[文学]Discovery and colonization of the new world

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1、Discovery and colonization of the new worldAmerican indians They were the earliest inhabitants in the continent. More than 20,000 years ago, Migrate from eastern siberia and might belong to the Mongoloid peoples. For thousands of years they lived and labored in the Americas. Later when the Europeans

2、 arrived in great numbers in the 16th and 17th, American Indian culture began to change as they came into contact with western culture and technology.Discovery of the new world The process of discovery Condition: 1. Marco Polos traveling book described that India rich in gold and jewelry 2. The inve

3、ntion of compass 3. The theory of round earth 4. Turkey blocked the way to the eastBetween 1488 and 1534, Europeans made several important voyages to explore the world. Christopher Columbus An Italian sailor helped by Spanish king -1492 August 3rd 87 sailors 3 ships crossed Dark Sea（Atlantic ocean）-

4、Bahamas Cuba mistook the people there as Indians, 1506 died, not realizing it was a new continent. In 1905, Colorado became the first state to observe a Columbus Day. Over the next few decades other states followed. In 1937, then President Franklin Roosevelt proclaimed every October 12 as Columbus D

5、ay. Since 1971, it has been celebrated on the second Monday in October.Columbus Day Vespucci Amerigo In 1499, Vespucci Amerigo an Italian sailor also under the Spanish flag, sailed west and discovered the continent of South America. It was he who showed that the land they arrived was a whole new con

6、tinent lay between Europe and Asia. Before long it was named after him, America, the name of the southern continent, later being extended to the northern too. helped by Spanish king, 1499 confirmed it was a new continent described it in detail in his letters sent to home 1507 a German draw a new map

7、 about the new world based on Amerigos letters, America is then named after him.The route of Vespucci AmerigoFerdinand Magellan Portuguese navigator, sent by Spain in 1519 with five ships to sail around the world for the first time. Magellan and his expedition were blown by storms into the strait th

8、at now bears his name (Magellan Strait). He named and sailed across the Pacific Ocean (peaceful ocean), reaching the Philippines, where he was killed fighting for a friendly native king. But one of his ships returned to Spain in 1522, thus the historic voyage completed.Magellan A Portuguese helped b

9、y Spanish king, 1519 crossed the Atlantic ocean- south America - Strait of Magellan - Pacific Ocean( peaceful ocean) Philippines （killed by the natives）-Cape of Good Hope- Spain.Significance: “It opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie The Manifesto of the Communist Party”The route of Mage

10、llanCape of Good HopeStrait of MagellanLater in 1534 the French also succeeded in planting their flags in the New world by the voyages of Jacques Cartie to Canada. In less than 50 years from 1492 to 1534, Europeans had discovered two new continents of North and South Americas and had broadened their

11、 horizons to include the whole globe.The new world was a great and rich land. North and South Americas together made up an area almost as large as Africa and Europe combined. In the new world there were all those resources necessary for agricultural and industrial development: fertile land, seas ful

12、l of fish, great forests, all the essential metals, and minerals, huge coal and oil supplies, and rivers rich in water power.The ruling class of Europe fell upon this rich land greedily, only fifty years after Columbus first voyage, the Spanish and Portuguese had overrun the vast land of what is now

13、 called Latin America (South America). The settling of present-day United states and Canada (North America) by the English and French went more slowly, though quite cruelly.Colonization in AmericaPortugal set up colonies in Brazil;Spain colonized South America and MexicoFrance: St. Lawrence Rive- Gr

14、eat Lakes- Mississippi- New Orleans The Great Britain: 1558 Elizabeth I crowned 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada- being the most powerful country in controlling the sea- 1603 died -1607 James I agreed to set up two companies （Virginia company of Plymouth, Virginia company of London）- start to coloni

15、ze what is now known America-1607 the first permanent colony Jamestown founded in Virginia , so Virginia is called the mother state; In April 1607 three ships with 104 English settlers, financed by the Virginia Company, arrived off the Virginia coast. They built the first successful settlement calle

