高一英语语法复习必修二Word版

《高一英语语法复习必修二Word版》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《高一英语语法复习必修二Word版（12页珍藏版）》请在装配图网上搜索。

1、Unit1和unit5。非限制定语从句和定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句 引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。Awho 指人，在定语从句中作主语。 What was the name of the man

2、who lent you the money 借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？（定语从句修饰先行词the man） He who laughs lst laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。（定语从句修饰先行词he） The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。（定语从句修饰先行词the chairman）Bwhom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。 There are some

3、 people (whomwho)we like and others (whomwho) we dislike. 有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。（定语从句分别修饰先行词people, others） The people whomwho I work with are all friendly. 和我一起工作的人都很友好。（定语从句修饰先行词the people） Mr Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in or plan. 昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴

4、趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom） Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。 There are some people whose faces you can nevr forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。（定语从句修饰先行词people） I saw some trees whose leaves were black b

5、ecause of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）Dwhich 1指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。 English is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The river which flows through London is th

6、e Thames. 流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略) 2which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。 Jim passedhis driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test） 3which在非限制性定语从句中

7、有时也可以作定语。 John stayed here for a week, dring which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖。 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。 Ethat 指人时，相当于who 或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。 He is the man that lives next door.

8、 他就是住在隔壁的那个人。（定语从句修饰先行词the man，作主语） I dont like stories that have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。（定语从句修饰先行词stories，作主语） The dress (that) Ann boughtdoesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress，that作宾语可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you 有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略） 提示

9、： 在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。 We left the day (that) he arrived. 他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them. 他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car! 很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！（that代替at which）F其他关系代词 as 和but也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。1as as可以在限制性定

10、语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。 在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由suc, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。 Such men as heard him were deeply moved. 听过他说话的人，都会深受感动。（as在定语从句中作heard的主语） Ive never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语） He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift. 他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比

11、较： 在the sameas结构中，as也可用that代替。但严格地说，the sameas强调相同，the samethat注重同一。 She wore the same dress as her younger sister wore. 她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的衣裙。（as指的是与先行词相似的同类事物） She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。（that指的是与先行词同一事物） 在非限制性定语从句中，as可代表主句整个句子，引导的定语从句可以放在主句之前或主句之后，一般用逗号与

12、主句分开。 As everyone knows, Taiwan belongs to China.众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。 He is from the outh, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。必背： 一些由as引导的定语从句常位于句首，已形成了固定的说法。 as is known to all 这是众所周知的 as has been said before 如前所说 as is often the case 情况常常如此 as may be imagined 这可以想象得出 as has been point

13、ed out 正如已经指出的那样 as often happens 这种情况常常发生 2but but作关系词只能引导限制性定语从句，同具有否定意思的主句连用，相当于thatnot, whonot或whichnot。 There is not a single student in my class but would like to study more. 我班上没有一个学生不愿意多学一点的东西的。（but = whonot ） There are very few but are against war 很少人不反对战争。（but = whonot） G介词+关系代词引导的定语从句 介词+

14、关系代词引导的定语从句是一种非常常见但也比较复杂的定语从句结构。 1. 介词+关系代词中介词的位置 关系代词whom, which在从句中作介词宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在从句与主句之间（that, who不可以），也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面，使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词。 He is a man of rich experience, from whom much canbe learned. = He is a man of rich experience, whom much can be learned from. 他是个经验丰富的人，从他那儿可以学到很多。 The scho

15、ol in which he once worked is a key school. =The school (which that) he once worked in is a key school.他曾经工作过的学校是一所重点学校。 The manager in whosecompany I work pays much attention to improving our working conditions. =The manager whose company Im working in pays much attention to improving our working c

16、onditions. 我就职的那家公司经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。 2介词+关系代词的常见结构 介词+whichwhom This is the famous singerabout whom we have often talked.这就是那位我们经常谈论的著名歌唱家。 Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost. 很幸运，我们带了一张地图，如没有的话，我们就会迷路了。 名词+of+ whichwhom Please pass me the book the cover of which is blue.

