园林专业毕业论文论居住区绿化设计

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1、目录摘要1前言11 居住区绿化的重要作用11.1 绿化作用的具体表现12 福州市概况. 12. 1. 自然状况22. 2. 居住区公共绿地植物配置现状及分析23 绿化规划设计.33.1. 生态设计33.1.1 应用生态园林理论33.1.2 提高居住区绿化的绿地率33.1 3 增大叶面积指数提高公共绿地绿化的生态效益33 1.4 提高绿地的观赏和经济价值.33 1.5 保证绿地的景观质量.34 居住区绿化中的植物配置34.1. 考虑住宅楼的布局44.2. 考虑住宅楼的采光44.3. 妥善安排居住区内的生活杂务用地44.4. 居住区设施等合理布置55 绿化空间的延伸55.1.开拓垂直绿化，走立体绿

2、化之路55.2.营造屋顶花园，开辟绿化新空间55.3.充分利用空间，大力发展阳台和棚架绿化66 结论6参考文献6致谢6论居住区绿化设计【摘 要】全文首先突出了居住区绿化在当前社会中的重要作用，从居住区绿化设计中存在的问题，道出了当前居住区绿化设计中方方面面存在的不足之处。然后针对这一情形，列出了居住区绿化设计应遵循的一些原则及居住区植物配置的要点，最后适时为延伸绿化空间提出可行之法，体现居住区绿化设计的重要意义。【关键词】 居住区；设计；绿化前 言 居住区绿化是城市绿化的重要组成部分，它对提高居民生活环境质量，增进居民的身心健康至关重要。居住小区的绿化水平，是体现城市现代化的一个重要标志。随着

3、城市现代化进程的加快，居住区的绿化水平也应相应的提高，以更好地满足人们对环境质量的不同要求。加强居住区绿化建设，提高设计水平，在尊重传统、尊重科学基础上摈弃原有落后的环境，着重注意生态及景观设计，使居住区绿化工作再上新台阶。1 居住区绿化的重要作用 随着社会经济的迅速发展，生活水平的日益提高，以福州市为例，逐步迈向小康生活阶段的城市居民，对环境质量的要求已越来越高，能生活在一种至美的环境中成为人们生活的理想追求。随着人们购房心态的理智和成熟，居民对住宅需求已逐渐从“居者有其屋”普通住宅转向了“居者优其屋”的有益身心健康的绿色住宅。美丽的园林绿化环境已成为住宅小区最基本的要素，并且直接关系到小区

4、的整体水平及质量，同时它又是房地产开发商是否能够经营成功的一个极重要的因素，对商品住宅的销售产生了明显的影响。有的开发商在住宅建筑未完工，甚至是尚未开工时就进行园林绿化的建设，为客户展示真实的环境景观，有的房地产开发商不惜重金邀请国内外闻名的景观设计公司对其开发项目进行园林景观的规划设计，以达到促进销售的目的。房地产开发策划理念也从“卖地段”走到了“卖环境”市场营销阶段。因此，居住区绿化起着重要的作用：本论文以福州市为例。2 福州市概况1. 1 自然状况 宿迁市属暖温带季风性气候,四季分明,光照充足,雨水丰沛,无霜期较长,年平均气温14.2,年平均降水量910 mm。境内地势平坦,土地肥沃,是

5、我国著名的商品粮基地。林业资源极为丰富,被誉为中国意杨第一故乡。可供开发利用的城市居住区绿化植物相当丰富。1. 2 居住区公共绿地植物配置现状及分析，截至2006 年,宿迁市人均共绿地4 m2 ,离国家园林城市标准,人均公共绿地6 m2 有很大差距。绿地内物结构单一,生物多样性体现不充分,植被种类较少,季相色相不鲜明。通过对6个典型住宅区的调查研究发现 ,东方花园、朗秀东城、豫苑小区在物应用上较丰富,上层木主见广玉兰、雪松、梧桐,偶见樱花、银杏、香樟、树、泡桐等;3 个小区在中层木的选用上最为丰富,东方花园有20 多种植物,主要有桂花、山茶、海桐、卫矛、杜鹃、棕榈等;下层地被植物主要有葱兰、土

