第八周法律翻译内容及课后练习

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1、Breach(Default) and Infringement Should the quality, quantity or specification of the commodity be found not in conformity with the description set out in Clause one, the Seller agrees to examine any claim, which shall be supported by a report issued by a reputable surveyor approved by the Seller. C

2、laims concerning quality shall be made in writing within three months after the arrival of the goods at the port of destination 如果发现货物在质量、数量或规格上与本合同第一条规定不符，卖方同意审核任何因此而提出的索赔。该索赔要求应以卖方认可的有信誉的检验机构出具的报告证实。质量方面的索赔要求应于货物到达目的港后三个月内以书面形式提出。 breach of contract 违约是指国际商务合同的一方当事人或双方当事人未能按双方签订的合同或有关法律或公约规定的内容认真地

3、、全面地、有效地履行合同中约定的义务，从而有损于一方或双方在订立该合同时预期的经济目的。违约救济/补救 违约救济的目的是保护受害方的权益，为了使其尽量避免或者减少违约造成的损失。本质上，违约救济是一种权利，是受害方在对方违约时，为保护自己的利益所享有的一种权利，受害方既可以行使这项权利，也可以放弃这项权利。 虽然各国法律对违约救济方法有诸多不同规定，但都普遍认可实际履行、损害赔偿和宣告合同无效这三种主要救济方法，这三种救济方法是在国际货物买卖合同中买卖双方均可采用的救济方法。 违约救济的主要目的在于补偿受害人因对方违约而遭受的损失，使其能够得到他订立合同所合理期望得到的东西。虽然在大陆法中，还

4、认为违约救济是对违约行为的一种惩罚，但各国合同法普遍认可以下的违约救济原则：（1）以补偿受害人的损失为限，特别在英美法中，法庭原则上不支持惩罚性的赔偿；（2）违约救济仅补偿受害人的财产损失，一般而言，在买卖合同中并不考虑受害人的精神方面的损害；（3）受害人可自行选择违约救济方法。在对方违约时，受害人可采取自助行为予以救济，也可通过诉讼或仲裁程序进行救济。 (1) Compensation for Damages (赔偿损失) 赔偿损失指违约方(defaulting party/party in breach)给另一方的财产损失予以补偿，其目的在于弥补违约时给受害方(damaged party/

5、aggrieved party/non-breaching party)造成损失的合同利益。 在确定赔偿损失的范围时，应坚持以实际损失和所失利益为赔偿标准，以及坚持赔偿数额的可预见性。这就是合同中有关“损害赔偿限制”(Limitation of Damages)方面的规定。 (2)Penalty (违约金) 违约金可以分为法定违约金(legal penalty)和约定违约金(contractual penalty)。中华人民共和国合同法规定的违约金属约定违约金。因此，如果合同当事人采取违约金的形式，一定要在合同中明确违反合同时，一方向另一方支付的具体数额的违约金和违约金支付的形式；不能只约定，

6、一方违约向另一方支付违约金。否则，即使合同一方违约(breach of a contract)，受害方也很难以违约金的方式得到补偿。 违约金的约定应该适当，一般不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失(因为签订合同时，无法预料对方是否违约以及违约后能造成多大的损失)。 (3)Continuing to Perform Obligations (继续履行) 中华人民共和国合同法规定的继续履行是指：当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定时，违约方不论是否已经承担赔偿损失或者违约金的责任，都必须根据对方的要求，并在能够履行的情况下，按照合同的约定继续履行合同义务

7、。继续履行具有如下特点： 第一，继续履行是一种补救方法，即在一方违约后，非违约方寻求法律上救济的一种方法。 第二，是否请求继续履行是债权人享有的一项权利。继续履行是有效实现当事人订约目的的补救方式，所以一般认为它是我国合同法中首要的补救方法。 第三，继续履行可以与违约金、损害赔偿和定金责任并用，但不能与解除合同的方式并用。 (4)Remedial Measures (补救措施) 补救措施是指在当事人发生违约的事实后，为防止损失的发生或者扩大，而由违约方按照法律的规定或者合同的约定采取的修理(repairing)、更换(substituting)、重做(reworking)、退货(returni