17、请把那本蓝封面的书递给我。（也可用whose cover） 数词+o+ whichwhom Shes got three lucky pens, two of which she never uses. 她有三只幸运笔，其中两只从未用过。 In our school there are about 200 teachers, thirty percent of whom are women. 我校大约有200位教师，其中百分之三十是女教师。 代词+of+ whichwhom In the basket I find many apples, some o which have gone bad

18、.我发现篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。 There are fifty students in our class, most of whom are from big cities. 我们班有50个学生，其中大多数来自大城市。Norman won $50,000, half of which he gave to his parents. 诺曼赢得五万美元，他将其中一半给了他父母。 Tom tried on three shirt, none of which he was satisfied with. 汤姆试穿了三件衬衫，都不满意。 最高级+of+ whichwhom China ha

19、s thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan. 中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾。 介词+which+名词 He usually returns home at ten, at which hour his father locks all the doors ad windows. 他通常十点钟回家，在这时候他爸爸锁好所有的门窗。 His wife got seriously ill, in which case he had to give up the chance of going abroad. 他的妻子病得很重，在这

20、种情况下，他不得不放弃出国的机会。 3关系代词前介词的选择 在介词+关系代词引导的定语从句中，应注意介词的正确选择。 根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。 The two things of which they felt prud were Jims watch and Dellas hair. 他们引以为豪的两样东西是吉姆的手表和德拉的头发。（feel proud of是固定搭配词组） In the dark street there was not a single person to whom she could turn for help. 在漆黑的街道上没有一个她可以求助的人。（tu

21、rn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组） 根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。 Ill never forget the ay on which I first met him.我永远忘不了我第一次遇见他的那一天。(the day前面一般用介词on) Can you imagine a proper situation in which the expression can be used 你能设想一个使用这个词语的场合吗？(a situation前面一般用in) 有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。 Galileo made a telescope through

22、 which he could tudy the sky. 伽里略整理了一个望远镜，通过它他得以研究天空。(study the sky through the telescope) Is that the house in which you once lived那就是你曾经住过的房子吗？(live in the house) 根据所要表达的意思来确定。 This is my pair of glasses, without which I cannot see clearly. 这是我的眼镜，离了它我什么也看不清。注意： 当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词应与先行词的人称和数保持一致。

23、 I, who am your best friend, will do all that I can to help you.我是你的好朋友，我会尽我一切所能来帮你。 The family, who are fond of music, go to the concert once a month. 这家人很爱音乐，他们每月都去听一次音乐会。 He is one of the boys in ourclass who speak English well. 他是班上英语说得很好的男生之一。（one of +复数名词+关系代词引导的定语从句谓语动词用复数形式） He is the only o

24、ne of the boys in our class who speaks English well. 他是班上唯一英语说得很好的男生。（the (only) one the very one the right one of +复数名词+关系代词 引导的定语从句谓语动词用单数形式）二、关系副引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where或 why等。when, where, why分别在定语从句中作状语，在意义上相当于介词+which结构，分别代替表示时间、地点或原因的先行词。Awhen 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。 I still remember the day wh

25、en I first came to this school. 我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。(when= on which) He came at a time when we needed him most. 他是在我们最需要他的时候来的。(when= at which) We will never forget the year 1949, when th Peoples Republic of China was founded. 我们永远忘不了1949年，那是中华人民共和国成立的一年。(when= in which)Bwhere 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。 I rec

26、ently went back to the town where I was born. 我最近曾回过一次我出生的城市。(where = in which) I would like to live in a country where there is plety of sunshine. 我想住在一个阳光充足的国家。(where = in which) Whats the name of the place where you spent your holiday 你度假的那个地方叫什么名字？(where = at which)Cwhy 指原因，在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。 Pleas