6、麦冬、沿阶草、红花酢浆草、白花三叶草以及一些花卉,如蝴蝶花、鸢尾、石蒜等,其中朗秀东城下层地被植物仅有细叶麦冬和葱兰。以上3 个小区虽植物种类较多,但在配置上不合理,层次感不强,线条性不分明,季节性不突出珠江小区、文兴花园和某厂家属楼绿化较差,仅见几种植物,种类单调,上木仅有香樟、雪松,地被植物仅有一种沿阶草,珠江小区为阔叶麦冬。东方花园、朗秀东城在宿迁市属于最好的楼盘,其各项调查指标显然较其他的小区好。豫苑小区、珠江小区是普通的商品房,但豫苑小区在植物配置上较珠江小区好些。文兴花园、某厂家属楼则属于普通的住宅小区,调查结果均不理想。实际调查结果显示,群落物种出现频率较高的是桂花、杨树、瓜子黄

7、杨、海桐、泡桐、广玉兰、日本晚樱、紫薇等,整体上大部分植物应用不广,应增加绿化植物的种类,大力发展地被植物、宿根花卉、攀缘植物。3 绿化规划设计2. 1 生态设计 居住区的绿化规划,必须以城市生态系统为基础,注重生态效益,以提高居民小区的环境质量,维护和保持城市的生态平衡3 。2. 1. 1 应用生态园林理论，是搞好居住区绿化设计的先决条件。生态园林是根据植物的生态学原理,因地制宜地将乔木、灌木、藤本、草本植物相互配置在一个群落中,有层次、厚度、色彩,使具有不同生物特性的植物各得其所,从而充分利用阳光、空气、土地、肥力,实行集约经营,构成一个和谐、有序、稳定、壮观且能长期共存的复层混交的立体植

8、物群落,使居住区绿化发挥更好的生效益。2. 1. 2 提高居住区绿化的绿地率。在居住区内硬质建筑面积较大,相对绿地面积很少,设计时,应合理分配园林诸要素,重点突出植物造景,同时充分运用植物覆盖一切裸地,努力提高单位面积的绿地率和绿视率。如铺成石板嵌草道路要比纯硬质的道路好;附着有攀援植物的墙体要比无攀援植物的更能发挥生态效益;花架要比亭子更能提高绿视率。2 1.3 增大叶面积指数提高公共绿地绿化的生态效益。叶面积指数= 叶面积/ 单位面积。叶面积指数是决定园林绿地生态效益大小的最具实质性的因素改善植物的空间分布状况,是提高绿化水平的有效途径。运用生态园林原理,设计多层结构,乔木下栽植耐阴的灌木

9、和地被植物,构成复层混交的人工植物群落以得到最大的叶面积总和,提高公共绿地绿化的生态含量。2 1.4 提高绿地的观赏和经济价值。生态园林是良性循环的园林,应用生态经济学原理,在多层次人工植物群落中,选择抗性较强的植物,使环境不受药剂的污染,提倡生物治虫,选择落果少、少飞絮、无刺、无味、无毒、无污染物的植物,以保持居住区内的清洁卫生和居民安全。适当考虑植物的经济价值,许多植物不仅是优良的观赏植物,且是优良的经济植物,如银杏是珍贵的园林树种,同时果实又可药用和食用,树叶可作茶饮用,且材质优良。2.1 5 保证绿地的景观质量。从生物学的角度来讲,植物种类的多样化有利于物种基因的保护,增强生物群落的稳

10、定性;为追求景观效果,也需要选择和应用多种植物类型来满足不同造景的需要。合理配置花、草、灌、木,体现出居住区的绿化、彩化、香化,做到四季皆春,景色宜人。 4 居住区绿化中的植物配置 按照居住区绿化设计的总体构思，居住区绿化中的植物配置应以下原则：4.1 考虑住宅楼的布局:宅旁绿地的面积和布置方式,受居住区内建筑布置方式、建筑密度、间距大小、建筑层数以及朝向等条件所影响。一般周边式布置的建筑之间，除道路外，常形成建筑前后狭长的绿化地带。行列式建筑能使住宅争取到较好的朝向，因此是当前采用较多的住宅区规划形式。按照这种住宅楼的布置行列式地种植乔、灌木，虽能节省投资，但比较简单、呆板。近年来，很多物业

11、化管理小区相继建成，小区内配置设施完备，并且预留了足够的绿化空间，对这种布置的住宅区多采用楼间组团绿化形式。绿化设计者应根据小区内不同的设施，将绿地自然贯穿、配置在其中，使绿化配置的更自然、协调一些。4.2 考虑住宅楼的采光 宅旁绿地应当尽量集中在向阳的一侧。因为住宅楼朝南一侧往往形成良好的小气候条件。光照条件好，有利于植物生长，可采用丰富的植物种类，但种植要注意不影响室内的通风和采光。种植乔木，不要与建筑距离太近，在窗口下也不要种植大灌木。住宅北侧日光不足不利于植物生长，可将甬路、埋置管线布置在这里。绿化时，应采用耐荫植物种类。另外，在东西两侧可种植高大乔木遮挡夏日的骄阳，在西北侧可种植高大

