英语本科毕业论文手势在人际交往中的应用

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1、本科毕业论文 手势在人际交往中的应用学生姓名： 学生学号： 200310206016 院（系）： 外国语学院 年级专业：2003级英语本科1班 指导教师： 二七年五月The Application of Gestures in Interpersonal CommunicationLi LeiUnder the Supervision ofXia MinSchool of Foreign Languages and CulturesPanzhihua UniversityMay 2007攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 ContentsContentsAbstractIKey WordsI摘 要II关键

2、词IIIntroduction1I. Gestures in Daily Life2A. The Position of Hand when Standing Still or Taking Photos2B. Showing the Way2C. Making Introductions by Using Hand Gestures2D. Different Meaning of Hand-waving3E. Instructions of Handshaking3F. Call for Coming3G. Number Expression4II. Gestures in the Expr

3、ession of Emotions5A. Showing Happiness5B. Indicating Sadness5C. Expressing Anger5D. Revealing Nervousness5E. Showing Shyness5III. Gestures in Social Communication7A. “V sign” in Communication7B. Different Meanings of “OK”7C. Attention of the Use of “Fig” Sign8D. Different Meaning of Different Movem

4、ents of Thumb8E. Careful Use of Index Finger9F. Attention of the Use of Middle Finger10G. Use of Little Finger11IV. Other Kinds of Hand Gestures12A. Overlapping Arms12B. Rubbing Hands12C. Touching the Wood12Conclusion14Acknowledgements15Bibliography16攀枝花学院本科毕业论文AbstractAbstractNowadays, globalizatio

5、n makes international communication closer and more vital day by day. And trans-cultural exchange is also increasing. Verbal communication is necessary in the exchange. At the same time, nonverbal communication also plays a very important role in it. As a special communicating tool in nonverbal comm

6、unication, gestures plays its own vital role.This paper aims to have a close look at the similarities and differences of the inner meaning of gestures according to cultural background in different countries. It provides us with details of gestures in daily life, social communication and expression o

7、f interior emotions. Through this paper, people may have a basic knowledge of gestures and then use them accurately in trans-cultural communication. Hence, misunderstanding caused by wrong interpretation of gestures can be avoided.Key WordsInterpersonal communication; gesture; applicationII攀枝花学院本科毕业

8、论文摘 要摘要当今世界，国际交流正日益频繁和紧密，跨文化交流也呈上升趋势。在跨文化交流中，言语交流必不可少。与此同时，非言语交际也扮演着非常重要的作用。而手势作为非言语交际中的一个特殊工具，其作用也不可小觑。本文致力于在不同国家的文化背景中找出手势表达内涵的异同点。本文详述了手势在日常生活、社会交往和表达内心感受不同方面的使用。通过本文，人们会对手势的使用有一个基本了解，从而在跨文化交流中准确地使用手势，避免因对手势的误解而带来不便或者引起麻烦。关键词人际交往；手势；应用攀枝花学院本科毕业论文IntroductionIntroductionTo exchange ideas, sound la

9、nguages would be employed by people. Recently, with economic globalization, trans-cultural communication between China and other countries is dramatically growing. The role of nonverbal communication, accordingly, keeps going on with the step. People always make a lot of gestures to express their th

10、oughts. Even the smallest gestures can mean a lot. When people extend their hands to others, they may be doing more than they know. Each kind of humans posture, especially the physique language formed by hand gestures, is a very important constituent of human communication system. It can express peo

11、ples thoughts and feelings, and sometimes it is even more powerful than the glossary language. However, nonverbal communication is closely connected with culture. Due to the lack of awareness of cultural differences, cultural misunderstandings and conflicts are nothing new in intercultural communica

12、tion. To get a full understanding of cultural difference, therefore, is the first step to make a further communication.Four parts are included in this thesis to talk about the application of hand gestures in detail. First, in daily life, people need to pay attention to position of hands and way of e

13、xpression; second, hand signal can suggest humans psychological sentiment. However, in different regions, the same emotion can be expressed differently, and the same expression can also have a different emotional definition; third, when associating in the society, people should note the different ha