27、e tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。(why = for which) Te reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。 注意: 无论是关系代词，还是关系副词，都在定语从句中取代了先行词，因此，先行词在定语从句中不复出现。【误】This is the book that I borrowed it yesterday.【正】This is the book that I borrowed yesterday. 这就是我昨天借的书。（that

28、在定语从句中取代了先行词the book，作borowed的宾语，因此，要去掉it）【误】The English Corner is the place where people often go there to practise their spoken English.【正】The English Corner is the place where people often go to practise their spoken English. 英语角是人们经常去练习英语口语的地方。（where在定语从句中取代了先行词the pace，作go的状语，因此，要去掉there）三、限制性定

29、语从句和非限制性定语从句根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。A限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。 This is the boy who broke the window. 这就是打破窗子的孩子。（the boy是先行词，who broke the indow是限制性定语从句，明确指出the boy是打破窗子的那个孩子） I have a book which teaches English grammar. 我有一本讲解英语语法的书。（

30、a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the book） The people whom you met in the hall are from Japan. 你在大厅见到的那些人来自日本。（定语从句whom you met in the hall定先行词the people）B非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。 I, who am your friend, will share the work with yo

31、u. 我是你的朋友，将与你分担这项工作。（I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用） New Concept English is intended for foeign students, which is known to us all. 新概念英语是专为外国学生编写的，这是我们大家都知道的。（which is known to us all是非限制性定语从句，对主句作进一步的补充说明）C在下列情况下，通常使用非限制性定语从句。 1当先行词表示的是世界上独一无二的人或物时。 The sun, which gives us light a

32、nd heat, is a fixed star. 太阳是一颗恒星，它给我们光和热。 Last year I visted the Peoples Great Hall, where many important meetings are held every year. 去年我参观了人民大会堂，每年许多重要会议都要在那里举行。2当定语从句修饰整个主句时。 Taiwan belongs to China, as everyone knows. 众所周知，台湾属于中国的领土。 The weather was very terrible, which we hadnt expected. 天气非常

33、糟糕，这点们没有料到。3当先行词是专有名词，或先行词本身指示意义十分明确时。 Mr. Joe lives in Beijing now, which is quite a long way from here.乔先生现在住在北京，那里距离这儿很远。 I congratulate my neighbour, whose son has just won the election. 我祝贺我的邻居，他的儿子刚刚赢得选举。四、关系代词和关系副词的选用 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词的选用，比较复杂除了牵涉到所指的先行词是人还是物，所引导的定语从句是限制性的还是非限制性的，以及关系词在从句中充当什么

34、句子成份外，还要根据习惯用法而定。A只用who 在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替who。1在非限制定语从句中。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him. 他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。2先行词是one, anyone, those时。 One who has nothing to fear for hiself dares to tell the truth. 一个无所畏惧的人敢说真话。 Anyone who breaks the law shall be published. 任何犯法的人都将受到惩罚。 Thos

35、e who are against the plan put up your hands please. 凡是反对这项计划的人，请举手。3在therehere be开头的句子中。 Here is a boy who wants to see you. 有个男孩想见你。4先词与定语从句被其他词所分隔时。 Dont tell anyone about the secret who oughtnt to know. 不要把这秘密告诉任何一个不该知道它的人。 I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。B 只用w

36、hichwhom 在下列情况下，一般不能用that代替whichwhom。1在非限制性定语从句中。 The weather was very terrible, hich we hadnt expected. 天气非常糟糕，这我们没有料到。2介词后面。 关系代词紧跟在介词或短语介词后面，只能用which或whom，不能用that。 He climbed up to the top of a large rock, from which he got a good view. 他爬到一块巨大的岩石顶上，从那里他看到很好的景色。（也可用from where） Sound is a tool, by

37、 means of which people communcate with each other. 声音是工具，人们通过这个工具进行交流。 They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldnt answer. 他们问了我许多问题，大部分我都不会回答。C只用that 在下列情况下，限制性定语从句中一般只用that引导1当先行词为everything, anything, nothing, all, none, few, little等词时，或当先行词被every, any, all,some, no, little, few, mu

