Lexical disorders

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1、nAphasia is a disorder of language and speech that is caused by a brain lesion which may be due to an accident or a stroke.nIn aphasic patients, there is typically some residual language left after brain damage, indicating that the knowledge of language can be selectively impaired by brain lesions,

2、and it is by carefully studying the range and nature of such selective impairments that we hope to learn something about the interconnections of the brain mechanisms underlying language.Specific Language Impairment (SLI)nSLI is a term covering disorders in the normal acquisition of language without

3、there being any clear primary deficit. nSLI children and adults have normal non-verbal IQs, no hearing deficits and no obvious emotional or behavioural disturbances.nSLI provides an important strand in the argument for the strong innateness views Chomsky proposed. If our knowledge of language and, s

4、pecifically, of grammar, is indeed controlled by our genes, then we should expect to find genetically caused disorders of grammatical development, i.e. something has gone wrong with the language genes. Words and morphemes in aphasianstandard clinical classification of aphasic syndromesntwo character

5、istic types of errors of word usagenin aphasia : (1)agrammatism and affects function words such as articles, auxiliaries, complementisers and bound morphemes, such as those marking tense and agreement in English, and also gender, case, etc. in those languages such as Italian and Russian; (2) parapha

6、sias, which are errors in the use of content words that typically occur in Wernickes aphasics; function words seem to be unaffected in these cases.Two attempts by aphasic patients to describe a picture of a child stealing a biscuitn(1) Ah little boy cookies, pass a little boy Tip, up fall (from a Br

7、ocas aphasic): telegraphic speechn(2) They have the cases, the cookies, and they were helping each other with the good (by a Wernickes aphasic): inappropriate content-word selectionParaphasiasntarget picture: SHARK nsubjects responses: na. fishnb. troutnc. guitarnd. rainbow troutThree levels of cate

8、gorization in taxonomiesnthe basic level: (trout, shark and guitar);nthe superordinate level: ( fish, musical instrument, fruit);nthe subordinate level: (rainbow trout, great white shark, bass guitar)nEither Superordinate level term (fish) or a prototypical element from the basic set (trout)nSLI sub

9、jects were asked to match a picture of an object from a set of multiple-choice pictures to a test word presented orally by the experimenter. nTest word: chair; Subjects choices: a picture of na. CHAIR b. STAIR c. TABLE d. APPLEnI. Frequency effects:nLow-frequency content words yield more paraphasias

10、 than high-frequency words.nII. Categorisation-level effects:na. Hyponym exchanges: sparrow owlnb. Use of superordinates: sparrow birdnIII. Similarity effects:na. Semantic exchanges: hair combnb. Pragmatic exchanges: flowers visit (flowers and visits are often associated in everyday life)SLI subject

11、s inflectional systemsna ten-year-old SLI child:na. you got a tape recordersnb. the four bus go in Bouchervillenc. when the cup break he get repairnd. the Marie-Louise look at the birdne. the superman is say good-bye and hidingnf. the ambulance arrivenSLI subjects knowledge of inflection is selectiv

12、ely impaired.nThe selective impairment enables us to conclude that two psychological capacities (the ability to implement rules and the ability to retrieve forms from memory) can be dissociated.(2)Different grammatical functions ofthe affixes is the controlling factornSLI childrens usage of the thir

13、d person singular present -s was only 36 per cent correct, whereas 83 per cent of their -s plurals were correct.nSLI subjects performance with the plural is considerably better than with the tense/agreement suffix.nnominative accusative genitivenI me my/minenwe us our/oursnyou you your/yoursnhe him hisnshe her her/hersnit it itsnthey them their/theirsnwho who(m) whosenMary Mary Marysnthe dog the dog the dogs