这句子的主语。主语由名词或相当于名词的词充当。（如动词不定式，动名词，代词都可作主语，主语从句）主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to belie

2、ve. （不定式）What he needs is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语：说明主语是什么，干什么，怎么样。它回答的是主语“干什么，是什么”的问题。如上句中主语“我”干什么？“看书”。“看书”就是谓语。 一个句子，一般都可分成主、谓两大部分（祈使句是省主句）。再细分又可分成谓语（动词）、宾语，表语，补语（包括宾补和主补），定语，状语，同位语等。 如第一例中谓语部分可划分成谓语（看）和宾语（书）。 谓语部分中心词一定要是一

3、个动词，要么是行为动词，要么是系动词，不同的动词构成不同的句子类型。 句子的各种时态、人称和数的变化都在谓语动词上变。谓语（predicate）:说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 宾语：指谓语动词所涉及的对象，由名、代、数，宾语从句等相当于名词的词句充当，但人称代词要用宾格。如：还说上例。谓语动词是“看”，看什么？看“书”，“书”是动词“看”所涉及的对象，是“看”的宾语。 需要说明的是：只有及物动词和介词或相当于及物动词和介词的短语才可带宾语。宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾 I like China.（名词） He hates you.（

4、代词） How many do you need? We need two.（数词） We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词） I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said?（宾语从句） 2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾 Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks. 3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物） He gave me

5、 a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.表语：是和系动词紧密相连的。在陈述句中系动词后面的就是表语，这就是“主系表”结构。作表语的也是名词性的词，也可以是从句。表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。 He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it.（代词） Five and five is ten.（数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wal

6、l. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） To wear a flower is to say“Im poor, I cant buy a ring.（不定式） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） （常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉）. It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds s

7、trange. Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin. The food smells delicious. The food tastes good. The door remains open. Now I feel tired.定语：修饰限定名词、代词的词，说明所修饰词的性质、特征等，如 a tall boy中，tall修饰boy,tall是boy的定语。可作定语的有形容词、名词、副词、定语从句、分词等。不定代词的定语一律后置。定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词）

8、He is our friend.（代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now.（过去

9、分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：修饰动词、副词、形容词甚至整句，说明谓语动作发生的时间、地点、方式、伴随状况、目的等等。如：他在灯下看书。“在灯下”是状语。 补语：补充说明主语或宾语的成份,补充说明主语的叫主语补足语，补充宾语叫宾语补足语。如：他把我逗笑了。He made me laugh.主语：he;谓语：made;宾语：me;宾补：laugh.补语和它补充说明的成份之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这可以把它和其它成份区分开。如：上句宾语me和宾补laugh之间，l

10、augh的动作是me来做的。这就是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。把这两部分单拿出来可以成一句完整的话，即I laughed,宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here.（名）We will make them happy.（形容词）We found nobody in. (副词) Please make yourself at home.介词短语）Dont let him do that.（省to不定式）His father advised him to

11、teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带to不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）Ill have my bike repaired.（过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.语法是句子的框架，学语法应该说是学习语言的一个捷径。相对而言，句子的灵魂是词汇，学习是个长期积累过程，词汇积累更是如此。学习也要讲究方法，活学活用，在运用

12、中记忆，不能死记硬背。另外，语言都有些相通的地方，结合母语对照学习也很有效。 I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you wil

13、l pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 简单句的五个基本句型主语 不及物动词 She came/ My head aches. 主语 及物动词 宾语 She likes English.主语 系动词 主语补语 She is happy主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe teacher aske

14、d me to read the passage.（There +be There lies a book on the desk. ）Exercises 分析下列句子成分 1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you 3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes. 5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it

15、 clear that he would leave the city 7. -I love you more than her，child 8. Tees turn green when spring comes. 9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. 12.All the students think highly of his teaching 13. We

16、need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song. 15. Dont get nervous，help yourself to what you like16.We will make our school more beautiful. 17. He didnt comeThat is why he didnt know18. She showed us her many of her pictures. 19. The old man lives a lonely life. 2

17、0. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. 21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany 22. There are so many people in the hall that its hard for me to find him 23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month. 24. Go back where you

18、came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do. 26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup? 28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him? 30. Ill get my hair cut tomorrow. 翻 译 练 习： 主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ） 1你应当努力学习。

19、2她昨天回家很晚。 3那天早上我们谈了很多。 4会议将持续两个小时。 5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 6这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。 7 1919年，在北京爆发了“五.四”运动。 8每天八时开始上课。 9这个盒子重五公斤。 10五年前我住在北京。 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。 3这本书他读过多次了。 4他们成功地完成了计划。 5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。 6那位先生能流利地说三种语言。 7我收到了笔友从澳大利亚寄来的信。 8 Jim还不会自己穿衣服。 9我们大家都相信Jack是一个诚实男孩。 10他不知道说什麽好

20、。 主系表结构 （主语 系动词表语 ） 1我的兄弟都是大学生。 2冬季白天短，夜晚长。 3布朗夫人看起来很健康。 4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。 5孩子们，请保持安静。 6这本书是有关美国历史的书。 7她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。 8他失业了。 9树叶已经变黄了。 10这个报告听起来很有意思。 双宾语结构 （主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 ） 1 Johnson先生去年教我们德语。 2.奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。 3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。 4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 5.他把车票给列车员看。 6.这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。 7.我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。 8.

