中考测试对中学英语教学的反拨作用

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1、中考对中学英语教学的反拨作用一、反拨研究概况二、问卷调查分析三、教学基本对策一、反拨研究概况HughesHughes（19891989） “PPP” washback effect modelParticipants, Process & Product一个测试的性质将首先影响参与者对其教学和学习任务的理解和态度，而这种理解和态度又反过来影响参与者完成任务的过程，从而影响教学和学习的结果。Alderson (2004)Alderson (2004)课程设置（Course Design）课程实施（Course Delivery）课程监控（Course Control）课程评估（Course As

2、sessment）教 育 者（ Educator)人才培养（ Personnel training)语言测试的反拨效应：研究内容与方法语言测试的反拨效应：研究内容与方法Washback in Language Testing: Research Contents and MethodsLiying Cheng, Yoshinori Watanabe and Andy Curtis. 2004NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Press二、问卷调查分析1、中考复习四大法宝的知晓情况项目项目(06-09)很熟较熟了解不熟省考标22%35%29%14%市考标70%15%15%/市真题60%2

3、9%11%/新课标18%36%34%12%2、中考英语复习材料的使用频率项 目 总是 经常 有时 偶尔 从不现行初三课本9.73 23.89 30.97 32.73 2.65初一初二课本7.96 29.20 27.43 12.39 23.01近年各省真题14.16 49.56 20.35 14.16 1.77实用语法专著7.08 39.82 28.32 11.50 11.50重点中学模拟8.85 53.98 19.47 17.70/自制复习课件/30.09 31.86 25.66 12.39各种音像资料/7.08 16.81 48.67 27.43网络名师讲座/15.93 35.40 44.2

4、5 4.42项 目总是 经常 有时 偶尔 从不根据音标记忆单词9.447.51 14.81 28.11 40.13及时查找所遇生词8.80 30.47 41.63 11.16 7.94观看英语原声影视4.944.29 23.82 45.28 21.67阅读课外英文读物1.726.65 33.91 40.99 16.74与同学用英语交流0.003.43 22.75 42.70 31.12阅读语法专项书籍1.72 10.52 40.34 30.69 16.74背诵英文名句佳篇1.72 14.81 45.06 23.18 15.24学唱英文歌谣歌曲4.514.72 29.61 34.98 26.18

5、3、学生运用学习策略的频率4、中考测试的消极反拨作用1)缩窄课程涵盖内容2)流失有效教学时间3)淡化复杂问题思考4)削弱教师教学技能5)培育知能两极分数三、教学基本对策(一)“读”领风骚（理论、教材、短文）(二)“研”出法随（考试、学生、规律）(三)“思”心杂念（课标、基础、练习）(四)“享”入非非（资源、技术、思想）( (一) )“读”领风骚 A great part to the information I have was acquired by looking up something and finding something else on the way. 我的大部分知识都是这样

6、获得的： 在寻找某个资料时意外地发现了另外的资料。 -Adams Franklin (1881-1960 )1、读理论1)读学习理论2)读专业理论3)读教学流派理论名称代表人物理论派别教学模式中古学习心理学思想孔子Confucius 儒家哲学启发式教学心理训练说psychological training 亚里斯多德Aristotle古典人本主义重复训练联想说association 洛克Lock 联想主义心理学提供直接经验统觉说apperception 赫尔巴特Herbart构造主义心理学阶段教学联结说connection 桑代克Thorndike 机能主义心理学尝试和训练1)读学习理论经典条

7、件反射理论classical conditioned reflex 巴甫洛夫 Pavlov反射理论条件刺激与无条件刺激结合行为习惯说behavioural habits 华生Waston 行为主义心理学行为塑造操作性条件反射说instrumental 斯金纳Skinner 新行为主义程序教学顿悟说insight theory 苛勒Cohler 格式塔心理学提供良好观察认知期待说cognitive expectancy 托尔曼Tolman 行为格式塔提供路径认知发现说cognitive discovery 布鲁纳Bruner 认知心理学最佳教学论有意义言语学习理论meaningful verba