14、nd signals and their finest distinctions; finally, some special meanings for some certain gestures which only exist in some particular countries or areas. In brief, hand signal is a special contacting method, and the appropriate use of hand signal can help people perceive others clearly and easily a

15、nd efficiently, thus achieve the “win-win” effect.16攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 I. Gestures in daily lifeI. Gestures in Daily LifeA. The Position of Hand when Standing Still or Taking PhotosIt is very hard to place hands in a proper place when one stands straight. Theoretically, he needs to put two hands beside his

16、 body and with them relaxed. But actually, when he stands still a little more time, he always feels unnatural or embarrassed. Then he would like to change a position. There are two basic hand postures when standing still: one way is to hang two hands naturally, with the center of the palm inwards, f

17、olds or grasps in front of the abdomen; the other way is to straighten both hands downwards, with the center of the palm inwards and pastes the inside thigh separately.Someone does not like taking photos. What is the reason? They dont know how to handle their hands when taking photos. When facing th

18、e camera lens, people often feel that there is nowhere to handle their hands, as if they are superfluous. People often use “V” sign with the index and middle fingers up straight as a “V” to indicate victory. Some others would like to form a circle with thumb and index finger to indicate “OK”. Differ

19、ent people will employ different gestures.However, the same gesture may convey different meaning in different countries or regions. The “OK” sign is not always OK in some regions. Such differences will be expressed in detail in the following parts. In short, when post a posture, one should feel comf

20、ortable, for oneself and others.B. Showing the WayLocal people would meet someone coming from other places. Being unfamiliar to the way, the strangers need the help of local people. At that moment, how should local people indicate the way? Someone might use the index finger to show the direction. In

21、 most conditions, the best way is to use a whole palm, with the hollow of palm up, to point out the right way. Generally speaking, the gesture with hollow of palm upwards has a meaning of sincerity and respectfulness, while the downward gesture always means not sincere enough, or lack of sincerity.

22、In brief, it is impolite only using the index finger to indicate something in most places.C. Making Introductions by Using Hand GesturesPeople are always enlarging their circles to meet the needs of social development. To get to know more friends and companions, one needs to introduce others or be i

23、ntroduced to others. In this process, people must use hand gesture to indicate the people being introduced. As mentioned above, only use index finger to point at someone or something is definitely inappropriate. The best way is to use an open hand with palm upwards-especially the right hand-to intro

24、duce others. When introducing oneself, Chinese would like to point at one selfs nose to indicate “I”, while Western people point at the chest to mean “I”D. Different Meaning of Hand-wavingIn most areas, as in Asia, North America, people would wave hand to say goodbye or hello to others. While in Sou

25、th America, people would run nearer if they see such a gesture. Waving hand means “no” or “nothing” in Europe. Their formal way of saying hello is stretching out arm with the hollow of palm outwards and moving fingers up and down. In Greece, waving the whole hand is a kind of insult to the person ne

26、arby, which may cause unexpected trouble.E. Instructions of HandshakingWhen people meet each other the first time, bid farewell to each other, or show appreciation or apology to others, they usually shake hands with others. There are some notices one should pay attention to. Firstly, the senior shou

27、ld be the first to stretch out the hand. Secondly, three to five seconds is enough for the process. Thirdly and most importantly, people had better use the right hand. In all Arabic countries, left hand is considered to be dirty. There is a special phenomenon in Korea. People will use their left han

28、d to show respect when passing things.F. Call for ComingWhen signifying “come here”, the Chinese would extend their open hands palms down, toward the person with all fingers crooked in a beckoning motion. Such a gesture of the same meaning can also be seen in Japan and Brazil. But in Britain, it mea

29、ns “go there”. And in English-speaking countries such as Britain and America, it means calling in the animals. (蒋阳芬,2000) When British want to indicate “come here”, they would extend their closed hands, palms up, with only their forefingers moving back and forth. In China it means calling in the chi