21、 Robinson Crusoe给自己做了一只小船。 9.请你给我弄一本新的，好吗？ 10.我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？ 复合宾语结构 （主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 ） 1我们叫她Alice. 2他的父母给他取名为John. 3我们大家都认为他是诚实的。 4他们把门推开了。 5他们把小偷释放了。 6我们要使学校变得更美丽。 7他请我们参加做游戏。 8我要你把真相告诉我。 9卫兵命令我们立即离开。 10明天我要找人来修理机器。 11每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。 12痛苦使得他叫喊起来。 13我们不会让她在晚上外出的。 14他每个月理一次发。 15我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。 16那可怕的声

22、音把孩子们吓坏了 17她正在听人家讲故事。 18男孩子们都在看士兵们操练。 19我从来没看见这个字这样用过。 20他感到很难跟你交谈。 21我想乘船去那里更舒服些。 22我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。 23学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。24我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。 There be句型 1今晚没有会。 2这个村子过去只有一口井。 3这个学校有一名音乐老师和一名美术老师。4客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。 5天气预报说下午有大风。 6灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。 7战前这儿一直有家电影院的。 8恰好那时房里没人。 9从前，在海边的一个村子里住着一位老渔夫。10公共汽车来了。 11就

23、只剩下二十八美元了。 12在这个山洞前面长着一棵高大的松树。 13铃响了。 14二月份有二十八天。 KEYS 分析下列句子成分 1.主语 系动词 表语 2.主语 系动词 表语 3.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 4.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 5.主语 及物动词 宾语 6.主语 动词 形式宾语it 宾语补足语+宾语7.主语 及物动词 宾语 8.主语 系动词 表语 9.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 10.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 11.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 12主语 及物动词 宾语13.主语 及物动词 宾语 14.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 15.主语 系动词 表语 16.主语 动

24、词 宾语 宾语补足语 17.主语 系动词 表语 18.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语19.主语 不及物动词 20.主语 不及物动词 21.主语 系动词 表语 22.主语 系动词 表语 23.主语 及物动词 宾语 24.主语 不及物动词25.主语 及物动词 宾语 26.主语 不及物动词 27.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 28.主语双宾动词间接宾语直接宾语 29.主语 及物动词 宾语 30.主语 动词 宾语 宾语补足语 翻 译 练 习： 主谓结构 （ 主语 不及物动词 ） 1You should study hard.2 She went home very late yesterday even

25、ing.3That morning we talked a great deal.4The meeting will last two hours.5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.8Classes begin at eight every day.9Thi

26、s box weighs five kilos.10 I lived in Beijing five years ago. 主谓宾结构 （主语 及物动词 宾语 ） 1.I wrote a letter last night. 2.I want to talk with you this afternoon. 3.He has read this book many times. 4.They have carried out the plan successfully. 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.6.That gent

27、lemen can speak three languages fluently. 7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia.8.Jim cannot dress himself. 9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.10.He did not know what to say. 主系表结构 （主语 系动词 主语补语 ） 1My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and th

28、e nights are long.3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.5 Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States.7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8He is out of work.9The leaves have turned yellow. 10The rep

29、ort sounds interesting. 双宾语结构 （主语 双宾动词 间接宾语 直接宾语 ） 1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.2Grandma told me an interesting story last night.3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.4Would you please pass me the dictionary?5He showed the ticket to the conductor.6This term I have written three lette

30、rs to my parents.7My father has bought me a new bike. 8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.9Will you please get me a new copy?10 Shall I call you a taxi? 复合宾语结构 （主语 宾补动词 宾语 宾语补语 ）1We call her Alice. 2His parents named him John.3All of us considered him honest. 4They pushed the door open.5They have s

31、et the thief free. 6We will make our school more beautiful.7He asked us to join in the game. 8I want you to tell me the truth.9The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10Tomorrow Ill have someone repair the machine.11Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 12The pain made him cry out.13We wont

32、let her go out at night. 14He has his hair cut once a month.15Ill get my recorder mended. 16The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17She is listening to someone telling stories. 18he boys were watching the soldiers drilling.19I have never seen the word used that way before. 20He felt it ve

33、ry difficult to talk with you.21I think it more comfortable to go there by ship. 22I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.23The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.24I thought it no use talking with that man There be句型 1There isnt going to

34、 be a meeting tonight.2There was only a well in the village.3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.5The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon. 66The light is on. There must be someone ion