16、d Jamestown (in honor of their King). The location of Jamestown itself led to much hardship and disease, and within the first 6 months, about half of 104 settlers died. But the first settlement, however, survived.-1620 puritans representing the rising bourgeoisie wanted to purify the Church of Engla

17、nd Mayflower (73 males and 29 females)-Plymouth . 1620 a tiny ship called the “May Flower” sailed from England for the New World to set a colony of Plymouth. Crowded together in the small ship were 102 passengers. About half of them were Puritan Pilgrims. New England ( Mayflower compact obey the rul

18、e and law) they landed in what is now Massachusetts. Being far from Virginia the Pilgrims decided to set up their own government. They wrote a now famous agreement called the “Mayflower Compact”. In this Compact they agreed to stick together, to abide by majority rule, and to have a right to choose

19、their own leader. This was the beginning of the US democracy. poor food, hard work, cold weather- half died- Indians came to help them- In Autumn 1621 harvested -1621 celebrated the harvest the last Thursday in Nov. a fixed date Thanksgiving Day. During the first icy winter in Plymouth, the pilgrims

20、 suffered much hardship and about half of them died. When spring came, the Indians began to help them, showing them how to hunt, fish, and plant. The pilgrims had a fine harvest of corn in fall. They were thankful. They made a feast and invited the native Americans who had helped them. This was the

21、first Thanksgiving.The first English-American 13 colonies New England colonies: Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. After the establishment of Plymouth colony, more Puritans arrived in the nearby areas of Massachusetts. by 1679 they set up the above four New England colonies

22、. Middle Colonies: the colonies of New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware some of these colonies were not started by the English colonists. New York and New Jersey were first founded by the Dutch, and Delaware was first settled by the Swedish. These three colonies were taken by t

23、he English in 1664 The Southern Colonies: Virginia, North and South Carolinas and Georgia North and South Carolinas were settled by pioneers from other colonies, and the Georgia, the last colony, was founded in 1733, which was named after the English King George . 3. The Early Immigrants 3.1 the Whi

24、te Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) The early settlers in all these 13 colonies were from different European countries. But most of them came from England and became generally known as the White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. Religious dispute in England was one of the reasons for these people to flee to Am

25、erica. They also want to become rich quick in the New World which was full of promises with its virgin soil and all kinds of treasures. 3.2 Poor men - indentured servants(契约）契约） Countless poor men also poured into American colonies. They were either suffering from cold and hunger or were deep in deb

26、t. Taking advantage of these poor men, the colonial companies and big merchants spread the belief that America was a land of promise where everyone could make money and enjoy freedom. Most of the poor went to America as indentured servants. After they worked for the company for 5-7 years, they becam

27、e citizens with their own farms. 3.3 convicts The colonial companies and big merchants persuaded the English government to transport convicts to America. This took a burden off the English government and gave cheap labor to the colonies. After serving their term, these convicts would become free men

28、. 4. Life in the Colonies 4.1 Hard conditions met by the first colonists There was nothing but thick forests stretching far and wide before the colonists when they first arrived in America. The initial struggle for them was to tame the land and solve the problem of food and shelter. It was not easy

29、to fell so many big trees and to farm among big stumps. A communal society Hard conditions forced them to live in a communal society in which people worked together and shared their products among themselves. Later forests were cut back and large fields were cultivated, their life developed into a n

30、ormal state. 4.2 The early settlers in New England developed trade and ship building. The early settlers took advantage of the many deep-water harbors there to develop trade and ship-building. Wealth was rapidly accumulated in New England and huge cities were developed near the shore around harbors.