8、l learning 奥苏贝尔Ausubel 认知心理学讲授式教学认知指导说cognition guidance 加涅 Gagne 信息加工心理学八阶段教学论社会学习理论Social learning 班杜拉Bandura 行为认知心理学提供良好榜样人本主义学习观Humanistic learning 罗杰斯Rogers 人本主义心理学学生中心2)读专业理论英语教师必读书目英语教师必读书目【语言教师行动研究 Action Research for Language Teachers】【交际课堂的任务设计 Designing Tasks for the Communicative Classro

9、om】【交互性语言教学Interactive Language Teaching】【情感与语言学习Affect in Language Learning】【交际语言教学论Communicative Language Teaching】【外语与第二语言学习Foreign and Second Language Learning】【语言教师心理学初探Psychology for Language Teachers 】【外语教师测试手册Testing for Language Teachers】 【论语言教学环境The Context of Language Teaching】【外语教学研究方法教育

10、统计学导读Understanding Research in Second Language Learning】3)读教学流派Communicative approachDirect MethodDirect MethodTLT ApproachTLT ApproachTotal Physical ResponseAudio-lingual method Audio Visual Approach communicative approach语言功能项目特定社会语境运用语言交际1960s威尔金斯 (WilkinsWilkins )亚历山大(Alexander) Main feature (1)

11、 创造运用(2) 意念为纲(3) 过程交际(4) 话语单位(5) 综合训练(6) 错误容忍(7) 学生中心(8) 手段多样(9) 情景精髓Advantages:影响最大、生命力最强Disadvantages:（1）功能项目问题(function /notion)（2）语法教学问题 (use /usage)Direct MethodDirect Method自然法(Natural Method)心理法(Psychological Method)口语法(Oral Method)改良法(Reformed Method)Representatives: 贝力兹（M.D.Berlitz） 艾盖尔特（B.

12、Eggert） 帕默（H.E.Palmer） Advantages: 1. 采用直观教具2. 直接学习应用3. 重视语音教学Disadvantages:1. 排斥母语2. 错误较多Task-based Language Teaching ApproachTask-based Language Teaching Approach 任务六要素（一）目标（二）内容（三）程序 （四）输入材料（五）角色 （六）情景 Advantages1. 任务活动多样学习兴趣2. 知识技能结合语用能力3. 参与活动思维主体作用4. 小组双人活动面向全体5. 内容广信息多拓宽视域6. 边活动边应变全面发展7. 独立积极

13、参与良好习惯 Disadvantages 1. 课堂效率低 2. 依赖程度高 3. 反馈效率低 Total Physical Response James Asher 1960s提出 听力理解领先 身体反应语言预先做好准备 降低紧张情绪 Advantages吸引注意 提供环境 左右协调快乐需求整句学用 Disadvantages 抽象无解 容易疲劳Audiolingual method 1940s America口语法句型法结构法军队教学法 Advantages1. 听说领先2. 反复模仿3. 强调句型 4. 限制母语 5. 对比结构6. 及时纠错7. 手段先进Disadvantages忽视读

14、写 机械重复脱离语境Audio Visual Approach 1950s France1)语言情景结合2)重视口语教学3)重视句型教学4)生活情景对话5)排除母语中介 Disadvantages1. 过分强调整体，忽视分析训练2. 忽视书面形式，割断口语书面 Advantages1. 调动多种感官，利于培养语感2. 直接建立联系，利于外语思维2 2、读教材、读教材Brian Tomlinson(Brian Tomlinson(英国英国) )Developing Materials for Language Developing Materials for Language TeachingT

15、eaching动情：学生生活相关，激发学习兴趣，动情：学生生活相关，激发学习兴趣， 情感体验学习情感体验学习动脑：在学习中获得新经验并反思以往经验动脑：在学习中获得新经验并反思以往经验动手：做动手：做( (有意义的有意义的) )事，开发能力事，开发能力七年级上册Unit 1 My names Gina.Unit 2 Is this your pencil?Unit 3 This is my sister.Unit 4 Wheres my backpack?Unit 5 Do you have a soccer ball?Unit 6 Do you like bananas?Unit 7 How

