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1、语法突破篇语法突破篇第十一节特殊句式第十一节特殊句式 【命题分析】 辨别句子结构是考生应对高考应具备的能力之一。英语中句子结构很多,也很容易混淆。特殊句式内容比较杂乱,掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点,强调句是高考的难点。同时,祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用等是高考考查的重点项目。 【名师精讲】 一、倒装 .完全倒装 谓语动词完全放置主语之前的句子,便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种: 1为了强调状语,把表示方位或时空的副词或介词短语,如here,there,now,then,up,down,in,away,off,out,in the room,on the wall

2、等,置于句首时。如: In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor. 在英格兰一所大学的讲堂里坐着一位教授。 South of the river lies a small factory. 一个小型工厂坐落在河的南岸。 Here is the book you want.你要的书在这儿。 Now comes your turn.现在轮到你了。 注意:上述情况中,若主语是人称代词,则不用倒装。如: Away they went.他们走了。 Over it turns!它翻过来了。 2表语位于句首时,其倒装结构为“表语

3、连系动词主语”。如: Present at the meeting were some scientists from China. 许多来自中国的科学家出席了会议。 Gone are the days when we were poor. 我们贫穷的日子一去不复返了。 .部分倒装 1only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句,且放在句首时。如: Only in this way can we learn English well. 只有以这种方法,我们才能学好英语。 Only when he returned did we find out the truth. 只有当他回来时,我们才能查明事实真

4、相。 注意:only修饰主语时,句子不可倒装。如: Only you can solve the problem. 只有你能解决这个问题。 2否定副词never,nor,not,hardly,little,seldom,scarcely,rarely及表否定意义的介词短语at no time,under/in no circumstances,in no case,by no means,on no condition等置于句首时。如: Never before have I seen such a moving film.I have never seen such a moving fil

5、m before. 以前我从未看过这么感人的电影。 Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake. 他一个错误也没犯。 3hardly.when.,no sooner.than.,not only.but also.等引导两个分句时,前一个分句用部分倒装,后一个分句不变。但当neither.nor.引导两个分句时,两个分句都要部分倒装。如: Hardly had he begun to speak when his father stopped him. 他刚一开始说话他父亲就制止了他。 Neither do I

6、 know,nor does she. 我不知道,她也不知道。 4so/neither/nor置于句首,意为“也(不)”,表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人或事物时,要用部分倒装,其句型为:so/neither/norbe动词/助动词/情态动词主语。so与前面的肯定句呼应,neither,nor与前面的否定句相呼应。如: They love having lots of friends,so do those with disabilities. 他们喜欢拥有许多朋友,残疾人也是如此。 I dont know who he is,nor do I want to know. 我不知道他是谁,我

7、也不想知道。 注意:so表示“是的,确实”重复上文,表示赞同对方的观点时,主谓语不倒装。如: It is too hot.天太热了。 So it is.是啊,的确很热。 5在so/such.that.句式中,如果so/such引导的部分位于句首时,主句中的主语和谓语需要部分倒装,如谓语为be的一般现在式或一般过去式,则完全倒装。如: So dark was it that he couldnt see the faces of his companions. 天这么黑,他看不见同伴的脸。 So loudly did he speak that even the people in the ne

8、xt room could hear him. 他说话声音如此大以至于隔壁的人都能听见。 6以as引导的让步状语从句,其表语应提到句首,其余部分不变。如果从句的表语是个名词时,要把名词前的冠词去掉。though引导的让步状语从句也可以用这种形式,但也可以用正常结构。其结构一般为“adj./adv./v./v.ed/v.ing/n.as/though主语谓语”。如: Young as/though she is,she has seen much of the world. 她虽然年轻,但却见过很多世面。 Woman as she is,she is courageous. 她虽然是女人,但却很

9、勇敢。 7省略if的倒装句型。如果虚拟语气的条件句中谓语有系动词were,助动词had或情态动词should等,可省去if,把were,had或should移到主语之前。如: Were I you,I would take his advice. 如果我是你,我会接受他的建议。 Should it rain tomorrow,the sports meeting would be put off. 万一明天下雨,运动会就会推迟举行。 二、强调句 .强调句的基本形式 强调句的基本句型是“It is/was被强调的部分that/who其他部分”。被强调的部分可以是主语、宾语和状语等。 强调句型的使