35、the office.7There used to be a cinema here before the war.8There happened to be nobody in the room.9Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.10There comes the bus.11There remained just twenty-eight dollars.12In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree.13There goes th

36、e bell.14There are twenty-eight days in February 英语句子成分划分详解（二） 概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语（直接和间接宾语）、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英语中，一般句子必须有主语和谓语），表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语 主语是谓语讲述的对象，表示所说的“是什么”或“是谁”。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当，也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首

37、。如：讲述“谁”We work in a big factory.讲述“什么”The classroom is very big. 数词作主语Three are enough. 三个人就够了不定式作主语To operate on the blind is one of the ORBIS Doctors job.从句作主语What we need is food. 我们最需要的是食物. 在“There be ”句型中，主语的位置在中间。如：There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中，主语在整个句子后面，这时前面用it作形式主语。如： It

38、 is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”. It took two workers about three months to build the house.2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，谓语必须是动词，谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致。如：He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语 表语说明主语“是什么”或“怎么样”，由

39、名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当，它的位置在系动词后面。 形容词作表语You look younger than before. 名词作表语 My father is a teacher.副词作表语Everyone is here.介词短语作表语They are at the theatre.不定式作表语My job is to teach them English.动名词作表语Her job is training the nurses.从句作表语That is why he didnt come to school yesterday.4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对

40、象，由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当，它和谓语动词一起说明主语是什么，通常放在谓语动词后面。有时，会有双宾语。如：名词作宾语He never forgives others for their mistakes.代词做宾语He often helps me.不定式作宾语He likes to sleep in the open air.动名词作宾语The Americans enjoyed living in China.从句做宾语I believe that they can finish the work in time.直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟

41、宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外，还需要有一个间接宾语，间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的，所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如：We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面，但必须加to 或 for。5宾语的补足语 在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补If

42、 you let me go, Ill make you king.形容词作宾补Dont make your hands dirty.副词作宾补We found Li Ming out when we arrived.介词短语作宾补Make yourself at home.省略to的不定式作宾补I saw a girl go into the building.带to的不定式作宾补The boy ordered the dog to lie down.现在分词作宾补The boss kept them working all day.过去分词作宾补Yesterday he got his l

43、eg broken.在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有：“宾语+名词”。常用于改结构的动词有：call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave等。 We call him Jack. They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+形容词”。常见的动词有think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want等。如：Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave h

44、im alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+副词”。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态，与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有：down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere等。如： Let him in/ out. Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found him out.“宾语+介词短语”。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语（即宾语）所处的状态，两者有主表的关系。如： We found everything in

45、 good order. We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+不定式”。充当宾补的不定式有三种： A 要求带to的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim. B 要求不带to 的不定式 let, make, see, hear, watch等 The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day. I often hear him read E

46、nglish in his room. C 单词help 后可加 to 或不加 to She sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+现在分词”。现在分词作宾补，此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语，有着主谓关系。 I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+过去分词”。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系，过去分词表示被动和完成。 I had my bike stolen. The teacher explained agai

47、n and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is different from what it was ten years ago.6定语 定语用来修饰名词或代词。形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式或相当于形容词的词或短语等都可以充当定语。

48、因为它是修饰名词或代词的，而名词和代词可以作主语、表语或宾语，所以定语的位置很灵活，凡是有名词、代词的地方都可以有定语。如： 形容词作定语 The black bike is mine. 代词作定语 Whats your name?名词作定语They made some paper flowers.介词短语作定语 The boys in the room are in Class Three, Grade One.不定式作短语 I have lots to eat and drink.从句作定语 The tall boy who is standing there is Peter. 在英语中

49、，并不是所有的定语都放在被修饰词的前面，有的是放在被修饰词的后面，故称“后置定语”。 修饰不定代词 something, anything, nothing, something, anyone, somebody, anybody, nobody 的定语必须后置。如： Well go to have something English. If you dont know the answer, ask someone else. Do you have anything important to tell me?介词短语作定语时要后置。如： Do you know the boy behin

50、d the tree?The students in the room are all my friends. I think the picture on the left is better than the one on the right.动词的不定式作定语时要后置 What about something to drink? I have no time to travel to China is in Autumn or in Spring.注 动词不定式作主语时，to 后面的动词必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。如果时短语时，那么与动词搭配的介词或副词是不能少的。 Do yo

51、u have any piece of music to listen to? nearby, below, downstairs等个别方位词作定语时要后置。如：We are at the top of the hill. Can you see the village below?The people downstairs are listening to a talk now?They took the boy to the hospital nearby at once.7状语 状语用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。它表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、方式、程度等，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式，从句或相当于副词的词或短语来充当。状语一般放在句末，但有时也可以放在句首、句中。如： He did it carefully They missed me very much. Without his help, we couldnt work it out. In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard. When I was young, I could swim well.专心-专注-专业