16、 much are these pants?Unit 8 When is your birthday?Unit 9 Do you want to go a movie?Unit 10 Can you play the guitar?Unit 11 What time do you go to school? Unit 12 My favorite subject is science.七年级下册Unit 1 Wheres your pen pal from? Unit 2 Wheres the post office?Unit 3 Why do you like koalas?Unit 4 I

17、 want to be an actor.Unit 5 Im watching TV.Unit 6 Its raining!Unit 7 what does he look like?Unit 8 Id like some noodles.Unit 9 How was your weekend?Unit 10 Where did you go on vacation?Unit 11 What do you think of game shows?Unit 12 Dont eat in class. 八年级上册Unit 1 How often do you exercise?Unit 2 Wha

18、ts the matter?Unit 3 What are you doing for vacation?Unit 4 How do you get to school?Unit 5 Can you come to my party?Unit 6 Im more outgoing than my sister.Unit 7 How do you make a banana smoothie?Unit 8 How was your school trip?Unit 9 When was he born? Unit 10 Im going to be a basketball player.Uni

19、t 11 Could you please clean your room?Unit 12 Whats the best radio station?八年级下册Unit 1 Will people have robots?Unit 2 What should I do?Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.Unit 5 If you go to the party, youll have a great time! Unit 6 How long have you be

20、en collecting shells? Unit 7 Would you mind turning down the music? Unit 8 Why dont you get her a scarf?Unit 9 Have you ever been to an amusement park? Unit 10 Its a nice day, isnt it?九年级Unit 1 How do you study for a test?Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark.Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to c

21、hoose their own clothes.Unit 4 What would you do？Unit 5 It must belong to Carla.Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to.Unit 7 Where would you like to visit?Unit 8 Ill help clean up the city parks.Unit 9 When was it invented?Unit 10 By the time I got outside, the bus had already left. Unit 11 Could

22、you please tell me where the restrooms are?Unit 12 Youre supposed to shake hands.Unit 13 Rainy days make me sad.Unit 14 Have you packed yet?Unit 15 Were trying to save the manateese!对策：对策：* *依托话题，创设活动，激发热情依托话题，创设活动，激发热情* *巧用词汇，开发心智，鼓励用脑巧用词汇，开发心智，鼓励用脑* *广涉资源，积极比照，语不离手广涉资源，积极比照，语不离手途径：途径：* *重精读，上好每一篇课

23、文。重精读，上好每一篇课文。* *抓略读，选好一本配套书。抓略读，选好一本配套书。* *促泛读，用好每一种渠道。促泛读，用好每一种渠道。3 3、读短文语篇短语境强语感好语言精1) 语篇短语篇短 Reports that say that something hasnt happened are always interesting to me, because as we know, there are known knowns; there are things we know we know. We also know there are known unknowns; i.e., we

24、know there are some things we do not know. But there are also unknown unknowns the ones we dont know we dont know. FOOT IN MOUTH2) 2) 语境强语境强The first snow came. How beautiful it was, falling so silently, all day long, all night long, on the mountains, on the meadows, on the roofs of the living, on t

25、he graves of the dead.3) 3) 语感好语感好Is there going to be a rise in the price of rice? If a wise child buys some nice white rice at once and the price of rice doesnt rise, he wont get any prize. I might find a kind of unkind bright light in his eyes at night. I must advise him, as my advice is always q

26、uite nice and right.You can read it in the paper. You can read what people say. You can find it in the paper, most papers in the U. S. A. Sometimes you can find good news. Sometimes the news is bad. Sometimes the news makes you happy. Sometimes it only makes you mad. But if you want to be informed,

27、take my recommendation. Go to a newsstand and pick up a paper, If you want information. If you want to read the news. Look in the paper. If you want an opinion. If you want to buy a house. If youre looking for a job. If you want to buy a car. If you want to see a show. If you want to know the score.