12、乔木以阻挡冬季的寒风。科学实验证明，乔木周围温度冬高夏低，比较稳定，所以，宅间绿化不管采用何种方式，都要以乔木为主。对于那些有电线、电话线、热力、煤气管道通过，不适合种乔木的地方，为了减少尘土，调节温度，要设计种植草坪。4.3 妥善安排居住区内的生活杂务用地 在做住宅区绿化规划时，居住区内的生活杂务用地必须妥善予以安排。可在每幢建筑出入口附近，有阳光照射的地方，设晒衣场；在楼道口左右两边设临时存车处；垃圾箱或垃圾堆积处要有方便的出入口，便于垃圾的清理和运输，此外还要适当隐蔽，以利观瞻；儿童活动场所应布置在居住宅较远的地方，以保证住宅的安静。总之，在做住宅区绿化设计时，不但要实现绿化，美化的作用

13、；还要合理布局，从而避免绿地因设计上的缺陷而遭人为破坏的结果。否则即使种了，也是由于不方便群众活动而受到破坏。4.4. 居住区设施等合理布置 住宅区在绿化时，不能全部种满树木，应该预留出足够的地方设置必要的器械，设施供成人，儿童休息，娱乐。凡是设有座椅等供人休息的地方，都应种植遮荫的大乔木。对于早期建成的小区，可能在绿化用地的布局上不合理或预留绿化用地，在小区改造过程中，水平拓展绿地的可能性不大，这是应考虑采用爬藤植物对住宅楼，围墙等进行垂直绿化。在条件允许的情况下，每幢建筑的前庭都规划一个开放式的小花园，每个花园的构图，布局应各有特色，使居民特别是儿童很容易识别自己的住所。 在经济条件不具备

14、的地方，应考虑如何利用自然生长的野草，虽然野草不太美观，但它也可起到减少尘土、净化空气的作用；何况如果能加强对野草的管理，及时修剪，那么视觉效果也不会太差。5 绿化空间的延伸5.1.开拓垂直绿化，走立体绿化之路。住宅建筑的立面绿化有利用生态环境，植物的生长过程明显的改善着小气候。最显著的变化莫过于降低夏季室内温度，提高小环境的空气湿度，增加含氧量。墙面绿化植物可以反射和吸收太阳辐射热的70%左右，太阳光使植物的水分蒸发，在灼热的阳光下，植物消耗掉大量的太阳能。空气中水蒸汽增多，气温就会下降，植物有吸附空气悬浮尘粒子的作用灰尘也就少，这些都有利于人类的生存。墙面绿化可供选择的攀缘植物是较广泛的。

15、爬山虎、常春藤、地锦、卫矛、喇叭花、蔷薇、藤本月季、金银花等等都是很好的爬墙与攀缘植物。我们实验用落叶的爬山虎和常绿的卫矛或常春藤，用观叶攀缘植物进行墙面绿化布置，收到了很好的功能要求和园林观赏效果。而对于诸如蔷薇、藤本月季等植物，绑扎与修枝是必不可少的。5.2.营造屋顶花园，开辟绿化新空间屋顶的绿化不但可以增加一部分植物种植面积，而且还可以使屋顶雨水的排放量减少三分之一，其余三分之二的雨水形成蓄存在屋顶上，屋顶密封层中的温度只会缓慢地上升到25度左右，而在严寒的冬季，温度也不会降至零下。由于温差较小，整个屋顶的热荷载明显的小于绿化的砂石平屋顶的热荷载。实用、精美和安全是营造屋顶花园的三要素，

16、而“安全”是屋顶花园的保证。屋顶的承重能力和防漏处理则是保证屋顶花园的安全的关键。特别是利用原有住宅建筑屋顶改建屋顶花园尤其要处理好着两个问题。目前的住宅建筑在屋顶的荷载设计上基本在150KG/平方米，这就要求在营造屋顶花园时，绿化苗木种植土层、过滤层和防漏处理层以及雪、雨等自然因素的总重量不得超过150KG/平方米。首先，我们在种植土中加入了蛭石等轻质材料，同时，把种植土层控制在25厘米左右，过滤层和防漏处理层采用超薄型架空混凝土板结合防水卷材的方法，绿化设计尽量采用低矮花灌木等措施，成功的营造了1500平方米住宅楼屋顶花园。5.3.充分利用空间，大力发展阳台和棚架绿化随着物质文化生活水平的

