English for Oil and Gas Drilling(油气钻井英语)

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1、 封面Part-11- Mud tank 泥浆罐泥浆罐2- Shale shakers 振动筛振动筛3- Suction line (mud pump) 入口管线入口管线 （泥浆泵）（泥浆泵）4- Mud pump 泥浆泵泥浆泵5- Motor or power source 电机或电源电机或电源6- Vibrating hose 振动软管振动软管7- Draw-works 绞车绞车8- Standpipe 立管立管9- Kelly hose 方钻杆软管方钻杆软管10- Goose-neck 鹅颈管鹅颈管11-Traveling block 游动滑车游动滑车12- Drill line 大绳大

2、绳13- Crown block 天车天车14- Derrick 井架井架15- Monkey board 二层台，二层台， 猴台猴台16- Stand (of drill pipe) 立柱立柱 （钻杆）（钻杆）17- Pipe rack (floor) 管架管架18- Swivel (On newer rigs this may be replaced by a Top Drive) 水龙头（新钻机用顶驱代替）水龙头（新钻机用顶驱代替）19- Kelly drive 方钻杆方钻杆20- Rotary table 转盘转盘21- Drill floor 钻台钻台22- Bell nipple

3、导向短节（防喷器顶部）导向短节（防喷器顶部）23- Blowout preventer (BOP) Annular 防喷器环空防喷器环空24- Blowout preventers (BOPs) Pipe ram & Blind ram 防防喷器（闸板和全封闭闸板）喷器（闸板和全封闭闸板）25- Drill string 钻柱钻柱26- Drill bit 钻头钻头27- Casing head 套管头套管头28- Flow line 回流管回流管AB1- The rotary drilling rig uses a drill bit to cut through the earth and

4、 create a hole. As the hole gets deeper, pipe is added to the drill bit to allow it to dig further.2- Drill pipe has threaded connections on each end that allow the pipe to be joined together to form longer sections as the hole gets deeper.3- The crew sets up the rig and starts the drilling operatio

5、ns. First, from the starter hole, they drill a surface hole down to a pre-set depth, which is somewhere above where they think the oil trap is located. Reading and TranslatingCDE1- The circulating system pumps the drilling fluids down the hole, out of the nozzles in the drilling bit, and returns the

6、m to the surface where the debris is separated from the fluid. 2- The mud is pumped through a hose to the swivel, down the kelly, and into the drill pipe. The mud goes down the drill string and out of the drilling bit nozzles. The mud carries the cuttings from the bottom of the hole to the surface i

7、n the space between the outside of the drill string and the inside of the hole. Reading and TranslatingFGThe mast or derricks structure placed over the well to help remove the pipe from and lower equipment into the hole. The drawworks is the hoisting equipment. The engines drive the mud pumps, draww

8、orks and provide power for miscellaneous requirements like electricity. The mud system is comprised of the mud pumps, mud tanks, the mud flow lines and the circulating hose. The drillstring is the entire rotating assembly and consists of the kelly, drillpipe, drill collars and drill bit. At the bott

9、om of the hole, the cuttings, or pieces of formation cut loosened by the drilling bit, are removed from the hole continuously through the circulation of drilling mud or fluid: it cools and lubricates the bit and plasters the wall of the hole, making the hole more stable; and its hydrostatic pressure

10、 prevents the flow of salt water, oil and gas into the wellbore, helping prevent blowouts. Reading and TranslatingPart-2 Company man 公司代表（甲方）公司代表（甲方）Derrickhand 井架工井架工 Directional driller 定向井司钻定向井司钻Driller 司钻司钻Rig Electrician 电工电工Geologist 地质师地质师Rig Medic 医生医生Rig Mechanic 机械工机械工Mud engineer 泥浆工程师泥浆工

11、程师Mudlogger 录井工录井工 Measurement while drilling operator MWD 操作工操作工OIM 海上施工经理海上施工经理Roughneck (Drillers Offsider) 钻工钻工Roustabout 勤杂工勤杂工Tool Pusher 带班队长带班队长Motorman 机工机工A1- A Company Man is a representative of an oil-drilling company. Other terms that may be used are Company Representative, Foreman, Dri

12、lling Engineer, Company Consultant, or Rigsite Leader.2- The company man is the on-site representative of the drilling company and is directly in charge of most operations pertaining to the actual drilling and integrity of the wellbore. 3- While the well is being drilled, the Company man must rely o