8、ng the goods)、减少价款(reducing the price)或者报酬(remuneration)、补充数量(supplementing quantities)等措施，以使另一方弥补或者减少损失的违约责任形式。补救措施主要是针对标的物质量不符合合同约定而采取的一种违约责任形式，这种违约行为的构成要件有二：一为债务人作出了履行，只是履行不当，这种不当是指质量上不符合规定；二为不当履行合同无正当理由。在采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。On textbook If Party A materially breaches this Contract, Party B o

9、r its successor in interest is entitled to terminate this Contract or claim damages for the breach of contract. If Party B materially breaches this Contract, Party A is entitled to request Party B, by issuing a written notice, to redress the breach within fifteen (15) days upon receiving such notice

10、. If Party B fails to redress the breach within the fifteen (15) day period, Party A is entitled to rescind the Contract and claim damages for the breach of contract. 如果甲方实质性违反本合同，乙方或其权益承继人有权终止本合同或要求得到损害赔偿。如果乙方实质性违反本合同，甲方经发出书面通知，有权要求乙方在收到书面通知后十五（15）天内改正其违约行为。如果乙方在十五（15）天期限内未予改正，甲方有权解除合同并要求得到违约赔偿。 be

11、 entitled to可译为“有权”，“有资格”，但在具体译文处理上，应根据上下文确定。 (1)Chairman and Directors are entitled to have also such positions in other companies, which will not be the competitor of the Company. 公司的董事长及董事有资格在其他公司担任同样的职务，但其任职的公司不得与本公司竞争。 (2)If one or more of the following events of default shall occur and be cont

12、inuing, the Agent and the Banks shall be entitled to the remedies set forth in Section 8.2. 如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件，且违约事件正在继续，代理行以及各银行应行使第8条第2款规定的补救方法。 If a Party materially fails to perform any of its obligations under this Contract or if a Partys representation or warranty under this Contract is materia

13、lly untrue or inaccurate, such Party shall be deemed to have breached this Contract. The Party in breach shall have thirty (30) days from receipt of a notice form the other party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable. The Party in breach shall in any case be liable to the

14、other Party for all damages caused by the breach. Liability for such damages shall not be waived in the event the non-breaching Party terminates this Contract under Article X. All remedies provided for herein and under law shall be cumulative. 如果乙方实质上未履行其在本合同项下的任何义务，或一方在本合同项下的陈述或保证实质上是不真实地或不准确的，该方应被

15、视为违反了本合同。违约方应在收到另一方指明其违约行为的通知后三十（30）日内，纠正其违约行为（若该违约行为是可以纠正的）。无论如何，违约方有责任赔偿另一方因该等违约而造成的一切损害。如果守约方根据X条终止本合同，违约方仍应给予损害赔偿。本合同规定的及法律规定的一切救济应该是积累的。 The Licensee shall promptly notify the Licensor, in writing, of any acts of infringement or suspected infringement or acts of unfair competition involving the

16、 Trademarks and of any applications or registrations of confusingly similar marks which may come to its attention. 一旦被许可方获悉涉及商标的侵权行为或涉嫌的侵权行为，或涉及商标的不正当竞争行为，以及引起混淆的类似商标的应用和注册，被许可方应立即书面通知许可方。 Infringement and Legal Proceedings 侵权及法律诉讼 (a) The Licensee shall give the Licensor in writing full particulars

17、 of any use or proposed use by any other person, firm or company of a trade name, trademark or get-up of goods or means of promotion or advertising which amounts to or is likely to amount to infringement of the rights of the Licensor in relation to the Licensed Trademarks or contravention of the Ant

18、i-unfair Competition Law as soon as it becomes aware of such use or proposed use. 被许可方一旦获悉任何其他人、商行或公司使用或拟使用的商品名称，商标、商品装饰、促销或广告手段相当于或可能相当于侵犯许可方对于受许可商标的权利或违反反不正当竞争法，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方。 (b)If the Licensee becomes aware that any other person, firm or company alleges that any of the Licensed Trademarks i

