牛津版英语必修5 Unit2 The environmentGrammar and usage(ppt)

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1、Grammar and usage非谓语动词过去分词过去分词不定式不定式-ing 形式形式动名词动名词现在分词现在分词动名词（动名词（Gerund) 动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中动名词可以起名词的作用，在句子中作主作主语语，宾语宾语，表语表语和和定语定语。 1. Playing football is my favourite sport.主主语语 2. Our work is serving the people. 表语表语 3. I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child. 宾语宾语 4. We have

2、a swimming poor in the back yard. 定语定语Notes: 1. 时态时态和和语态语态及动名词的复合结构及动名词的复合结构 2. 动名词与不定式动名词与不定式作主语作主语，表语表语的区别。的区别。 3. 作作宾语宾语时，有些动词后只能用动名词，时，有些动词后只能用动名词，有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者都能有些动词后只能用不定式，有的两者都能,有时含义相同，有时含义不同。有时含义相同，有时含义不同。 4. 作作定语定语时，与现在分词的区别。时，与现在分词的区别。 主主 动动 被被 动动一一 般般writing being written完完 成成having wr

3、itten having been written 时态和语态时态和语态 I remember being taken to Wuhan when I was a very small child.（动名词的一般被动态）（动名词的一般被动态） She admitted having opened the box. （动名词的完成被动态）（动名词的完成被动态） How about the two of us taking a walk down the garden? (MET93 17) (动名词的复合结构动名词的复合结构) 动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别动名词与不定式作主语，表语的区别v-

4、ing形式作主语时往往表示一般性形式作主语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作主语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。但有时可以通用。的动作。但有时可以通用。只能用动名词作宾语的动词只能用动名词作宾语的动词 1. advise, allow, avoid, admit, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, imagine, mind, miss, permit, practise, risk, suggest, dislike, appreciate 2. f

5、eel like, give up, put off, keep on, look forward to, insist on, cant help, get used to, devote to 3. Its useless/no use/no good doing 在在begin, start, continue, intend 等动词等动词后跟后跟v-ing形式和不定式作宾语，句子形式和不定式作宾语，句子含义相同含义相同 在在like, love, hate等动词后等动词后v-ing形式作形式作宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的宾语时往往表示一般性的、习惯性的动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具

6、体动作；而不定式作宾语则表示在具体情况下特定的或一次性的动作。情况下特定的或一次性的动作。下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完下列动词后跟动名词或不定式意思完全不同。全不同。1. remember, forget, regret + doing 记得记得/忘记忘记/遗憾曾做过某事遗憾曾做过某事+ to do记得记得/忘记忘记/遗憾要做某事遗憾要做某事2. want, need, require+doing 需要被做需要被做+to do 需要做需要做3. stop, try, mean, go ongo on to do 接着又做另一件事接着又做另一件事/go on doing 继续做同一件事继续做

7、同一件事stop to do 停下来去做某事停下来去做某事/stop doing 停止做某事停止做某事try to do 努力做某事努力做某事/try doing 试一试一试做某事试做某事mean to do 打算想做某事打算想做某事/mean doing 意味着意思是做某事意味着意思是做某事作定语时，与现在分词的区别作定语时，与现在分词的区别 动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分动名词作定语表名词的作用或功能，现在分词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。词作定语表名词正在进行的动作。现在分词现在分词动名词动名词a sleeping child一个正在睡觉的孩子一个正在睡觉的孩子a sleeping

8、 car 一辆卧车一辆卧车a flying bird一只正在飞翔的鸟一只正在飞翔的鸟a flying course飞行课程飞行课程a swimming girl一个正在游泳的女孩一个正在游泳的女孩a swimming pool一个游泳池一个游泳池the running water自来水自来水the running track跑道跑道现在分词现在分词 (present participle)现在分词的形式与动名词相同，现在分词的形式与动名词相同，但功能不同。可在句中充当定语，但功能不同。可在句中充当定语，表语，状语和补语表语，状语和补语。1. 作定语作定语 an interesting book

