英国文学简史期末考试复习要点(共9页)

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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上一、中世纪文学（约5世纪1485） 贝奥武甫（Beowulf） 高文爵士和绿衣骑士（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight )杰弗利乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer) “英国诗歌之父”。（Father of English Poetry） 坎特伯雷故事（The Canterbury Tales ）二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期17世纪初） 托马斯莫尔 （Thomas More ） 乌托邦（Utopia） 埃德蒙斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser） 仙后（The Faerie Queene) 弗兰西斯培根（Francis Bacon）

2、 论说文集（Essays) 克里斯托弗马洛 Christopher Marlowe 帖木儿大帝（Tamburlaine） 浮士德博士的悲剧（The Tragical History of the Life and Death of Dr. Faustus） 马耳他岛的犹太人（The Jew of Malta ） 威廉莎士比亚William Shakespeare ）哈姆莱特（Hamlet） SONNET18三、17世纪文学约翰弥尔顿 John Milton 失乐园（Paradise Lost） 约翰班扬（John Bunyan） 天路历程（The Pilgrims Progress） 四、启蒙

3、时期文学（17世纪后期18世纪中期）18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大蒲柏（Alexander Pope）是新古典主义诗歌的代表。 乔纳森斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 格列佛 丹尼尔笛福 Daniel Defoe 英国小说之父 鲁滨孙漂流记（Robinson Crusoe） 亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 汤姆琼斯（Tom Jones） 乔纳森斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift 格列佛游记 Gullivers Travels 亨利菲尔丁 Henry Fielding 汤姆琼斯（Tom Jon

4、es） 托马斯格雷 Thomas Gray 墓园哀歌（Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard ） 五、浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832） 罗伯特彭斯 Robert Burns 威廉布莱克 William Blake 威廉华兹华斯 William Wordsworth 塞缪尔泰勒柯勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 抒情歌谣集（Lyrical Ballads ）一. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages中世纪文学（约5世纪1485)贝奥武夫:the national epic o

5、f the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated. e.g. Homers Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features: 1. Using alliteration Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some w

6、ords in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵） Some examples on P5 2. Using metaphor and understatement Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟1340(?)1400(首创“双韵体”，英国

7、文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作坎特伯雷故事集。)The father of English poetry.It is _alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walk

8、s of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle EnglishMedieval Ages popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulf

9、II The Renaissance Period文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期17世纪初） A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending

10、to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Two features1. a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature 2. the keen interest in the activities of humanity.The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The Renaissance is a histor

11、ical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts:(1) to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, (2) to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, (3) to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the R

12、oman Catholic Church.Three historical events of the Renaissance rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists: Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Jo

13、hnson.English Renaissance:the early 16th century to the early 17th century. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。） The poets poet. The first to be buried in the Poets corner of Westerminster Abbey12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “t

14、he poets poet”? ( B ) A. Spensers idealism B. his struggle for criteria C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody 仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.Artistic features:1. Using Spenserian StanzaDefinition of Sp

15、enserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in iambic hexameter. 牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.2. Thomasl More托马斯莫尔14781535One of the greatest English humanists乌托邦n3. Francisl Bacon弗兰西斯培根15611626（哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力

16、量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。）Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.nWriting style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to mans reason.学术的推进随笔(famous quotas: )nThe theme o

17、f Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies.5. Christopherl Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛15641595“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了无韵体诗。）Blank verse: written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.14. Marlowe gave new vigor to _ with his “mighty

18、 lines” ( D ) A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina C. terza rima D. blank verse 浮士德博士的悲剧（根据德国民间故事书写成） 帖木耳大帝n 马耳他的犹太人6. William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚15641616lFour Comedies: 皆大欢喜; 第十二夜; 仲夏夜之梦; 威尼斯商人Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特; 奥赛罗; 李尔王; 麦克白Shakespeare Sonnet :154 Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA so

19、nnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.III The 17th Century17世纪文学 1. John Milton约翰弥尔顿16081674（诗人、政论家;失明后写 失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics:失乐园n复乐园Dramatic poem:力士参孙2. John Bunyan约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥

20、古斯丁的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet(清教徒派诗人)Religionary Allegory:天路历程n3. John Donne the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, reli