19、s invalid or that use of the Licensed Trademarks infringes any rights of another party, the Licensee shall immediately give the Licensor in writing full particulars thereof and may make no disclosure of information or admission to any third party in respect thereof. 如果被许可方获悉任何其他人、商行或公司宣称受许可商标是无效的或受许

20、可商标的使用侵犯了他方权利，应立即以书面形式将详细情况告知许可方，并不得向任何第三方披露有关此方面的信息或对此做出承认。 (c)The Licensor shall conduct all legal proceedings in respect of any infringement or alleged infringement of the Licensed Trademarks and any claim or counterclaim brought or threatened to be brought in connection with the use or registrat

21、ion of the Licensed Trademarks and shall in its absolute discretion decide what to do. The Licensor shall not be obliged to bring or defend any proceedings in relation to the Licensed Trademarks if the Licensee decides in its sole discretion to do so. 对于受许可商标所受到的侵权或侵权指控，以及就受许可商标的使用或注册提出或似将提出的索赔或反索赔，

22、 许可方应进行一切法律诉讼，并完全由其自行决定采取何种行动。如果被许可方自行决定就受许可商标提起诉讼或进行抗辩，许可方无义务就此提起诉讼或进行抗辩。 (d) The Licensee will, at the request of the Licensor and at the Licensors expense, give full cooperation to the Licensor in any action or claim brought or threatened to be brought in respect of the Licensed Trademarks, inclu

23、ding joining in as a party to any proceedings. 对于就受许可商标提起或拟将提起的诉讼或索赔，应许可方要求并由许可方支付费用，被许可方将给予充分合作，包括作为当事人参与任何诉讼。Practice (1)A contract concluded according to law shall be legally binding on the parties concerned. The parties shall perform the obligations stipulated in the contract. No party may unila

24、terally modify or rescind the contract. 依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。当事人应当按照约定履行自己的义务，不得擅自变更或者解除合同。 (2)The Seller shall be entitled to terminate this license(特许权) in the event of failure by the Buyer to comply with any of the conditions stated in this Article. 如果买方违反本条款所规定的条件，卖方有权终止这种特许权。 (3)Where either par

25、ty is liable in damages to the other, these shall not exceed the damage which the party in default could reasonably have foreseen at the time of the formation of the contract. 凡一方对另一方损害负有赔偿责任时，其赔偿不应超过有错的一方在订立合同时能够合理地预见到的损失。 (4) If either party breaches the contract it shall pay a certain amount of d

26、amages for breach of the contract to the other party, depending on the situation of the breach of the contract. They may also stipulate a method for calculating the damages resulting from such a breach. 如一方违约，应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。 (5)If the contractually agreed breach of contr

27、act damages are far more or far less than is necessary to compensate for the losses resulting from the breach, the party concerned may request an arbitration body or a court to reduce or increase them appropriately. 约定的违约金过分高于或低于违反合同所造成的损失的，当事人可以请求仲裁机构或者法院予以适当减少或者增加。 (3)Should the Supplier fail to d

28、eliver any or all the goods within the period specified in the Contract. the Purchaser shall deduct from the Contract Price of 3as penal sum and the Supplier shall continue to perform its obligations specified in the Contract. (4)Should the goods be found, on their arrival at destination, to be diff

29、erent from the sample specified in the Contract, the Buyer shall request the Seller to bear the liabilities for substituting or returning the goods. The Seller shall, after taking the remedial measures hereinabove, compensate for the losses, if the Buyer suffers from other losses. (5)After one party

30、 breaches a contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the damages from becoming greater. If the second partys failure to take appropriate measures increases the damages, it shall not be entitled to claiming compensation for the increased damages. (6)If a party fails to per

31、form the contract or its performance of the contractual obligations does not conform to the agreed terms and thereby causes damage to the other party, the amount of damage compensation shall be equivalent to the damage caused by the breach of the contract, including the obtainable gains from the performance of the contract, but not exceeding the amount of damage possibly caused by the breach of the contract which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the violating party at the time of the conclusion of the contract