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1、Figure 4.1: The Xootr by NovacruzFigure 4.2. : Lifecycle demand trajectory for Xooters0200400600800100012001400MarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberJanuaryWeeklydemandComponentsFinished XootrsActivity 1Activity 2Activity 3 Figure 4.3.: Current process layoutComponentsFinished X
2、ootrsActivity 1Activity 2Activity 3Conveyor BeltFigure 4.4. : A machine paced process lay-out (Note: conveyor belt is only shown for illustration)Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 1Step 2Step 3Figure 4.5 : Graphical illustration of Line balanceCycle Time Before Line BalancingCycle Time After Line Balancing0100
3、200300400500600700800900Activity time seconds0100200300400500600700800900Activity time seconds1: Prepare cable2: Move cable3: Assemble washer4: Apply fork, threading cable end 5: Assemble Socket head screws6: Steer pin nut7: Brake shoe, spring, pivot bolt8: Insert front wheel9: Insert axle bolt10: T
4、ighten axle bolt11: Tighten brake pivot bolt12: Assemble handle-cap13: Assemble brake lever + cable14: Trim and cap cable15: Place first rib16: Insert axles and cleats17: Insert rear wheel18: Place second rib and deck19: Apply grip tape20: Insert deck fasteners21: Inspect and wipe-off22: Apply decal
5、 and sticker23: Insert in bag24: Assemble carton25: Insert Xootr and manual26: Seal carton61234578910121314151617181911202223242621251234578910612111314151716181920222326212524Four identical lines using the initial process lay-out, 1 worker per stepFigure 4.6. : Three process lay-outs for high volum
6、e productionStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 1Step 2Step 3ComponentsFinished XootrsStep 1Step 2Step 34 workersStep 1Step 2Step 3ComponentsFinished Xootrs4 workers4 workersComponentsFinished Xootrs123456789101112One line, 1 worker per step; inventory between step not shown02040608010012014016
7、0180200123456789101112Figure 4.7 : Line balance in a highly specialized line (different colors represent different tasks)Activity time secondsWorkerSame PersonFigure 4.8. : Parallel work cells (only 3 work-cells are shown)Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 1Step 2Step 3Step 1Step 2Step 3ComponentsFinished Xootr
8、s0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%Final Assemblers costIncludingTier 1CostsIncludingTier 2CostsRolled-upCosts over 5 TiersPurchasedparts andassembliesParts andmaterialcostsFigure 4.9.: Sources of Cost in the Supply Chain (Whitney 2004, based on DaimlerChrysler)Material costsLogistics costsAssembly a
9、nd otherLabor costsQualityWarrantyOverheadOtherFigure 4.10.: Trade-off between labor productivity and capital investmentReturn on assets(sales per $ of equipment)Labor Productivity(Xooters per employee)LowHighLow laborproductivityHigh laborproductivityTrade-offHigh capability frontierImprovement becauseof line-balancingLow capabilityfrontierLargely manual process,Likely to be operated in low wage regionLargely automated processlikely to be operated inhigh wage region
pptMatching Supply with Demand