17、日益提高，人们对居室和道路环境的要求也越来越高，阳台绿化，不但能满足人们屋内摆花的需求，改善居室空间环境，还能美化建筑物立面。而棚架绿化，除了有遮荫、美化等效果外，更能弥补居住区绿化用地不足的缺陷，为改善居住区小生态环境作出贡献。阳台绿化的形式是多种多样的，植物的选择亦很广泛。只要掌握安全和实用这两个原则就可以了。目前，居室摆花与阳台绿化的有机结合，已成为人们美化生活的时尚。选择常绿耐荫的温室观叶花卉，如文竹吊兰、花、龟背竹、叶常春藤等等，都能很好的改善居室环境。6 结论目前，我国城市绿化水平及城市生态环境改善的需要与国外相比都有极大的差距。开拓居住区新型绿化空间，加强居住区绿化设计素养，无疑

18、是缩小这个差距的有效手段之一。合理利用建筑物以及一切可以进行园林绿化的场所，进行居住区绿色空间的再创造，建成花园式的小区是人们的期盼，也是园林工作者努力奋斗的目标。参考文献： 【1】李汉飞.环境为先巧在立意-浅谈居住区环境景观设计.中国园林，2002.02【2】杨向杰.居住区绿化存在的问题及解决对策.住宅科技，1997.06【3】施卫.居住区绿化经济性问题探讨浙江社会科学，1996【4】吴小巧.谈我省居住区绿化现状及发展对策江苏绿化，1997【5】杨向杰.居住区绿化存在的问题及解决对策住宅科，1997【6】张明. 浅谈城市居住区新型绿化空间的开拓华东森林经，1997致谢在论文的写作过程中，周玉

19、敏老师多次给予答疑帮助，指导老师黄金芬老师多次抽出宝贵的时间，对文章内容进行了详细的审阅，并针对居住区绿化设计中应注重的实际问题提出了实效性的看法，对此论的书写启发指导甚大，在此表示由衷的感谢！其次，感谢我的室友们，从遥远的家来到这个陌生的城市里，是你们和我共同维系着彼此之间姐妹般的感情，维系着寝室那份家的融洽，人生自古伤离别，没关系，各奔前程吧，大家珍重！最后，感谢我的父母，你们的养育之恩我无以回报，你们永远健康快乐是我最大的心愿！请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！Many people have the same mixed feelings when planning a trip du

20、ring Golden Week. With heaps of time, the seven-day Chinese请您删除一下内容，O(_)O谢谢！National Day holiday could be the best occasion to enjoy a destination. However, it can also be the easiest way to ruin how you feel about a place and you may become more fatigued after the holiday, due to battling the large

21、 crowds. During peak season, a dream about a place can turn to nightmare without careful planning, especially if you travel with children and older people. As most Chinese people will take the holiday to visit domestic tourist destinations, crowds and busy traffic are inevitable at most places. Also

22、 to be expected are increasing transport and accommodation prices, with the possibility that there will be no rooms available. It is also common that youllwait in the line for one hour to get a ticket, and another two hours at the site, to only see a tiny bit of the place due to the crowds. Last yea

23、r, 428 million tourists traveled in China over the week-long holiday in October. Traveling during this period is a matter that needs thorough preparation. If you are short on time to plan the upcoming Golden Week it may not be a bad idea to avoid some of the most crowded places for now. There is alw

24、ays a place so fascinating that everyone yearns for. Arxan is a place like this. The beauty of Arxan is everlasting regardless of the changing of four seasons. Bestowed by nature, its spectacular seasonal landscape and mountains are just beyond word. Arxan is a crucial destination for the recommende

25、d travelling route, China Inner Mongolia Arxan Hailar Manzhouli. It is also the joint of the four prairies across the Sino-Mongolian border, where people gravitate towards the exotic atmosphere mixed with Chinese, Russian, and Mongolia elements. As a historic site for the Yitian Battle, Arxan still

26、embodies the spirit of Genghis Khan. Walking into Arxan, you will be amazed by a kaleidoscope of gorgeous colors all the year round - the Spring azaleas blooming red in the snow, the Summer sea wavering blue in the breeze, the Autumn leaves painted in yellow covering volcanic traces, and the Winter