28、 If you want the weather forecast. If you want to see comics. If you have money to invest. If you want a recipe. If you need a vacation. 4) 语言精语言精(二)“研”出法随1、研究考试2、研究学生3、研究规律1、研究考试(以补全对话为例) 名称名称数量数量名称名称数量数量补全对话补全对话3232口语交际应用口语交际应用2424完成对话完成对话1111情景交际运用情景交际运用9 9情景对话情景对话6 6communication5 5日常对话日常对话4 4对话

29、填空对话填空3 3写句子写句子2 2词汇运用词汇运用2 2选词填空选词填空1 1书面表达书面表达1 1(2009全国中考全国中考“补全对话补全对话”试题使用的名称及数量试题使用的名称及数量)内容内容卷数卷数内容内容卷数卷数打电话18购物9过去事14就餐7将来事10问路5求帮助7建议4家庭事3学习3买汽车1热点3做衣服1爱好3谈地方1慈善活动1谈身体1交通安全1访个人1其他情景7(2009(2009全国中考全国中考“补全对话补全对话”考查考查内容及数量内容及数量) )答题形式答题形式1 1、选择式：、选择式：7 7句选句选5 5 方框单词或短语方框单词或短语 I-III-II栏配对栏配对2 2、

30、填写式：句子、填写式：句子 单词单词 首字母单词首字母单词 中文情景填英文中文情景填英文短语或句子短语或句子主要问题主要问题1 1、控制过强、控制过强 ( (首字母首字母) )2 2、要求不明、要求不明( (两项多余、用单词短语或句子两项多余、用单词短语或句子) ) 3 3、分类不妥、分类不妥( (阅读、写作？阅读、写作？) ) 4 4、梯度不够、梯度不够 5 5、抄写费时、抄写费时6 6、分值过高、分值过高 7 7、话题重复、话题重复2、研究学生当下社会的不好评价“四有四无四不得” 有知识无智慧沉不得有目标无信仰骂不得有规范无道德亏不得有个性无合作苦不得拿什么征服学生？真情实感真心实意真抓实

31、干真才实学学习者类型类型类型优点优点不足不足速战速速战速决型决型集中突击、角色扮演、解决问题不深入、合作少、不持久浮想联浮想联翩型翩型深入思考、点子较多、喜欢评价不守时、变化快、难管理逻辑推逻辑推理型理型乐于探究、有条不紊、擅于组织自省少、创新少、合作少广泛涉广泛涉猎型猎型兴趣 、纵观大局、擅于创造重细节、少甄别、无重心3、研究规律1)主题词汇图示化2)基本词汇趣味化*Tongue twisters: If you notice this notice, you will notice that this notice is not worth noticing. That fat man s

32、aid that that that that that black man said was that bad.Mr. Cook said to a cook, “the cook-book is very good. Please take a look.”*Great thoughts:You have to believe in yourself. Thats the secret of success.Man struggles upwards; water flows downwards.A great man is always willing to be little.*Kid

33、s chantThe animals are racing! Watch them go! Twelfth is the pig; hes the very last. Eleventh is the dog; he isnt running fast. Tenth is the rooster; eating a pear. Ninth is the monkey; jumping in the air. Eighth is the sheep; hes looking down. Seventh is the horse; big and brown. Sixth is the snake

34、; shes long and thin. Fifth is the dragon; he wants to win. Fourth is the rabbit, hop and bounce. Third is the tiger, waiting to pounce. Second is the bull;he cant believe his eyes. Because first is the rat, naughty but wise. But where is the cat, with the black and white face? Hes still sleeping;he

35、 cant finish the race!3)知识构建系统化+ +v-ingv-ing Kummspafei 酷美媚，死怕肥keep understand miss mindsuggest practise avoidfinish enjoy imagine +to do refuse, choose, fail, agree, afford, prepare, decide, make up ones mind, manage, try 拒选失败同负担，准备决定设法干 V+ sb. + to do advise, teach, invite, ask, tell, allow, requi