10、用特点主要有以下几个方面: 1被强调的是状语或状语从句时,要用that引导从句,而不能用which,而且通常不能省略。如: It was in the park that I met him. 我是在公园里遇到他的。 2被强调的是人时,引导词可用who,也可用that。如: Was it you that/who let out the secret to her? 是你把这个秘密泄露给她的吗? 注意:当被强调的是主语时,代词要用主格形式。如: It was I who put forward the theory first. 是我最先提出这个理论的。 3被强调的不管是单数还是复数名词,主句

11、的be动词都用单数is或was。如: It was Madame Curie and her husband who discovered radium. 是居里夫人和她的丈夫发现了镭。 It is the PLA men who/that are safeguarding our country day and night. 是解放军战士日夜保卫着我们的祖国。 4对not.until时间状语从句进行强调时,其句型是:It is/was not until.that从句,即not和until在强调句中总是紧挨着的。注意习惯上不用not till,而且从句不能用when引导。如: It was

12、not until the last operation was finished that Bethune left the battle hospital. 直到做完最后一个手术白求恩才离开战地医院。 .强调句的疑问形式 Was it in 1939 that the Second World War broke out? 第二次世界大战是在1939年爆发的吗? When was it that he made up his mind to take this course? 他什么时候决定选修这一课程的? Why is it that he doesnt like the book? 他

13、为什么不喜欢这本书? Who was it that broke the window? 打破窗户的是谁? When was it that you called me yesterday? 你昨天给我打电话是什么时候? What is it that you want me to do?你要我干什么? 注意:强调句型与It is/was时间when从句: 在上述句型中it指时间,when引导的是时间状语从句。注意两种句型“时间”表达方式的不同。如: It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday. 昨天我半夜才回到家。 It was mid

14、night when I got here yesterday. 昨天当我到达这儿时,已是半夜了。 三、省略 .状语从句的省略 1有些时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句主语一致或从句的主语为it,而且从句的谓语动词又包含be,就可以省略从句中的“主语be”部分。如: While(I was)in Beijing,I paid a visit to the Great Wall. 在北京时,我去游览了长城。 If(you are)asked,you may come in.如果被叫到,你可以进来。 She stood at the gate as if(she was)wai

15、ting for someone. 她站在门口好像在等人。 Though(it was)cold,he still wore a shirt. 尽管冷,他仍穿着件衬衫。 2还有诸如:if so(如果如此);if any(如果有);if in need(如果需要);if necessary(如果有必要)。如: Errors,if(there are)any,should be corrected. 如果有什么错误,就应当改正。 Come tomorrow if(it is)possible.有可能的话明天来。 Get up early tomorrow,if not(you dont get u

16、p early),you will miss the first bus. 明天早点起床,如果不的话,你会错过第一班车。 He may not be at home then,if so(he is not at home),leave him a note. 那时他可能不在家,如果这样给他留个字条吧。 .动词不定式的省略 为了避免重复,不定式可以省去和句子前部重复的动词原形而只留下不定式符号to。如: He may leave if he wishes to. 他可以走,如果他愿意的话。 Dont go till I tell you to.等我叫你走你再走。 四、祈使句 .否定式和强调式

17、Please dont forget to take your medicine. 请不要忘了吃药。(否定式) Do come on time this evening.今晚务必准时到。(强调式) .祈使句and陈述句if.,主句祈使句or陈述句if.not.,主句 Work hard and you will succeed.(If you work hard,you will succeed.) 努力工作,你就会成功。 Hurry up or we will be late.(If we dont hurry up,we will be late.) 快点儿,否则我们就迟到了。 One m

18、ore minute and I will finish it.(If you give me one more minute,I will finish it.) 再待一分钟我就完成了。 五、反意疑问句 .含有情态动词表推测的反意疑问句 情态动词表示推测时,反意疑问句不用情态动词,而是根据不同的时间状语和情态动词后面动词的不同结构来确定。如: I think he must be a doctor,isnt_he? 我想他一定是个医生,不是吗? He must have been there,hasnt_he? 他一定在那里,不是吗? He must have been there last