9、 the man sitting by the window boiling water falling snow the bridge being builtA. 与动名词作定语的区别与动名词作定语的区别B. 与过去分词与过去分词,不定式不定式 作定语的区作定语的区别别 过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作是动宾关系或过去分词表示的动作以完成。以完成。现在分词作定语表示动作正在发现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。生，与修饰词是主谓关系。不定式作定语表示将要发生的动不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。作。the house bei

10、ng built/to be built/built正在被建正在被建/将要被建将要被建/建好了的房子建好了的房子 boiling water 正在沸腾的水正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水开水 the changing world 变化中的世界变化中的世界 the changed world 变化了的世界变化了的世界 the developing countries 发展中国家发展中国家 the developed countries 发达国家发达国家 falling leaves 正在落下的叶子正在落下的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶落叶 rising sun 正在升起的太

11、阳正在升起的太阳 risen sun 已经升起的太阳已经升起的太阳 2 作表语作表语与过去分词作表语的区别与过去分词作表语的区别凡表示凡表示“令人令人的的”都是都是-ing形式形式， 凡是表示凡是表示“感到感到”都用都用-ed形式。形式。interesting 使人感兴趣的使人感兴趣的interested 感兴趣的感兴趣的exciting 令人激动的令人激动的excited 感到激动的感到激动的delighting 令人高兴的令人高兴的delighted 感到高兴的感到高兴的disappointing 令人失望的令人失望的disappointed 感到失望的感到失望的encouraging 令

12、人鼓舞的令人鼓舞的encouraged 感到鼓舞的感到鼓舞的pleasing 令人愉快的令人愉快的pleased 感到愉快的感到愉快的puzzling 令人费解的令人费解的puzzled 感到费解的感到费解的satisfying 令人满意的令人满意的satisfied 感到满意的感到满意的surprising 令人惊异的令人惊异的surprised 感到惊异的感到惊异的worrying 令人担心的令人担心的worried 感到担心的感到担心的旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。Travelling is interesting but tiring.如果要学生学得太多，他们

13、会感到糊涂的。如果要学生学得太多，他们会感到糊涂的。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.他的论点很令人信服。他的论点很令人信服。The argument is very convincing.3. 作状语作状语1. Seeing the teacher entering the room, the students stood up.2. Being a student, he was interested in sports.3. Having written the letter, John wen

14、t to the post office.现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点：现在分词作状语时，注意如下三点：相当于相应的从句相当于相应的从句分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语分词的逻辑主语就是全句的主语现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态现在分词作状语时有不同的时态与语态4. 作补语作补语 Can you get the machine going again? The boys were seen walking on the grass.非谓语动词的否定式均非谓语动词的否定式均为为not+非谓语动词非谓语动词 一些独立结构：一些独立结构：1. Generally _ ( speak ), we ha

15、ve learnt a lot in this school.2. _ (judge ) from his appearance, he is somebody.3. _ ( tell ) you the truth, your work is terrible.speakingJudgingTo tellConsolidationThe verb-ing forms in these sentences are all used as the attribute. Can you change the following attributive clauses into verb-ing f

16、orm?1) A taxi which is waiting is around the corner. Go and take it. A waiting taxi is around the corner. Go and take it.2) It is said that nothing that lives can be found on Mars. It is said that no living things can be found on Mars.3) The boy who was smiling ran to his mother. The smiling boy ran

17、 to his mother.4) The woman who is coming to dinner this evening works in the bank. The woman coming to dinner this evening works in the bank. 5) The young man who is looking at the map is lost. The young man looking at the map is lost.6) The man who is performing in the street can play five musical

18、 instruments. The man performing in the street can play five musical instruments. Can you rewrite these sentences, using clauses introduced by when, after, because, as a result, and if etc.Knowing that there was a dog outside, the little boy didnt open the door. Because he knew that there was a dog

19、outside, the little boy didnt open the door. Having plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays. Because she had plenty of money, she was able to go anywhere on holidays.Lucy and Lily, looking so alike, are often mistaken for twins. Lucy and Lily, because they look so alike, are often m

20、istaken for twins.The couple went shopping, leaving their eldest daughter alone at home.The couple went shopping. As a result, they left their eldest daughter alone at home. Time permitting, I will meet you for lunch. If time permits, I will meet you for lunch. Multiple choice 1. Where is my passpor