36、re, want, warn, cause, get, expect 劝教邀请叫，允许要警告，促使先预料 V+ sb. +do 四看三使役，二听一感觉 see, watch, notice, observe, let, make, have, listen to, hear, feel不规则形容词、副词的比较级和最高级形容副词作比较，特殊规则要记牢；合二为一有三对，坏病两多两个好；一分为二有两个，一个远来一个老；还有little有双意，只记少来不记小。 坏病(bad/badly, ill)worse-worst、 两多(many, much)more-most、 两个好(good, well)

37、betterbest farfarther/furtherfarthest/furthest oldolder/elderoldest/eldest littlelessleast, 表示“小”时无级(三)“思”心杂念在劳力上劳心是一切发明之母。 事事在劳力上劳心便可得事物之真理。 陶行知(三)“思”心杂念1、反思课标2、反思课改3、反思课堂1、反思课标基础教育阶段英语课程的任务:激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展自主学习的能力和合作精神；使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力；培养学生的观察、记忆

38、、思维、想象能力和创新精神；帮助学生了解世界和中西文化差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人生观，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好的基础。基本理念（一）面向全体学生，注重素质教育 (二) 整体设计目标，体现灵活多样（三）突出学生主体，尊重个体差异（四）采用活动途径，倡导体验参与（五）注重过程评价，促进学生发展（六）开发课程资源，拓展学用渠道容易被忽视的几点：*鼓励学生大胆使用英语，宽容错误。*满足学生口语训练需要，施教英语。*研究学生认知能力特点，渗透文化。2、反思课改谨谨防防语语音音消消退退化化谨防外语本土化Want money no, want life oneI in less f

39、orest temple mix two yearI want give you one bit colour see see Give me stop! Give me stopObama: ：Obamanomics奥巴马经济 Obamanation奥巴主义左家塘left family poollobster 涝不死的drums 撞死expensive 一个死笨媳妇toothbrush 兔子不拉屎谨谨防防笔笔误误大大众众化化3、反思课堂（1 1）放弃自己在课堂上超霸主之地位）放弃自己在课堂上超霸主之地位 （2 2）淡化自己对学生指导点拨之权利）淡化自己对学生指导点拨之权利 （3 3）倾听学生

40、对文本素材深入之解读）倾听学生对文本素材深入之解读 （4 4）戒除脱离教材实质的课件之演示）戒除脱离教材实质的课件之演示山东杜郎口中学“0+45” “10+35”一块黑板 多块黑板（前黑板，后黑板，北黑板，走廊黑板。 ）独立学习 合作学习（强强、强弱、弱弱 ）有讲台、讲桌 无讲台、讲桌教师教，学生学 学生教，学生学；学生教，教师学插秧式课桌排放 小组对桌而坐 学生角色定位创新 传统现代接受知识的容器自主人格的人 对考试的准备 对人生的理解 对知识的背记 规律的总结 内向羞涩 勇敢大方 自私 公益 教师角色定位 传统现代主演导演经验科研现成生成 师长 朋友 老师 学生 课堂角色定位 传统现代教师

41、传授者教师策划者 一言堂百家争鸣单纯知识型 知识能力情感型 唯一答案标准答案 多种解答 整齐划一 灵活多变 精英式 大众化 死记硬背 体验感悟 听说读写演、唱、画、作接受式探究式安分守己超市自选细节决定成败(四)“享”入非非 Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it. -Samuel Johnson （17091784英国文学史上重要的 诗人、散文家、传记家和健谈家）(四)“享”入非非1、分享资源2、分享技术3、分享思想1、分享

42、资源1）媒体 2）试卷3）课件 4）案例 5）文献 6）答疑7）索引 8）课程 http:/www.wikipedia.org/英语城bbc.co.uk/worldservice 英国广播公司英语咖啡屋日常会话英语iteslj.org互联网英语期刊 英语语法与词汇测试英语之声CNN广播学习资源中心better-倍特英语英语实践英语书页english-英语地带esl-在线英语听力测试英语学习者英语书页esl-英语实验室 免费英语 留学美国 Dr. Math - http:/forum.swarthmore.edu/dr.math/dr%2Dmath.html An Astronaut - htt