19、 night,wasnt_he? 昨天晚上他一定在那里,不是吗? He must have finished the book,hasnt_he? 他一定已经完成了那本书了,不是吗? He must have finished the book last month,didnt_he? 他一定是上个月完成的那本书,不是吗? They must have finished the project by the end of last year,hadnt_he? 他们一定是在那年年底完成的那项工程,不是吗? .主句谓语动词是think,believe,suppose,guess,expect,i

20、magine等的主语为第一人称时,疑问部分的主语和谓语动词与宾语从句的主语和谓语保持一致;若它们的主语为第二、三人称时,后面的反问部分由主句来决定。如: I dont believe he will succeed,will he? 我认为他不会成功,是吗? Tom doesnt believe they will succeed,does he? 汤姆不相信他们能成功,对吗? .祈使句的反意疑问句 祈使句中的后半部分附加问句,不表示反意,而表示一种语气。其结构为: 否定祈使句,will you? 肯定祈使句,will/wont you? Lets.,shall we? Let us.,wil

21、l you? Let第三人称,will you?如: Open the door,will/wont you? 打开门,好吗? Lets go out for a walk,shall we?我们出去散步,好吗? Let us go home now,will you? 现在,(您)让我们回家,好吗? 六、感叹句 .感叹句的基本形式 What(a/an)形容词名词主语谓语! How形容词(a/an)名词主语谓语! How形容词/副词主语谓语! .感叹句的省略形式 how直接修饰谓语动词:How主语谓语!如: How(much)we love our motherland! 我们是多么热爱我们的

22、祖国呀! 省略主语和谓语。如: What an interesting book(it is)!多有趣的一本书呀! How wonderful(it is)!真棒! 七、there be结构 .there be结构的谓语形式 there be结构中的谓语动词be有时可用seem to be,happen to be,be likely to be或remain,stand,lie,go,exist,follow,live,come,occur等替换。如: There is likely to be something wrong with his computer. 他的电脑可能有毛病。 On

23、ce upon a time there lived an old monk in the temple. 从前,那座庙里住着一个老和尚。 .there be结构的非谓语形式 There being no enough time left,we have to hurry. 时间不多了,我们得抓紧。(独立主格结构作状语) There having been no water for two days,the travelers were all very thirsty. 已经停水两天了,这些游客们都口渴得很厉害。(独立主格结构作状语) What is the chance of there

24、being an election this year? 今年举行选举的可能性有多大?(there be的动名词形式作of的宾语) I expect there to be many chances for him to get a job. 我希望他有很多机会能找到工作。(there be结构作expect的复合宾语) It is natural for there to be a generation gap between the parents and their children. 父母与孩子们之间存在代沟是很自然的事情。(there be的不定式结构作真正的主语) 1(2012江西

25、高考)Never before_seen anybody who can play tennis as well as Robert. Ahad sheBshe had Chas she Dshe has 解析:句意:以前她从来没有见过网球打得和Robert一样好的人。never是否定副词,位于句首时,所在的句子用部分倒装语序。由句意知此处用现在完成时。 答案:C 2(2012重庆高考)Before you quit your job,_how your family would feel about your decision. Aconsider Bconsidering Cto cons

26、ider Dconsidered 解析:题干中Before引导从句,其后需有主句,而consider是及物动词,故其后的how your family would feel about your decision只能是宾语从句。由此可知空格处只能是谓语动词,才能与其后的宾语从句构成祈使句,故非谓语动词B、C、D三项均不符合。 答案:A 3(2012江苏高考)There is little doubt in your mind that he is innocent,_? Ais there Bisnt there Cis he Disnt he 解析:空格前的部分为一个主从复合句,主句为the

27、re is little doubt,that引导的是同位语从句,修饰doubt。反意疑问部分应该和主句一致,C、D两项可先排除。主句中有否定词little,所以反意疑问部分应使用肯定结构,故选A项。 答案:A 4(2012新课标全国高考)You have to move out of the way_the truck cannot get past you. Aso Bor Cand Dbut 解析:句意:你别挡道,否则那辆卡车过不去。or否则,不然的话。 答案:B 5(2012四川高考)At school,some students are active_some are shy,yet