31、 4.3 the South- two Distinct Features: 1)The plantation owners in the South were devoted to agriculture. Climate and soil were more favorable in the South, so the settlers in South were mainly devoted to agriculture and lived far apart along rivers and streams. The plantation owners not only produce

32、d grain but also grew cotton and tobacco. 2) There was the infamous slave labor in the South. Negro slaves, indentured servants. 4.4 The colonies adopted a tolerant policy in religion. England remained the main source of immigrants, but it was not the only one. Large number of immigrants from German

33、y, Switzerland, France and many other countries also poured in. It is impossible to make the settlers from different nations all accept an established pattern of worship. 5. The War of IndependenceBackground of the war:Enlightenment in Europe influenced Americans(18th century)1.John Locke（advocated

34、free trade, free speech, and free thought. ）2. Benjamin Franklin （exemplifying the Enlightenment to his countrymen.）Enlightenment provided the colonist with a theoretical and philosophical weapons against British rule. 5. The War of IndependenceBackground of the war:In the 17th and 18th centuries En

35、gland fought a series of wars with France. The colonies seized the chance to develop their own industries, trade and political right. When the English finally won the French and Indian War in 1763, they determined to find a means to extract more money from the colonies to pay Britains debts. -1765 Q

36、uartering Act required colonist to provide food and house for royal troops; - 1765 The Stamp Act required that a stamp, purchased from British government , be placed on all legal documents, newspaper and other printed materials -1767 Townshend Act : All the goods imported should be taxed All the abo

37、ve measures deeply affected the American colonies in their agriculture, industries, commerce, and investment opportunities. 5.2 The Boston Tea Party 5.2.1 the event itself -1773 Tea Act permitted the British East India Company to sell tea directly to its agents in colonies. The aim of this act was t

38、o relieve the duties of the company on its tea exported to America. By this way the company would sell tea at lower prices. Actually it gave the company a monopoly of tea business in America. For fear that Britain would set up monopolies for the control of other American foreign and domestic trade,

39、the colonists decide to revolt.-Dec.16, 1773, evening, Boston Tea Party dumped three ships of tea from the English company into the harbor. December 16, 50 Boston citizens led by Samuel Adams disguised themselves as Indians , boarded 3 British ships and tossed a cargo of tea worth 17,000 pounds over

40、board. This was the famous “Boston Tea Party” 5.2.2 It was the direct cause to force England to resort to arms against her American colonies. 5.3 The First Continental Congress Colonial delegates from 12 colonies ( except Georgia) met in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774. Declaration of Rights and G

41、rievances(申诉) The declaration requested their King, George, to protect the rights of the colonies and to correct their unfair treatment. Declaration rejected-peaceful resort to the conflict failed The declaration was sent to London only to be rejected by the English Parliament. The refusal meant tha

42、t there was no hope for a satisfactory reconciliation and it was no longer possible to settle the dispute by peaceful means.5.4 The First Armed Clash “ The Shot of Lexington” April 19, 1775, American revolutionaries met some British troops when they were removing munitions from the small town of Lex

43、ington and Concord, Boston area. Shots soon broke out from both sides. The British “redcoats” lost the battle and retreated to Boston with a heavy loss of lives. 5.5 The Second Continental Congress 5.5.1 The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. 5.5.2 This Congress organiz

44、ed and equipped an American army and appointed George Washington commander in chief of the American forces. The congress also provide for asking help from other countries, especially France, which was a rival of Britain. 5.6 The Declaration of Independence 5.6.1 A committee was appointed to draw up

45、the Declaration of Independence. The committee was composed of Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, John Adams and some other members. 5.6.2 It was formally adopted on July 4, 1776. the Independence Day or National Day 5.6.3 the significance of the Declaration of Independence It approached the probl

46、em of American independence from the angle of human rights. “ We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights: that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights,

47、 governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government,”“We must all hang together, or assuredly

48、we shall hang separately.” 5.7 Military Struggle and Final Victory 5.7.1 Militarily the colonies were not in a very favorable position. 3 million-10 million advanced manufacture (munitions, weapons) strong navy, battle ships- no experience of sea battle at all 5.7.2 American revolutionary fighters s

49、uffered repeated setbacks during the first months. three reasons: -the loyalists, big merchants and bankers not everyone supported the revolution whole-heartedly. The above mentioned three kinds of colonists were either sided with the English government or have trade and business connections with Br

50、itain.- the loose confederation of the 13 colonies The confederation of the 13 colonies was rather loose and there was no strong central government to provide for the War.- Hard to raise money It was very difficult to raise enough money to finance the war. The colonies were more concerned with defen

