01绪论、骨学、躯干骨

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1、Systematic AnatomydownDepartment of AnatomyYunyang medical college【目的和要求目的和要求】 1 1了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。 2 2掌握人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面掌握人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面。 3 3掌握骨的分类，了解骨的表面形态，掌握骨的掌握骨的分类，了解骨的表面形态，掌握骨的构造。构造。 4 4了解骨的化学成分和物理性质。了解骨的化学成分和物理性质。 5 5掌握椎骨的一般形态、各部椎骨的主要特征。掌握椎骨的一般形态、各部椎骨的主要特征。 6 6掌握胸骨的分部及重

2、要标志。掌握胸骨的分部及重要标志。 7 7掌握肋的组成、形态结构。掌握肋的组成、形态结构。上页上页Introduction 一、一、Concept and division Human Anatomy is the science which deals with the gross morphology and spatial interrelations of the structure of the body .For medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinical curri

3、culum. down Up systematic anatomy macroanatomy 巨视解剖巨视解剖 regional anatomy histology microanatomy cytology 微视解剖微视解剖 embryology surgical anatomy surface anatomy X-ray anatomy sectional anatomy locomotive anatomyhuman anatomy（division）down Up 二、二、人体解剖学发展简史人体解剖学发展简史（自学）（自学）三、三、我国人体解剖学的发展历程我国人体解剖学的发展历程（自学

4、）（自学）down Up 四、四、The parts and systems of the body .the human body is divided into ten parts. the head the neck the thorax the back the abdomen the pelvis and perineum the upper limbs the lower limbsdown Up Locomotor system 运动系统运动系统Alimentary (Digestive) system 消化系统消化系统Respiratory system 呼吸系统呼吸系统Uri

5、nary system 泌尿系统泌尿系统Reproductive system 生殖系统生殖系统Endocrine system 内分泌系统内分泌系统Circulatory system 脉管系统脉管系统Sense organs 感觉器感觉器Nervous system 神经系统神经系统. There are nine systems in human bodydown Up 五、五、The anatomical position,terms of direction, axis and planesdown Up . The anatomical position 解剖学姿势解剖学姿势.Th

6、e terms of direction Superior and inferior Anterior and posterior (ventral) and ( dorsal) Medial and lateral Internal and external Superficial and profound Proximal近近 and distal远远 Ulnar 尺尺and radial桡桡 Tibial胫胫 and fibular 腓腓 down Up .The axis and planes vertical axis axis sagittal axis frontal axis

7、sagittal plane planes frontal plane horizontal planedown Up 六、人体解剖学的学习方法六、人体解剖学的学习方法down Up 运运 动动 系系 统统Locomotor systemdown Up The locomotor system consists of bones, joints and musclesoriginbellytendoninsertiondown Up Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学骨学 According to the location of the bones, it can be divide

8、d into skull , bones of trunk, bones of limbs. The former two form the axial bone.Section 1 The general descriptiondown Up 一、一、The shape and classification of the bones long bones 长骨长骨 short bones 短骨短骨 flat bones 扁骨扁骨 irregular bones 不规则骨不规则骨down Up 1. long bones are found in limbs , it consists of

9、a bodyand two ends.Medullary cavity EpiphysisEpiphysial cartilagedown Up 2. short bones the short bones distribute in wrist and foot.down Up 3. flat bones they distribute in skull and chest.down Up 4. irregular bones the irregular bones are greatly varied in shape, such as cranial bones and vertebra

10、e.sinusdown Up 二、骨的表面形态（了解）二、骨的表面形态（了解） The living bones consist of bony substance 骨质骨质, periosteum 骨膜骨膜 and bone marrow 骨髓骨髓.PeriosteumBony substanceBone marrowdown Up 三、三、the structure of bones1.bony substance(1) Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面坚实致密，配布于骨表面。(2) Spongy bone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内呈海绵状，配布于骨的内 部，由骨小梁组成。部

11、，由骨小梁组成。down Up 2. periosteum It covers the surface of the bone (except the articular part) , it consists of two layers : an outer and an inner membrane. down Up Periosteum 3. bone marrow bone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in spongy bone. There are two kin

12、ds of bone marrow, red and yellow . Red marrowYellow marrow down Up 四、四、The chemical composition and physical properties of boneorganicinorganic Living bones are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic.down Up Section 2 The axial bone 中轴骨中轴骨一、一、The bones of trunk躯干骨躯干骨 The bones of trunk include

13、the vertebrae, the sternum and the ribs, which provide framework for the vertebral column(脊柱脊柱), the thoracic cage(胸廓胸廓)and the pelvis(骨盆骨盆).down Up ( (一）一）The vertebrae 椎骨椎骨 In a child, the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 32 or 33.Cervical 颈颈vertebrae: C7Thoracic胸胸vertebrae: T12Lumbar腰腰v

14、ertebrae: L5Sacral骶骶vertebrae: S5Coccygeal尾尾vertebrae: Co34down Up 1. The general features of the vertebraevertebral body 椎体椎体 vertebral foramen vertebral canalvertebral arch 椎弓椎弓 pedicle of vertebral arch intervertebral foramen laminae of vertebral arch spinous processSeven processes transverse pro

15、cesses articular processesdown Up 2. The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region (1) Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 the body is heart-shaped. costal fovea. articular facets of articular processes are relatively vertical. the spinous process are long and downward sloping down Up (2) Cervical verteb

16、rae 颈椎颈椎 the body is small. articular facets of articular processes are relatively horizontal. vertebral foramen is large and is nearly triangular. there are the transverse foramen. the spinous process are short and bifid. down Up Up Luschka关节关节颈椎病颈椎病 Up the first cervical vertebrae is known as atla

17、s 寰椎寰椎. the second cervical vertebrae is known as axis 枢椎枢椎. the seventh cervical vertebrae is known as vertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎. down Up (3) Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 the body is large. vertebral foramen is triangular. articular facets of articular processes are almost sagittal. the spinous process are

18、strong , short, square and horizontal. down Up (4) The sacrum 骶骨骶骨 promontory 岬岬 anterior sacral foramina sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔骶管裂孔 sacral cornu 骶角骶角(5) The coccyx down Up ( (二）二）The sternum 胸骨胸骨 It consists of three parts, the manubrium柄柄, body 体体 and xiphoid process 剑突剑突 sternal angle 胸骨角胸骨角down Up (

19、 (三）三）The ribs 12 pair 1.General featuresRibs 17 called true ribs真肋真肋Ribs 812 called false ribs 假肋假肋Ribs 810 to form costal arch 肋弓肋弓Ribs 1112 called floating ribs 浮肋浮肋 down Up 2.Characteristics of rib costal bone costal head costal neck costal tubercle shaft of rib costal angle costal groove costal cartilage. down Up Question 32 or 33 上页上页下页下页 1How many vertebrae are there in a child ？ the manubrium,body and xiphoid process2 2What are the main parts of the sternum? Up 小小 结结