28、 they can be good friends with one another. Awhile Balthough Cso Das 解析:句意:在学校里,一些学生是活跃的,而一些学生是腼腆的,然而他们彼此之间可以成为好朋友。some students are active与some are shy为对比关系,故选A项,while可以连接并列分句,表对比。 答案:A 6(2012北京高考)_at the door before you enter my room,please. AKnock BKnocking CKnocked DTo knock 解析:句意:进我的房间之前请先敲门。句子

29、缺少谓语动词,所以空格处应填动词原形构成一个祈使句,A项正确。 答案:A 7(2012湖南高考)It was not until I came here_I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather. Awho Bthat Cwhere Dbefore 解析:句意:直到我来到这里我才意识到这个地方不仅因为它的美丽而闻名,还因它的天气而闻名。句中出现not until结构,且not与until放在一起使用。能够出现这种情况的句型有两种:It is/was not until.that.强

30、调句型;Not until.部分倒装句。根据句子结构可确定答案。 答案:B 8(2012上海高考)Only with the greatest of luck_to escape from the rising flood waters. Amanaged she Bshe managed Cdid she manage Dshe did manage 解析:句意:她设法逃离了不断上涨的洪水只是幸运而已。考查倒装。“only状语”置于句首时,句子(主句)要部分倒装,故答案为C项。 答案:C 9(2012上海高考)Was it by cutting down staff_she saved th

31、e firm? No,it was by improving work efficiency. Awhen Bwhat Chow Dthat 解析:句意:她是通过裁员才挽救了这家公司吗?不是。是通过提高工作效率。考查强调句。判断一个句子是否是强调句时,可去掉句中的it is/was和that,如果剩下的部分在结构和意义上完整,那就是强调句。本题干是强调句的一般疑问句,句中被强调的部分是状语by cutting down staff,去掉句中的it was和that后,原句变为She saved the firm by cutting down staff. 答案:D 10_the tower

32、building,where you can see the whole city. AStanding on the top of BIf you climb to CWhen you reach the top of DGet to the top of 解析:句意:到这座塔楼的顶上去,在那里你能看到整座城市。根据句子结构来看,主句Get to the top of the tower building是祈使句,后面是where引导的定语从句。 答案:D 11People who have regular physical exercise seldom catch a disease l

33、ike flu,_? Ahave they Bdont they Chavent they Ddo they 解析:句意:定期进行身体锻炼的人很少得感冒之类的疾病,对吗?句中有seldom(很少)表否定意义,所以,其反义疑问部分用肯定形式,排除B、C两项;陈述部分主句谓语动词为catch,故设空处为do they。 答案:D 12The question that puzzled them is_they can get rid of the air pollution in the area. Ahow is it that Bthat how Cwhat is it Dhow it is

34、that 解析:句意:让他们困惑的问题是他们怎样消除这个地区的空气污染。is后为特殊疑问句的强调句形式,即:疑问词is itthat.;同时,该强调句又是一个表语从句,所以用陈述语序。 答案:D 13Shall we take some apples with us? No,at no time_in the library. Ais food allowed Ballows food Cfood is allowed Ddoes food allow 解析:句意:我们可以随身带些苹果吗?不行,任何时候都不能带食物进图书馆。at no time任何时候都不,决不,位于句首时句子要部分倒装,故排

35、除B、C两项;food与allow为被动关系,排除D项,所以A项正确。 答案:A 14Not until I completed the form_that half the questions were not relevant to me. Ahad I realized BI had realized CI realized Ddid I realize 解析:句意:直到填完表格,我才意识到一半的问题与我无关。本题考查倒装句。not until.置于句首,主句要部分倒装,其正常语序是:I didnt realize that half the questions were not rel

36、evant to me until I completed the form. 答案:D 15You dont need to make fancy foods to impress guestsit is something simple but good_will do. Awhat Bthat Cwhich Dwho 解析:句意:你不必做特别考究的食物来打动客人简单且美味的东西就可以了。本题考查强调句型。后半句可还原为: something simple but good will do. 答案:B 16It is_Tom often breaks the school rules_ma