13、n the wellsite geologist (or mudlogger) to inform him if the well is dry or if it is going to be a producer. Reading and TranslatingB1- Prior to drilling, a program will be worked out according to the expected geology. As the hole gets deeper, more mud is required, and the mud engineer is responsibl

14、e for making sure that it is made up to specification. 2- As drilling proceeds, the mud engineer will get information from the mud logger about progress through the geology and will make regular physical and chemical checks on the drilling mud. 3- It is the job of the mud engineer to specify additiv

15、es to correct these changes, or to partially or wholly replace the mud when necessary. Reading and TranslatingC1- Tool pushers are in charge of keeping the rig in all necessary tools and equipment, supplies, etc. They work closely in conjunction with the company man in regards to the actual drilling

16、 of the well. 2- The Driller is in charge of his crew, and running the rig itself. Most of the time, his job is simply to monitor the rigs activity, while the Automatic Driller runs the brakes and drills the hole. 3- A roustabout would perform more general labour, such as loading and unloading cargo

17、 from crane baskets, and being assistants to the welder, mechanic, electrician or other skilled workers. Reading and TranslatingDTo be a successful driller, you should have excellent organizational skills, be able to communicate and listen equally well and be capable of working quickly with an eye f

18、or detail. The driller, as the head of a drilling crew, also needs to be able to work well with others in order to develop a good crew, capable of working efficiently together. It wont take long for a company to find out which drillers crew isnt working to their best capacity as a team and have a ta

19、lk with that driller about his communication problems.Reading and TranslatingPart-3Drilling Fluid/Drilling Mud Drilling fluid (or drilling mud) is a water-based or oil-based suspension of clays pumped into an oil well during drilling in order to seal off porous rock layers, equalize the pressure, co

20、ol the bit, and flush out the cuttings. It is a mixture of clays and chemicals and water; pumped down the drill pipe to lubricate and cool the drilling bit and to flush out the cuttings and to strengthen the sides of the hole.AFunctions of a Drilling Fluid A. Cool and lubricate the bit and drill str

21、ing.B. Clean the bottom of the hole beneath the bitC. Transport cuttings to the surface.D. Suspend drill cuttings in the annulus when circulation is stopped.E. Drop off the cuttings at the surface.F. Support the walls of the borehole.G. Control subsurface pressure.H. Stabilize the borehole.To achiev

22、e these functions, the following side effects must be minimized.A. Damage to subsurface formation, especially those that may be productive.B. Reduction of the penetration rate.C. Swab and circulation pressure problems.D. Loss of circulation.E. Erosion of the borehole.F. Swelling of the sidewalls of

23、the borehole creating tight spots and/or hole swelling shut.G. Sticking of the drill pipe against the walls of the hole.H. Retention of undesirable solids in the drilling fluid.I. Wear on the pump parts.BMud-type selection is based on numerous factors which must be considered for each interval drill

24、ed. One important factor is cost-effectiveness. Borehole stability is also an important parameter but must not overshadow economics. Trade-offs are sometimes necessary due to other factors such as available makeup water, bottomhole temperature, material availability, environmental constraints, solid

25、s-control equipment availability, logistics, and safety. In determining the most cost-effective system, all of the above factors play a role and must be considered together to obtain the most economical mud system. Mud Type SelectionPart-4Drilling Process ADrilling OperationBDrilling OperationCRunni

26、ng CasingDEWireline LoggingFWireline LoggingGProduction CasingHPerforationIRetrievable Casing Packer JWellheadK1- Drilling operations normally proceed on a 24 hours per day basis and depending on methods, depths, and rock types encountered, can last anywhere from a few days to several months. 2- Som

27、etimes, geologists inspect the cuttings that are circulated to surface to identify and confirm the formation that is currently being drilled. At various and defined intervals, the well may be logged by wireline service companies. Well logging tells the industry experts the formations they are in, th

28、e fluids present within the formation (including oil!) and the quality of the cement job. Reading and TranslatingLSpudding in Spudding in, or to spud a well, means to begin drilling operations. The drill string, consisting of a drill bit, drill collars, drill pipe, and kelly, is assembled and lowere

29、d into the conductor pipe. Drilling fluid, better known as drilling mud, is circulated through the kelly and the drill string by means of pipes and flexible hose connecting the drilling fluid or mud pumps and a swivel device attached to the upper end of the kelly. MViews of DrillingN A) The conducto