51、ding their own territories than sending their men to join the army under Washington. 5.7.3 After 1777, the war began to go against the British troops. Three reasons: the large ocean, the large territory, Franklins successful diplomatic activities 5.7.4 the decisive battle at Yorktown in 1781 In 1781

52、, Washington, with the help of the French army, penned the British troops at Yorktown on the Virginia coast and on Oct. 19, the same year, the British general Cornwallis surrendered. 5.7.5 the peace treaty in 1783 The treaty acknowledged the independence, freedom and sovereignty of the 13 states. Th

53、e large expansion of land to the west of the colonies, with the Mississippi as the western limit, was also given to the 13 states. 6. Appearance of the American Constitution 6.1 America After Independence 6.1.1 The 13 states were not very closely united. Different backgrounds and economic conditions

54、 made them suspicious of each other. They consider the Peace Treaty was for 13 separate states, not for a united country. 6.1.2 New difficulties compelled Americans to give up ideas about “independent sovereign states”. 1) Britain reduced its importation from America. 2) The Domestic market was floo

55、ded with foreign goods. 3) Debt problems aggravated the situation. 6.1.3 The Government increased taxes to solve the financial problems. Many began to see the importance of a strong central government. 6.2 The Constitutional Convention6.2.1 It was held in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. 65 delegates f

56、rom all the states except Rhode Island attended the Convention. 6.2.2 The work of the Convention was to draw up a Constitution and frame a central government. They had to seek common ground between the states. September 17, 1787 is Constitution Day 6.2.3 the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists The

57、Constitution was faced with disagreement. It was supported by some people called the Federalists in American history, and was strongly opposed by others who were known as the Anti-Federalists. 6.2.4 the Bill of Rights declares that the Constitution guarantees The constitution won its final pass with

58、 ten important amendments which were known as the Bill of Rights. Its mainly concerned about the state power and individuals right. freedom of religion, speech and the press, the right to keep and bear arms, the right against unreasonable searches and seizures, the right against self-incrimination,

59、the right for everyone to refuse to give witness against himself in any criminal case. 6.3 The American Constitution 1) The first distinct feature of the American Constitution was its division of power. Power divided between central government and state government The power of the central government

60、 includes the power to deal with problems of general concern. Such as the power to coin money, to regulate commerce, to raise an army and declare war, to make peace and treaties, and to levy taxes and try cases concerning two states or more. All the powers not listed in the constitution would automa

61、tically belong to state government which has the power to pass state laws for the administration of state affairs. But state laws are not allowed to contradict the Federal laws. The second division of power is among the different branches of the federal government The so-called “check and balance sy

62、stem” Legislative: congressThe senate and the House of Representatives Executive: the President Judicial: the Supreme Court 6.4 Washington as the First President 6.4.1 He attached much importance to economic development. 6.5 His Administration achieved much success.George Washington (1789-1797) from

63、 Virginia- a federalistOn April 30th 1789, inaugurated in NY.Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of the Treasury represents the benefits of bankers, landlords. - Federalist Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State represents the benefits of the farmers, craftsman and traders-anti-federalistJohn Adams (1797-18

64、01) a federalistAdopted a high handed policy towards his opponents by passing a law called the Sedition Act, forbidding anybody to stir up hatred against any government officials 6.5 Jefferson and the Purchase of Louisiana 6.5.1 Jefferson derived his main support from the farmers and tradesmen. He e

65、mphasized development of agriculture and commerce. 6.5.2 America “bought” Louisiana from NapoleonThomas Jefferson （1801-1809）from VirginiaFirst president inaugurated in WDC the first president inaugurated in the city of Washington, and his inauguration was made as simple as possible;Emphasize econom

66、ic development and pay off the debts abolished the Sedition Act, reduced taxes, cut down the expenses of every department, diminished the number of the army and the navy, and paid off 1/3 of the national debts in 8 years;Buy Louisiana from France, expand Americas territory in 1803 Jefferson bought Louisiana from Napoleon who was then at war and needed much money with 15million dollars 4 cents per acre, 2.6 million square kilometers, stretching from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, doubled