38、ch等词修饰时。 Everything that they said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。 He is dead and theres nothing that can be done. 他死了，再也没有什么办法了。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。 These walls are all that remain of the ancint city. 这些墙是这座古城所残存下来的全部。提示： something 后面可用which引导定语从句。 There is something(w

39、hichthat) Id like to tell you. 有些事我想告诉你。2当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。 The first place (that) they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 She was probably the hardest working student (that) I have ever taught. 她也许是我教学生中学习最勤奋的。3当先行词被the very, the only修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I w

40、ant to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。 Beauty is the only thing (that) Emily can be proud of. 美丽是埃米莉唯一能骄傲的东西。4当先行词为who或前面有who, which等疑问代词时。 Who that has common sense will believe uch nonsense 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的事情？ Who is the man that is standing by the gate 站在门口的那个人是谁？ Which is the T-shirt that fits me most 哪件T恤衫最合我的身

41、？提示： 关系词在定语从句中有三大作用1. 连接作用连接先行词和定语从句。 I gave her all the money that I had. 我把我所有的钱都给了她。（that 连接先特词 money和定语从句I had） 2. 替代作用在定语从句中替代从句所修饰的先行词。 The man who lives nest door is a famous teacher. 住在隔壁的那个人是个名师。（who 替代the man） 3. 成分作用在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。 I like picrures which are painted in the traditional

42、Chinese style. 我喜欢传统的中国画。（which在定语从句中作主语） 5当先行词为人与事物或动物时。 The driver and his car that fell into the river have not yet been discovered. 掉入河里的司机与车都还没有找到。 The boy and his dog that were believed to be lost in the wood were rescued this morning. 被认为 在森林里迷路的孩子与狗，今天早上已经获救了。 6先行词在定语从句中做表语时。 She is no longe

43、r the sweet girl (that) she used to be. Unit 2.4被动语态 （被动语态全复习）高中英语被动语态总结一、被动语态的构成形式1. 被动语态的基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时例Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 2） has /have been done 现在完成时例All the preparations for the

44、task have been completed, and were ready to start.3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时例A new cinema is being built here4） was/were done 一般过去时例I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should reject the offer.5） had been done 过去完成时例 By the end of last year, another new gymnasium had been completed in Bei

45、jing.6） was/were being done 过去进行时例A meeting was being held when I was there.7） shall/will be done 一般将来时例Hundreds of jobs will be lost if the factory closes.8） should/would be done 过去将来时例The news would be sent to the soldiers mother as soon as it arrived.9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）例The pro

46、ject will have been completed before July.10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）例He told me that his new clothes would have been made very soon.2. 被动语态的特殊结构形式1)带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词be过去分词。例The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.2) 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留

47、在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。例His mother gave him a present for his birthday. 可改为 He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.3) 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。例Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette. 可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.4）在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, n

48、otice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。例Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. 可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.5) 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词介词”，“动词副词”等，也可以用于被动结构，但要把它们看作一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。例The meeting is to be put off till Friday.3. 非谓语动词的被动语态v.+in

49、g 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态(一般时态和完成时态) 。例I dont like being laughed at in the public.二、 如何使用被动语态学习被动语态时，不仅要知道被动语态的各种语法结构，还要知道在哪些情况中使用被动语态。1. 讲话者不知道动作的执行者或不必说出动作的执行者 (这时可省 by 短语)。例 My bike was stolen last night.2. 借助被动的动作突出动作的执行者。例 I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer.3. 为了更好地

50、安排句子。例The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. （一个主语就够了）三、 It is said that+从句及其他类似句型一些表示“据说”或“相信”的动词如believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think等可以用于句型“Itbe过去分词that从句”或“主语be过去分词to do sth.”。有：It is said that 据说,It is reported that据报道，It is believed tha