27、woods shining white on the vast alpine snowscape. Hinggan League Arxan city is situated in the far eastern area of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Its full name Haren Arxan means hot holy water in the Mongolian language. Arxan is a tourism city in the northern frontier with a blend of large forest

28、, grand prairies, vast snowfield, heaven lake cluster, thermium, as well as volcanic cluster. It is a rare and unique ecotourism base filled with healthy sunshine, clean air and unspoiled green. Nestled close to the countrys largest virgin forest, and known for its spring and ecological environment,

29、 Arxan is marveled at by many tourists as the purest land on earth. You cannot miss out the Autumn of Arxan. It is definitely the best with brightly-colored scenery full of emotions. Autumn in the northern part of the country comes earlier than the South. A September rain followed by the footprints

30、of Autumn brings more colors to the once emerald green mountain and blooming grassland. Shutterbugs flock to see for themselves the marvel of splendid colors around the mountains and waters, many of whom have travel a long distance and even camp here only to capture a moment of the nature wonder. Th

31、e silver birch turns golden, while the larch is still proudly green. You will find yourself drowned in the intoxicating red of the wild fruits as well as the glamour of flowers in full blown. And your heart will be lingering on the woods as its time for the wild fruits to ripe. The picturesque Arxan

32、 in Autumn is indeed a fairyland only exists in a dream that satisfies all your fantasies. If itrains heavily on Saturday night, some elderly Chinese will say it is because Zhinu, or the Weaving Maid, is crying on the day she met her husband Niulang, or the Cowherd, on the Milky Way. Most Chinese re

33、member being told this romantic tragedy when they were children on Qixi, or the Seventh Night Festival, which falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, which is usually in early August. This year it falls on Saturday, August 2. Folklore Story As the story goes, once there was a cowherd, N

34、iulang, who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. But she disliked and abused him, and the boy was forced to leave home with only an old cow for company. The cow, however, was a former god who had violated imperial rules and was sent to earth in bovine form. One day the cow led Niulang to

35、a lake where fairies took a bath on earth. Among them was Zhinu, the most beautiful fairy and a skilled seamstress. The two fell in love at first sight and were soon married. They had a son and daughter and their happy life was held up as an example for hundreds of years in China. Yet in the eyes of

36、 the Jade Emperor, the Supreme Deity in Taoism, marriage between a mortal and fairy was strictly forbidden. He ordered the heaven troop to catch Zhinu back. Niulang grew desperate when he discovered Zhinu had been taken back to heaven. Driven by Niulangs misery, the cow told him to turn its hide int

37、o a pair of shoes after it died. The magic shoes whisked Niulang, who carried his two children in baskets strung from a shoulder pole, off on a chase after the empress. The pursuit enraged the empress, who took her hairpin and slashed it across the sky creating the Milky Way which separated husband

38、from wife. But all was not lost as magpies, moved by their love and devotion, formed a bridge across the Milky Way to reunite the family. Even the Jade Emperor was touched, and allowed Niulang and Zhinu to meet once a year on the seventh night of the seventh month. This is how Qixi came to be. The f

39、estival can be traced back to the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220). Traditionally, people would look up at the sky and find a bright star in the constellation Aquila as well as the star Vega, which are identified as Niulang and Zhinu. The two stars shine on opposite sides of the Milky Way. Customs In byg

40、one days, Qixi was not only a special day for lovers, but also for girls. It is also known as the Begging for Skills Festival or Daughters Festival. In this day, girls will throw a sewing needle into a bowl full of water on the night of Qixi as a test of embroidery skills. If the needle floats on to

41、p of the water instead of sinking, it proves the girl is a skilled embroiders. Single women also pray for finding a good husband in the future. And the newly married women pray to become pregnant quickly. Tradition transformed The love story of Niulang and Zhinu, and the Qixi Festival have been hand

42、ed down for generations. Yet these ancient traditions and customs are slowly dying out. Many modern Chinese, particularly youngsters, seem to know more about St Valentines Day on February 14, characterized by bouquets of roses, chocolates and romantic candlelight dinners, than they do about their ho

43、me-grown day for lovers. Even Qixi is nowadays referred to as the Chinese Valentines Day. More and more young Chinese people begin to celebrate this day in a very similar way as that in western countries. Fewer people than ever will gaze at the heavens on Saturday to pick out the two stars shining b

44、right on either side of the Milky Way, that is, if people even know on which day Qixi falls. There are ready reminders dotted about, in the form of big ads saying Sales on Chinese Valentines Day! in shops, hotels and restaurants. But few young women will mark the festival with their boyfriends, or take part in traditional activities to pray for cleverness.