21、t? I remember _ it here.You shouldnt have left it here. remember it with you all the time.A. to put；to take B. putting；taking C. putting；to take D. to put；taking2. After finishing his homework he went on _a letter to his parents.A. writeB. writing C. wrote D. to write 3. Only English doesnt mean the

22、 language.A. to learn；to learn B. learning；learningC. learning about；learn D. learning about；learning 4. Would you mind _ quiet for a moment? Im trying _a form.A. keeping；filling out B. to keep；to fill outC. keeping；to fill out D. to keep；filling out5. _ the news of his fathers death, he burst into

23、tears.A. After hearing B. On hearingC. While hearing D. Having heard 6. Our father often told us in the past that _is believing. A. to see B. seeing C. see D. to be seen7._is a good of exercise for both the young and the old. A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk8.There was a terrible noise _the

24、 sudden burst of light. A. followed B. following C. to be followed D. being followed9. It was so cold that they kept the fire _all night. A. to burn B. burn C. burning D. burned10. _ a reply, he decided to write a sixth letter.A.Not receiving B. Not to receive C. Not having received D. Having not re

25、ceived1. I smell something _ in the kitchen. Can I call you back in a minute? （2007全国全国） A. burningB. burntC. being burntD. to be burnt高考链接高考链接2. At the beginning of class, the noise of desks _could be heard outside the classroom. （2007全国全国） A. opened and closed B. to be opened and closed C. being o

26、pened and closed D. to open and close 3. The glass doors have taken the place of the wooden ones at the entrance, _ in the natural light during the day. (2007天天津津) A. to let B. letting C. let D. having let4Peter received a letter just now _ his grandma would come to see him soon. （2007四川）四川） A. said

27、 B. says C. saying D. to say 5. _ that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.（2007陕西）陕西） A. To have said B. Having said C. To say D. Saying6. As the light turned green, I stood for a moment, not _, and asked myself what I was going to do. （2007湖南）湖南） A. moved B. moving C. to move

28、 D. being moved 7. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (2004北京北京)A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited8. The flowers _sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. (2004上海上海)A. to smell B. smel

29、ling C. smelt D. to be smelt9. The old man, _abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland. (2004江苏江苏)A. to work B. working C. to have worked D. having worked10. He looked around and caught a man _ his hand into the pocket into a passenger. (2004北京春北京春)A. put B. to be putting C. to p

30、ut D. putting11. The storm left, _ a lot of damage to this area. (2005全国全国 I)A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused12. “You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _away. (2005全国全国II)A.run B. running C. to run D. ran13. Its necessary to be prepared for a job interview. _the answers ready wi

31、ll be of great help. (2005 北京北京)A. To have had B. Having had C. Have D. Having14. I couldnt do my homework with all that noise _. (2005 北京北京)A. going on B. goes on C. went on D. to go on 15. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen. (2003全国全国) A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke

32、D. smoked16. The Chinese are proud of the 29th Olympic games _in Beijing in 2008. (2006 四川四川) A. hold B. holding C. held D. to be held17. My cousin came to see me from the country, _ me a full basket of fresh fruits. (2006 广东广东) A. bought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought18. Tom sounds very muc

33、h _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. (2006山东山东) A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly19. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing. (2006江苏江苏) A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said 20. There

34、is a story here in the paper about a 110-year-old man. My goodness! I cant imagine _ that old. (2006江苏江苏) A. to be B. to have been C. being D. having beenLanguage points1. disappoint (P29)disappoint vt. to fail to satisfy someone or their hopes, desires, etc.; to cause someone to feel unhappy: 使失望使失

35、望1) Im sorry to disappoint you, but Im afraid I cant come after all.2) We dont want to disappoint the fans.disappointed adj. unhappy because someone or sth. was not as good as you hoped or expected, or because sth. did not happen: 失望的失望的1) We were deeply disappointed at/about the result.2) His paren

36、ts were bitterly disappointed in/with him.3) She was disappointed (that) they hadnt phoned.4) He was disappointed to find theyd already gone.disappointing adj. making you feel disappointed: 令人失望的令人失望的1) What a disappointing result!2) The response to our advertisement has been somewhat disappointing.