37、kes his teacher unsatisfied with him. Awhat;that Bthat;what Cthat;that Dwhich;that 解析:句意:是汤姆经常违反校规这件事让他的老师对他不满意的。考查主语从句及强调句。被强调部分是主语从句,从句中不缺任何成分,所以用that引导。强调句的结构:It is被强调部分that原句剩余部分,所以C项正确。 答案:C 17_seems to be no possibility_the shy girl can win the first prize in the contest. AThere;that BIt;that

38、CThere;whether DIt;whether 解析:句意:那个羞涩的女孩在比赛中得第一似乎没有可能。There is/seems to be no possibility that.没有/好像没有可能,为固定句型。 答案:A 18(2013衡水调研)Those who are not admitted to university,_,may attend some other courses or classes for adult higher education. Athough important Bif possible Cunless necessary Dif ever 解

39、析:句意:那些没被录取到大学的人,如果有可能,也许会去参加一些别的课程或成人高等教育班。考查省略句:if possible是if it is possible(如果有可能)的省略形式。 答案:B 19So much of interest_that most visitors simply ran out of time before seeing it all. Aoffered Shanghai World Expo BShanghai World Expo offered Cdid Shanghai World Expo offer DShanghai World Expo has of

40、fered 解析:句意:上海世博会提供了这么多有趣的东西,以至于大部分游客还没看完就用尽了时间。so.that.如此以至,so置于句首时,so后的主谓需部分倒装,即:助动词/be动词/情态动词提到主语前。 答案:C 20(2013合肥质检)Little_about his own safety,though he was in great danger himself. Acared he Bhe cared Cdid he care Dwas he cared 解析:句意:虽然他自己身处巨大的危险之中,但他不太关注自己的安全。little很少,表否定意义的词置于句首时,句子需部分倒装,即:助

41、动词/be动词/情态动词提到主语前。he与care为主动关系,故排除D项。 答案:C 21_for the boy to talk with his mouth full! AWhat bad manners they are BHow bad manners they are CWhat bad manners it is DHow bad manners it is 解析:句意:那个男孩满口食物说话是多么不礼貌啊!考查感叹句。中心词manners是名词,所以用what修饰,排除B、D两项;manners作“礼貌”讲,谓语动词用单数,排除A项。其陈述句语序为:It is bad manner

42、s for the boy. 答案:C 22Just in front of our house_with a history of 1,000 years. Adoes a tall tree stand Ba tall tree is standing Cstands a tall tree Da tall tree stands 解析:句意:就在我们的房子前面有一棵一千年历史的大树。考查倒装句。表方位的副词或介词短语置于句首且主语为名词(短语),句子的主谓需全部倒装。 答案:C 23We should balance our work and relaxation,and only by

43、 doing that,as everybody would agree,_a good state of mind. Acan we have Bwe do have Cwe will have Dwe must have 解析:句意:我们应该平衡工作与休息。正如大家一致的看法,只有那样做了我们才能有一个好的心理状态。考查倒装句。“only介词短语”作状语置于句首时,句子要部分倒装。 答案:A 24Hi,are you an engineer in Lenovo Group? No,but I_. Awant to Bwant to be Cwant so Dwant it 解析:句意:你好

44、,你是联想集团的工程师吗?不是,但我想成为。考查省略。如果不定式中含be,have,have been,省略句中不定式通常保留be,have,have been。I want to beI want to be an engineer in Lenovo Group。 答案:B 25(2013嘉兴模拟)My teacher always reminds me that under no circumstances_abandon my learning goals once I set them. AI would BI should Cwould I Dshould I 解析:句意:我的老师总是提醒我:一旦确立了学习目标,在任何情况下我都不应该放弃。under no circumstances在任何情况下都不,决不。表否定的介词短语作状语置于句首时,后面的句子要部分倒装,即:情态动词/be动词/助动词提到主语前,故排除A、B两项;C项不合句意,所以D项正确。 答案:D谢谢观看!谢谢观看!

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