43、p:/ A Volcanologist - http:/volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/ask%5Fa.html The Psychiatrist - http:/ A MAD Scientist - http:/madsci.wustl.edu/ The Grammar Lady - http:/ A Hurricane Hunter - http:/ An Art Curator - http:/www.nmaa.si.edu/referencedesk/ The Wedding Expert - http:/ The Bug Expert - http:/ Th

44、e Congress Scholar - http:/www.c%2Dspan.org/questions/ A Rabbi -http:/ A Musician - http:/ The Computer Experts - http:/www.experts%2D An Inventor - http:/ China: Crackdown on Plastic Bags REUTERS （http:/http:/ /）China to ban free plastic bags in shops AP（http:/http:/www.ap.orgwww.ap.org/ /）China tr

45、ies to curb addiction to plastic bags AFP (http:/(http:/ dairy boss on trial amid new China dairy boss on trial amid new melamine scare ( Reuters)melamine scare ( Reuters) （http:/http:/ /）China: Melamine victims parents China: Melamine victims parents receive $29000 (AP)receive $29000 (AP) （http:/ht

46、tp:/www.ap.orgwww.ap.org/ /）China declines to say how many China declines to say how many kids sick in milk scandal (AFP)kids sick in milk scandal (AFP) (http:/(http:/ /Taiwan ex-president on hunger Taiwan ex-president on hunger strike over arrest strike over arrest (Reuters)(Reuters)Taiwans ex-pres

47、ident starts hunger Taiwans ex-president starts hunger strike in jail (AP)strike in jail (AP)Ex-Taiwan president on hunger Ex-Taiwan president on hunger strike: lawyerstrike: lawyer (AFP)(AFP)G20 summit seeks answers to economic crisis (AFP)Group of 20 leaders get to work at crisis summit (AP)G20 le

48、aders craft crisis response (Reuters)Riots force China president from summit 5:35 a.m. ET July 8, 2009 (AP)Chinese president skips G8 after Urumqi riots Tue Jul 7, 2009 7:37pm EDT (Reuters) China president hurries home from G8 after rioting Jul 07, 2009 22:59 EST (AFP)Barack Obama surprised and humb

49、led Barack Obama surprised and humbled by Nobel peace prize by Nobel peace prize Friday 9 October 2009 (Reuters) Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Surprised, humbled Obama awarded Nobel Peace PrizePeace Prize Oct 9, 2:41 PM (ET) (AP)Humbled Obama wins Nobel Peace PrizeHumbled Obama wins Nobel P

50、eace Prize Fri Oct 9, 9:52 am ET (AFP)Polands president dies in plane Polands president dies in plane crash crash Saturday, April 10, 2010(AP)No survivors in crash of Polish No survivors in crash of Polish presidents planepresidents plane Saturday, April 10, 2010 (AFP) Polish plane crash highlights

51、Polish plane crash highlights lamentable fleet lamentable fleet 10 Apr 2010 16:01:05 GMT(Reuters)Quake kills 400; destroys homes on Quake kills 400; destroys homes on Tibet plateauTibet plateau Wed Apr 14, 2010 6:57am EDT (Reuters) Quakes strike western China killing Quakes strike western China kill

52、ing 400, injuring 10000 400, injuring 10000 Wed Apr. 14 2010 08:14:54 (AP)Quake in remote China region kills Quake in remote China region kills 400400 Wednesday, April 14, 2010 (AFP) 2、分享技术1)截图编辑(教材处理)2)W-F转换(文档编辑)3)网络解霸(MP3截选)4)视频转换(FLV互换)5)会声会影(音像处理)3、分享思想（1 1）求优意识。）求优意识。（2 2）求精意识。）求精意识。（3 3）求美意识。）求美意识。