21、gious, thought）Artistic features:1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻The Flea 虱子Valediction:IV The 18th Century启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期18世纪中期）：Enlightenment同时为美国独立战争与法国大革命提供了框架，并且导致了资本主义和社会主义的兴起，与音乐史上的巴洛克时期以及艺术史上的新古典主义时期是同一时期。A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and ac

22、curacyThe Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic n

23、ovel现实主义小说)1. Alexander Pope亚历山大蒲柏16881744（18世纪英国最伟大的诗人，其诗多用“英雄双韵体”/ “ heroic couplets”。词句工整、精练、富有哲理性。）As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England.Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rat

24、ionalism to England? ( C ) A. John Bunyan B. Daniel Defoe C. Alexander Pope D. Jonathan Swift 批评论nArtistic features:1.Using “heroic couplets” 卷发遇劫记 道德论人论n愚人记3. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特16671745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist。） 格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island

25、飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛一个小小的建议n 书战 木桶的故事n 一个麻布商的书信4. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福16601731（小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现实主义小说的奠基人。）lHe is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel. 鲁宾逊漂流记It praise the fortitude of

26、the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-y

27、ears there and finally gets relieved and returns to England.5. Henry Fielding亨利菲尔丁17071754（英国小说家，戏剧家，被誉为“英国小说之父” 。）He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文体史诗), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style. novels:弃婴汤姆琼斯约瑟夫安德鲁大诗人江

28、奈生威尔德7. Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德布林斯利施莱登17511816 情敌n 造谣学校8. William Blake威廉布莱克17571827 天真之歌A happy and innocent world from childrens eye. 经验之歌A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: Lamb is a symbol of peace and purityTyger is a symbol

29、of dread and oiolence9. Robert Burns罗伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 一朵红红的玫瑰n 往昔时光 不管那一套n 我的心在那高原上V The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期文学（1798-1832）The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridges ,

30、and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scotts death.Romanticism:It emphasize the special quality of each individuals mind.(人应该是独立自由的个体)In it, emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all

31、 rules, imagination, nature, commonplace.Two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen (realistic) and Walter Scott (romantic).“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯17701850（与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“

32、”诗人。 The Lake Poets） 抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) Theme:1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge fullof peace”2.It is bliss to recolled the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment:The poet is very ch

33、eerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 序曲2. Samuel Taylor

34、 Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834 The Lake Poets 古舟子颂 柯里斯塔贝尔 忽必烈汗Artistic features: mysticism, demonism with strong imagination, a strange territory 半夜冰霜 忧郁颂 抒情歌谣集(with William Wordsworth)3. George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824（拜伦式英雄Byronic heroes孤傲、狂热、浪漫，却充满了反抗精神。内心充满了孤独与苦闷，却又蔑视群小。恰尔德哈罗德是拜伦诗歌中第一个“拜伦式英雄”。）l“

35、Byronic hero” is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. 唐璜恰尔德哈罗德尔游记4. Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 Poetic Drama：解放了的普罗米修斯Theme: the drama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression 麦布女王伊斯兰的反叛诗辩无神论的必要性 Lyrics: 西风颂Theme: The autho

36、r express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who drives the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind

37、blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts again when something dies.Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelleys Ode to the West Wind is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing co

38、uplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this poem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life.Artistic features:Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe ) 5. Johnl Keats约翰济慈17951821 (“美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。) Four great odes

39、: 希腊古瓮颂夜莺颂心灵颂 忧郁颂 秋颂nTheme: The theme of John Keats poem, To Autumn, is that change is both natural and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader.Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time pass

40、es by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what came before. Each of the poems three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.6. Jane Austen简奥斯丁17751817lShe comp

41、ared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire. 理智与感情 傲慢与偏见(chapter I)【Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy】in the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved【Collins & Charlotte Lucas】see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretche

42、dness of aging spinsterhood【Lydia & Wickham】shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.【Mr.&Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins, Lady Catherine de Burgh】comic characters曼斯菲尔德庄园爱玛诺桑觉寺劝导题型1.配对（10）2.判断正误（10）3.选择（30）4.术语（20）5材料分析（20）6.问答（10）Ballad(民谣) In more exact literary terminology, a bal

43、lad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimeter. Common traits of the ballad are that(a) the beginning is often abrupt ,(b) the story is told through dialogue and action (c) the language is simple or “folksy,” (d) the theme is often tragic-though

