22WritingaResearchPaperPPT演示课件

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1、12The six steps in writing a research paper STEP 1: Select a topic that you can readily research. STEP 2: Limit your topic and make the purpose of your paper clear. STEP 3: Gather information on your limited topic.3 STEP 4: Plan your paper and take notes on your limited topic. STEP 5: Write the pape

2、r. STEP 6: Use an acceptable format and method of documentation. This chapter also provides a model research paper4Step 1: Select a Topic That You Can Readily Research Researching at a Local Library First of all, do a subject search of your librarys catalog and see whether there are several books on

3、 your general topic. Next, go to a periodicals index in your library to see if there are a fair number of magazine, newspaper, or journal articles on your subject. 5Researching on the Internet The first step is to go to the subjects section of a librarys electronic catalog or large online bookseller

4、 to find relevant books Next, determine whether magazine or newspaper articles on your topic are available online.6Step 2: Limit Your Topic and Make the Purpose of Your Paper Clear The paper should be narrow and deep rather than broad and shallow. Therefore, as you read through books and articles, l

5、ook for ways to limit your general topic.7 Do not expect to limit your topic and make your purpose clear all at once. You may have to do quite a bit of reading as you work out the limited focus of your paper. 8Note that many research papers have one of two general purposes: (1) to defend a point (fo

6、r example, to provide evidence that elected officials should be limited to a single term) (2) to present information (for example, to discuss the effects of diet on heart disease).9Step 3: Gather Information on Your Limited Topic To sign out the books that you need from your library and photocopy re

7、levant articles from magazines, newspapers, or journals. Print out articles directly from your librarys databases or the Internet. Then sit and work on these materials in a quiet, unhurried place.10Step 4: Plan Your Paper and Take Notes on Your Limited Topic Preparing a Scratch Outline Think about t

8、he content and organization of your paper. Begin deciding what information you will present and how you will arrange it. Prepare a scratch outline that shows both the papers thesis and the areas that support the thesis. Try to include at least three areas of support.11 Thesis:_ Support: (1)_ (2) _ (

9、3) _12 Following is the outline that Sonya Philips made for her paper on successful parenting. successful parenting.doc13Note-Taking Write your notes on four-by-six-inch or five-by-eight-inch cards, or in a computer file. (Dont use loose-leaf or notebook paper; doing so makes it harder to organize y

10、our notes as you prepare to draft your paper.) Notes should be in the form of direct quotations and summaries in your own words. At times, you may also paraphrase. Since most research involves condensing, you will probably summarize much more often than you will paraphrase.14 A direct quotation must

11、 be written exactly as it appears in the original work. But, you may omit words that are not relevant to your point as long as you dont change the meaning. To show such an omission, use three spaced periods (known as ellipsis points) in place of the deleted words:15Original passage We cannot guarant

12、ee that bad things will happen, but we can argue that good things are not happening. It is the contention of this report that increasing numbers of young people are left to their own devices at a critical time in their development.16Direct quotation with an ellipsis “We cannot guarantee that bad thi

13、ngs will happen, but we can argue t h a t g o o d t h i n g s a r e n o t happening. . . . Increasing numbers of young people are left to their own devices at a critical time in their development.”17 In a summary, you condense the original material and use your own words. Remember that, in a paraphr

14、ase, you report the information in your own words and style without condensing it.18Keep the following in mind as you research: Write on only one side of each card. Write only one kind of information, from one source, on any one card. At the top of each card, write a heading that summarizes its cont

15、ent to organize different kinds of information. Identify the source and page number at the bottom.19A Caution about Plagiarism If you fail to document information that is not your own, you will be stealing. The formal term is plagiarizingusing someone elses work as your own, whether you borrow a sin

16、gle idea, a sentence, or an entire essay.20Examples of Plagiarism Turn in a friends paper as if it is your own. Copy an article found in a magazine, newspaper, journal, or on the Internet and turn it in as your own. 21Risk You risk being failed or even expelled. Plagiarism deprives you of what can b

17、e a most helpful learning and organization experience researching and writing about a selected topic in detail. (Keep in mind, too, that while the Internet has made it easier for students to plagiarize, it has also made it riskier. )22Suggestions Be sure to take careful, documented notes during your

18、 research. Remember that if you use another persons material, you must acknowledge your source. When you cite a source properly, you give credit where it is due, you provide your readers with a way to locate the original material on their own, and you demonstrate that your work has been carefully re

19、searched.23Activity of Plagiarism Activity of Plagiarism.doc24Step 5: Write the Paper Start by making a final outline which you can use as a guide to write the first draft. You can prepare either a topic outline or a sentence outline. (Note that roman numerals are used for first-level headings, capi

20、tal letters for second-level headings, and arabic numbers for third-level headings)25 In an introduction, include a thesis statement expressing your purpose and indicate the plan of development you will follow. Always maintain unity and coherence and provide enough support to develop your thesis. Us

21、e the checklist on the inside back cover of this book to make sure that your paper follows all four bases of effective writing.26Step 6: Use an Acceptable Format and Method of Documentation Format We are using the style recommended by the Modern Language Association (MLA). Most English professors re

22、quire this style.27 Documentation of Sources You must reveal the sources (books, articles, and so on) of borrowed information in your paper. Whether you quote directly, or summarize ideas in your own words, you must acknowledge your sources. 28 Citations within a Paper When citing a source, you must

23、 mention the authors name and the relevant page number.Example: “Some are looking for a way to reclaim family closeness in an increasingly fast-paced society. . . . Still others worry about unsavory influences in schooldrugs, alcohol, sex, violence” (Kantrowitz and Wingert 66).29Several points to no