51、t大家相信，It is hoped that大家希望，It is well known that众所周知，It is thought that大家认为，It is suggested that据建议。例It is said that the boy has passed the national exam. （The boy is said to have passed the national exam. ）四、谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义1.英语中有很多动词如 break，catch，clean，drive，lock，open，sell，read，write，wash等，当它们被用作不及

52、物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式 表达被动意义,主语通常是物。例 This kind of cloth washes well.注意：主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。试比较：The door wont lock （指门本身有毛病）The door wont be locked （指不会有人来锁门, 指“门没有锁”是人的原因）2. 表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, tu

53、rn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。例 How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢？3. 系动词没有被动形式, 但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词feel, sound, taste, book, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。 例Your reason sounds reasonable.五、非谓语动词的主动形式表被动意义在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表被动意义 。1 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。例The house nee

54、ds repairing（to be repaired）这房子需要修理。2 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面跟动词不定式的被动形式。例The picture-book is well worth reading（The picture-book is very worthy to be read）3. 动词不定式在名词后面作定语，不定式和名词之间有动宾关系时，又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系, 不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。例 I have a lot of things to do this afternoon (to do与thi

55、ngs是动宾关系，与I是主谓关系。)试比较：Ill go to the post office. Do you have a letter to be posted? ( 此处用不定式的被动语态作定语表明you不是post动作的执行者。)4. 在某些“形容词不定式”做表语或宾语补足语的结构中，句子的主语或宾语又是动词不定式的逻辑宾语时，这时常用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。例This problem is difficult to work

56、 out .（可看作to work out省略了for me）.5 在too to结构中，不定式前面可加逻辑主语，所以应用主动形式表示被动意义。例This book is too expensive (for me) to buy.6. 在there be句型中，当动词不定式修饰名词作定语时，不定式用主动式作定语，重点在人，用被动形式作定语，重点在物。例There is no time to lose（to be lost）（用 to lose可看成for us to lose；用to be lost，谁 lost time不明确。）7. 在be to do结构中的一些不定式通常应用主动表主动

57、, 被动表被动。然而,由于古英语的影响,下列动词rent,blame,let等仍用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例 Who is to blame for starting the fire?六、介词in, on, under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之义，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。1. “under +名词”结构，表示“某事在进行中”。常见的有：under control（受控制）, under treatment（在治疗中）, under repair（在修理中）, under discussion（在讨论中）

58、, under construction（在施工中）。例The building is under construction( is being constructed).2“beyond+名词”结构，“出乎胜过、范围、限度”。常见的有：beyond belief (令人难以置信)， beyond ones reach（鞭长莫及），beyond ones control（无法控制），beyond our hope 我们的成功始料不及。例The rumour is beyond belief（=cant be believed）3.“above+名词”结构, 表示“(品质、行为、能力等) 超过、

59、高于”。例His honest character is above all praise=His honest character cannot be praised enough4“for+名 词”结构，表示 “适于、 为着”。如：for sale(出售), for rent（出租）等。例That house is for sale. (= That house is to be sold).5“in+名词”结构 ，表示“在过程中或范围内”常见的有：in print（在印刷中），in sight(在视野范围内)，等。例The book is not yet in print(=is not

60、 yet printed)6“on+名词”结构, 表示“在从事 中”。常见的有：on sale(出售)，on show（展出）, on trial（受审）。例Today some treasures are on show in the museum (= are being showed).7“out of+名词”结构 ； 表示 “超出 之外“，常见的有：out of control (控制不了)，out of sight （超出视线之外），out of ones reach(够不着), out of fashion(不流行)等。例 The plane was out of control

61、(cant be controlled) 。8“within+名词”结构，“在内、不超过”。例He took two days off within the teachers permission七、被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例The glass is broken （系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy （被动语态）2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。例The door is locked （系表结构）The door hasalready/just been locked（被动语态）3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。例 The machine is being repaired八、被动语态与高考试题赏析1 高考对谓语动词语态的