44、 comic ballads do exist, (e) the ballad contains a refrain repeated several times. The ballad became popular in England in the late 14th century and was adopted by many writers. One of the most important anthologies of ballads is F. J. Child s The English and Scottish Popular Ballads. 在更为精确的文学术语中，民谣

45、指的是抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗。民谣的共同特色包括：（a）诗歌的起首通常十分出其不意。（b）故事通过对话和行为讲述。（c）语言简单，民风十足。（d）尽管存在喜剧民谣，但大多数民谣的主题具有悲剧意味。（e）民谣通常包含重复多遍的叠句。民谣这种诗歌形式在14世纪晚期的英格兰十分盛行，从此以后许多作家对其进行模仿创作。历史上最为知名的民谣集之一为恰尔德收集出版的英格兰和苏格兰流行歌谣。Epic(史诗) An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale and deals with leg

46、endary or historical events of national or universal significance .Most epics deal with the exploits of a single individual and also interlace the main narrative with myths, legends, folk tales and past events; there is a composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall expe

47、rience of the poem . Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history. 史诗是长篇口头叙事诗，内容广泛，通常以重要传说或者重大历史事件为题材。大部分的史诗歌颂个人的英雄事迹，同时也在叙述中插入神话、传说、民间故事以及历史事件；一

48、个民族的整体文化与全诗所讲的经历紧密联系，造成一种复合的效果。史诗不仅仅是愉悦人的传奇故事或者历史英雄事迹，它们总结以及表达了一个民族在其历史上一个重要或者关键时期的本质或者理想。 Humanism(人文主义) Broadly, this term suggests any attitude which tends to exalt the human element or stress the importance of human interests, as opposed to the supernatural , divine elements -or as opposed to th

49、e grosser, animal elements.In a more specific sense, humanism suggests a devotion to those studies supposed to promote human culture most effectively-in particular, those dealing with the life,thought, language, and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. It proclaimed that man is the most important

50、noble creature in the world; the goal of life is to enjoy oneself in this present world instead of afterlife. According to the humanists ; both man and world are hindered by external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removin

51、g all external checks by the exercise of reason. In literary history the most important use of the term is to designate the revival of classical culture which accompanied the Renaissance. 这个术语广义上是指一切提升人类因素或重视人类利益，反对超自然的、超人的因素或反对粗野的、动物的因素的态度。更确切地来讲，人文主义意味着投身到最有效地促进人类文化的研究当中特别涉及到古希腊和罗马的生活、思想、语言和文学的研究。

52、人文主义宣称人是世界上最高贵的动物；生活的目标就是要享受现世的生活而不是期望来世。人文主义学者认为，只有外部阻碍才能阻止人类和世界的无限进步，人类可以根据自己的欲望来改造世界，并且可以通过理智的锻炼驱除外部障碍来获得幸福。文学史中，用到这个术语的最重要时刻是指文艺复兴时期对古典文化的复兴。Spenserian stanzaA nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is w

53、ritten in iambic hexameter and is called an Alexandrine. The Spenserian was invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem the Faerie Queene. The Spenserian was also used by Robert Burns, John Keats, and Shelley. Heroic couplet a rhymed pair of iambic pentameter lines:Named from its use by Dryden and

54、others in the heroic drama of the late 17th century,the heroic couplet had been established much earlier by Chaucer as a major English verse-form for narrative and other kinds of non-dramatic portry: it dominated English poetry of the 18th century,notably in the couplets of Pope,before declining in

55、importance in the early 19th century.Soliloquy a dramatic speech uttered by one character speaking aloud while alone on the stage (or while under the impression of being alone).The soliloquist thus reveals his or her inner thoughts and feelings to the audience,either in supposed self-communion or in

56、 a consciously direct address. Soliloquies often appear in plays from the age of Shakespeare, notably in his Hamlet and Macbeth. Soliloquy is a form of monologue,but a monologue is not a soliloquy if (as in the dramatic monologue) the speaker is not alone. Sonnet a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming l

57、ines of equal length:iambic pentameters in English,alexandrines in French,hendecasyllables in ltalian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns. The Italian sonnet comprises an 8-line octaveof two quatrains,rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line sestet usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet,rhyming ababcdcdefefgg.An important variant of this is the Spenserian sonnet (introduced by the Elizabethan poet Edmun