24、te about citations within the paper: When the authors name is provided in parentheses, only the last name is given.There is no punctuation between the authors name and the page number.The parenthetical citation is placed after the borrowed material but before the period at the end of the sentence.If

25、 you are using more than one work by the same author, include a shortened version of the title in the citation. Note that a comma appears between the authors name and the title.30Citations at the End of a Paper End your paper with a list of works cited that includes all the sources actually used in

26、the paper. (Dont list other sources, no matter how many you have read.) 31Note the following: The works-cited list begins on a new page, not on the last page of the papers text. Entries are organized alphabetically according to the authors last names. Entries are not numbered. Entries are double-spa

27、ced, with no extra spaces between entries.32 After the first line of an entry, a half-inch indentation separates each additional line in that entry. This arrangement is called a “hanging indent” in the formatting menus for most word processers. Italicize (do not underline) titles of books, periodica

28、ls, and other independently published works. 33 Do not include URLs in Web entries. Include the publication medium, such as Print, Web, DVD or TV. If no publishers name appears in a Web source, write n.p. When no date appears in a Web site, write n.d.34Model Entries for a List of Works Cited Use the

29、 following entries as a guide when you prepare your list.35 Book by One Author Bryson, Bill. The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid: A Memoir. New York: Broadway Books, 2006. Print. (Note that the authors last name is written first.)36 Two or More Entries by the Same Author If you cite two or mor

30、e entries by the same author (in the example above, a second book by Bill Bryson is cited), do not repeat the authors name. Instead, begin the line with three hyphens followed by a period. Then give the remaining information as usual. Arrange works by the same author alphabetically by title. The wor

31、ds A, An, and The are ignored in alphabetizing by title.37 Example : -A Short History of Nearly Everything. New York: Broadway Books, 2003. 38 Book by Two or More Authors For a book with two or more authors, give all the authors names but reverse only the first authors name. Example: Mortenson, Greg

32、, and Greg Oliver Relin, Three Cups of Tea. New York: Penguin Books, 2007.39 Magazine Article Example: Tumulty, Karen. “Maxed-Out Moms.” Time. 29 Sept. 2008: 4244. Newspaper Article Example: Wilson, Craig. “The Key to Saving Money: Just Dont Spend It.” USA Today. 6 Aug. 2008: D1.40 Editorial “Equali

33、tys Winding Path.” Editorial. New York Times. 6 Nov. 2008: A28. 41 Article in a Professional Journal Andrews, Elmer. “The Gift and the Craft: An Approach to the Poetry of Seamus Heaney.” Twentieth Century Literature 31.4 (1985): 368369. 42 Selection in an Edited Collection Dunne, Dominick. “Nightmar

34、e on Elm Drir Schecter Ed. New York: Library of America, 2008.43 Revised or Later Edition Schaefer, Richard. Sociology: A Brief Introduction. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill College, 2008.44 Chapter or Section in a Book by One Author Clinton, Bill. “Model Gifts.” Giving. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 200

35、7. 116136.45 Pamphlet Funding Your Education, 20072008. Washington: Dept. of Education Office of Federal Student Aid, 2007. 46 Television Program “Following the Trail of Toxic E-Waste.” 60 Minutes. Report. Scott Pelle. CBS. 9 Nov. 2008. Film High School Musical 3: Senior Year. Dir. Kenny Orts. Walt

36、Disney Pictures, 2008. 47 Sound Recording Janet Jackson. “Feedback.” Discipline. Island Def Jam Music Group, 2008. LP. DVD “UFOsSeeing is Believing.” Primetime Narr. David Mu, ABC, WABC, New York. 16 September 2008. DVD. ABC/2008. 48 Personal Interview Firbank, Matthew. Personal interview. 14 July 2

37、009.49 Article in an Online Magazine Stone, Daniel. “Six Worst Kid Health Habits.” N. 3 April 2008. 12 Oct. 2008.The first date (3 April 2008) refers to the issue of the publication in which the article appeared; the second date (12 Oct. 2008) refers to the day when the student researcher accessed t

38、he source.50 Article in an Online Web Site “Sunbathing Spiders.” Urban Legends and Superstitions. 2008. 17 Sept. 2008The first date (2008) refers to when the material was electronically published, updated, or posted; the second date (17 Sept. 2008) refers to when the student researcher accessed the

39、source.51 Article in a Reference Database Costa, Stefano. “Music in Dreams and the Emergence of the Self.” Journal of American Psychology 54.1 (2009): 8183. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Mar. 2009.The first date (2009) refers to when the material was electronically published, updated, or posted; t

40、he second date (3 Mar. 2009) refers to when the student researcher accessed the source.52 Electronic Mail (E-mail) Posting Graham, Vanessa. “Re: Teenager Problems.” Message to Sonya Philips. 12 Apr. 2004. E-mail53ActivityOn a separate sheet of paper, convert the information in each of the following

41、into the correct form for a list of “Works Cited.” Use the appropriate model above as a guide. 1. A book by David Carr called The Longest Trip Home and published in New York by HarperCollins in 2008. 2. An article by Julie Appleby titled “Drug Costs for Seniors Growing” on page 1A of the November 12

42、, 2008 issue of USA Today.54 3. A book by Michael W. Passer and Ronald E. Smith titled Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behavior and published in a second edition by M c G r a w - H i l l i n N e w Y o r k i n 2 0 0 7 . 4. An article by Mark Miller titled “Parting with a Pet” found on May 16, 2007, in the October 8, 2007, issue of Newsweek Online.55 5. An article titled “Depression in Teenagers” found on April 24, 2007, on the Web site titled Troubled Teens which is sponsored by the Aspen Education Group.56Modal Paper See the book.57The End