30、r pipe has been cemented into place. A predetermined amount of casing has been inserted into the well bore below the deepest freshwater zone. Cement is pumped down the inside of the casing until cement flows to the surface through the annulus. B) The cement in the bottom of the casing has been drill

31、ed out so that drilling can be resumed.OThe BHA is made up of a drill bit which is used to break-up the rock formations, drill collars which are heavy, thick-walled tubulars used to apply weight to the drill bit, and stabilizers which keep the drilling assembly centered in the hole. The BHA may also

32、 contain other components such as a downhole motor, Rotary Steerable System, measurement while drilling (MWD), and logging while drilling (LWD) tools Part-4 Horizontal and Directional Drilling AAs directional drilling expanded in the oil field, drilling companies started to develop more sophisticate

33、d and accurate surveying technology. The new surface recording gyro guidance systems and measurement while drilling, MWD systems have provided significant strides in developing faster and more effective recovery of oil, gas and minerals.Todays technology uses advanced navigation systems by incorpora

34、ting the aerospace industrys technologically superior guidance systems used in our military aircraft. Reading and TranslatingBThe most recent major advance in directional drilling has been the development of a range of Rotary Steerable tools which allow three dimensional control of the bit without s

35、topping the drill string rotation. These tools have almost automated the process of drilling highly deviated holes in the ground. They are costly, so more traditional directional drilling will continue for the foreseeable future.Reading and TranslatingC DHorizontal drilling is the process of drillin

36、g a well from the surface to a subsurface location just above the target oil or gas reservoir called the “kickoff point”, then deviating the well bore from the vertical plane around a curve to intersect the reservoir at the “entry point” with a near-horizontal inclination, and remaining within the r

37、eservoir until the desired bottom hole location is reached. Reading and TranslatingEThe sensors may provide information on the downhole environment (for example, bottom hole temperature and pressure, weight on the bit, bit rotation speed, and rotational torque). They may also provide any of several

38、measures of physical characteristics of the surrounding rock such as natural radioactivity and electrical resistance, similar to those obtained by conventional wire line well logging methods, but in this case obtained in real time while drilling ahead. Reading and TranslatingF GIn todays drilling en

39、vironment multiple pay zones separated by non-productive sections can be accessed from one pilot hole. This allows reduced overall drilling costs and time for the operator and a much smaller environmental footprint vs. conventional vertical drilling methods. Couple this with inaccessible locations a

40、nd the reduced surface and field maintenance costs make horizontal drilling a smart choice. HSidetracking Sidetracking can be planned or unplanned and is done for a multitude of reasons from adding additional production/drainage, accessing additional structure or different structure. It is sometimes

41、 necessary due to formation damage, collapsed casing, or to bypass drilling equipment stuck in the hole. IThis technology was recently used to successfully drill the surface hole sections of two offshore wells that required directional control, six onshore gas wells to depths as great as 9,576 ft, a

42、nd surface holes for four Canadian horizontal wells. The equipment used to implement Casing Drilling activities is well into second g e n e r a t i o n d e s i g n s . Part-5AOpen hole completion BOpenhole completions (in comparison with cemented liners) require better understanding of formation dam

43、age, wellbore clean-up and fluid loss control. A key difference is that perforating penetrates through the first 6-18inches (15-45cm) of formation around the wellbore, whilst openhole completions require the reservoir fluids to flow through all of the filtrate-invaded zone around the wellbore and li

44、ft-off of the mud filter cake.Reading and TranslatingC DThis involves running casing or a liner down through the production zone, and cementing it in place. Connection between the well bore and the formation is made by perforating. Because perforation intervals can be precisely positioned, this type

45、 of completion affords good control of fluid flow, although it relies on the quality of the cement to prevent fluid flow behind the liner. As such it is the most common form of completion. Reading and TranslatingEThe Conductor Casing is 36 inches wide (diameter).The Surface Casing is 13 inches wide

46、(diameter).The Intermediate Casing is 9 inches wide (diameter).The Conductor Casing is 7 inches wide (diameter). Typical sizes of casings as follows:FPump jacks (also known as nodding donkeys, pumping units, horse head pumps, beam pumps, sucker rod pumps (SRP), grasshopper pumps, thirsty birds and jack pumps) are the over ground drives for a reciprocating piston pump installed in a b o r e h o l e . I t i s u s e d t o mechanically lift liquid out of the well if there is not enough bottom hole pressure for the liquid to flow all the way to the surface. Over 谢谢 谢谢 光光 临临