37、disappointedly adv. 失望地失望地 disappointingly adv. 令人失望地令人失望地 disappointment n. 失望失望1) U the feeling of being disappointed:(1) Book early to avoid disappointment.(2) To my (great) disappointment (= sadness), he decided to leave. 2) C usually singular sth. or someone that is not what you were hoping it

38、would be:(1) The party turned out to be a huge disappointment.(2) Im afraid Ive been rather a disappointment to my parents.2. One of the customs officers was watching the arrivals very closely. (P29) closely adv. in a close manner 接近地，接近地，紧密地，严密地，密切地紧密地，严密地，密切地listen closely=listen carefullyThe two

39、events are closely connected.(1) After 20 years of marriage, theyre still deeply in love.(2) The submarine sailed deep under the ice cap.(3) For our country to remain competitive, we need a highly-skilled, highly-educated workforce.Cf. close: adv. leaving little space between, in a close position 位置

40、接近地，无空隙地位置接近地，无空隙地作副词时，作副词时， close 常表示具体的距离的近。常表示具体的距离的近。 closely常表示抽象意义。类似的还有：常表示抽象意义。类似的还有：deeply, deep; highly, high等。等。close adj.1. having direct family connections or shared beliefs, support and sympathy:关关系接近的，亲密的系接近的，亲密的There werent many people at the funeraljust close family/relatives.Mira i

41、s one of my closest friends.2. not distant in position or time:时间空时间空间等接近间等接近The election results were so close they had to vote again.He came second in the race, but it was very close.3) having only a small difference: 相似，相似，势均力敌的势均力敌的(1) Dont get too close to that dog, Rosie.(2) I hate people stan

42、ding too close to me.(3) As Christmas gets closer, the shops get more and more crowded.(4) Emma looked close to tears (= almost going to cry). If the firms failed to make enough money, they would _. （2007湖北）湖北） A. close down B. call off C. turn down D. set off高考链接高考链接It was raining heavily. Little M

43、ary felt cold, so she stood _ to her mother. （2002北京）北京）A. closeB. closelyC. closedD. closing高考链接高考链接3. After all, they are limited. (P31)after all 1) in spite of what has been said, done or expected 毕竟，终究毕竟，终究The rain has stopped, so the game will go ahead after all.2）it should be remembered 应该记住，应

44、该记住，别忘了别忘了I do like her after all, she is my sister.all常用短语及搭配：常用短语及搭配：at all 根本，全然根本，全然Is there any uncertainty at all about the way she died?all in all 从各方面考虑从各方面考虑All in all, I think youve done very well. go all out 全力以赴全力以赴The team went all out for a win.in all 总计总计The bill came to 25 in all. by

45、 all means 当然可以，别客气当然可以，别客气May I borrow this book? By all means.above all: 最重要的最重要的A clock must above all correct.all but: 几乎几乎The game was all but over by the time we arrived.all the same：仍然，还是：仍然，还是It rained every day of our holiday but we had a good time all the same.all of a sudden：突然：突然It seeme

46、d to happen all of a sudden I felt dizzy and I just collapsed.all too：太：太The holidays flew by all too quickly. 4. As a result, you impressed the audience. (P31)as a result: thereforeas a result of sth. :because of sth.:He was late as a result of the traffic jam. without result: in vain 徒劳，毫无结果徒劳，毫无结

47、果 He tried to recall her name without result.result in sth.: phrasal verbto cause a particular situation to happen:(1) The fire resulted in damage to their property.(2) His attempt resulted in failure.result from sth.: phrasal verbIf a situation or problem results from a particular event or activity

48、, it is caused by it:(1) His difficulty in walking results from a childhood illness.(2) The terrible accident resulted from his careless.高考链接高考链接My friend Martin was very sick with a strange fever; _, he could neither eat not sleep. （2005 江西）江西） A. as a result B. after all C. any way D. otherwiseHomework1. Review the use of “verb-ing form”2. Preview the next part of this unit.