30、ldren or animals, or an expression of provocative behavior. Peruvian acts in a widely divergent way. They raise one hand vertically, with palm onward, and wave the hand back and forth. It is very similar to saying goodbye in North America.G. Number ExpressionEither in China or other countries, peopl

31、e would like to indicate numbers with fingers, but their way of expression is quite different from each other. Chinese often stretch out index finger to indicate “1”, while the European and American people use thumb. To indicate number “2”, Chinese stretch out their index and middle fingers, whereas

32、 an American people uses his thumb and index finger, which is used to indicate number “8” in China. Chinese always use one hand to express the number 0 to 10, but the European or American always uses both hands. For example, a Chinese always stretch out the thumb and little finger to express “6”, wh

33、ile if a European or American wants to express “6”, one would open the whole fingers of one hand and plus another thumb of the other hand.攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 II. Gestures in the expression of emotionsII. Gestures in the Expression of EmotionsGestures can not only make the meaning clearer, but also can expre

34、ss the inner emotions of people. To some extent, gestures would be more persuasive than words.A. Showing HappinessWhen someone feels really very happy, he is great likely to dance for joy. One will wave their hands quickly in the air and cannot help dancing. At that time, no matter what a deafening

35、crying one makes, “I am happier than the joyous goddess”, it will be flat before the dance. How could anyone refuse such a gesture?B. Indicating SadnessEvery dog has his sad day. The most general expression of sadness is to cry out. If a person is in grief-struck, he will bury his face in the hands.

36、 No sound would be heard. Its a deafening silence. The boundary of sadness is silent.C. Expressing AngerIn India and Indonesia, when people feel angry, they would stand akimbo. In western countries, people will stretch out their arms beside the body with fist clenched. While in some eastern countrie

37、s as China, people would punch heavily on the desk or something near them.D. Revealing NervousnessSuch a scene is always seen in the hospital: A man paces nervously up and down the hospital room, wringing his hands. At that time, no word comes from him. Is he nervous about the operation-does the ope

38、ration go smoothly? Is he nervous about the result-a boy or a girl? No matter what he is nervous about, his gestures tell others that he is uneasy.And if one is anxious to be waiting for a long time, he would like to rub his hands again and again, or straighten up the sleeve cuff or suitcase, tighte

39、n coat or one side of front robe, trace cheek or ear and so on.E. Showing ShynessMore or less, people always feel shy when they speak in the public. They dont know where to place the hands. In some English-speaking countries, people often stretch out their arms, crossing downwards and grasping their

40、 fingers backwards, and turning face beside at the same time. While in China, people would rub their hands quickly and then put their hands beside and cannot help quivering. Or they may put their hands on the table or play with their fingers.攀枝花学院本科毕业论文 III. Gestures in social communicationIII. Gest

41、ures in Social CommunicationWith the high speed of globalization, people have more and more chance to contact with different people from other countries. Because of cultural diversity, people have to pay more attention to the correct use of gestures in communication.A. “V sign” in CommunicationDurin

42、g World War II, Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister, held up his index finger and middle finger to form a “V sign”, to indicate “victory”, and with his palm outwards. This sign has spread across all over the world. If one forms the same sign in Britain, only to change the direction of palm

43、, say, from outwards to inwards, such a sign will enrage others. The result comes from a story long ago. In wars between Britain and France more than 650 years ago, when the French captured the British archers, the French would cut their middle and index fingers, making them handicapped. Finally, th

44、e British defeated the French. The British winner raised their hands, straightening their middle and index fingers with the back of hand outwards showing to the French captive: “our fingers are intact”, thus to keep the palm inwards when showing the “V” sign is to ridicule or scoff at others.（范杏丽，20

45、00）In New Zealand, “V sign” refers to sex, especially with the palm inwards, while in America, it means the same as “victory” meaning whether the palm outwards or inwards. Sometimes, a western people might stretch out his index and middle fingers, with them curving and straightening. This gesture me

46、ans not “victory” nor “happiness”, but a quotation mark when quoting others words. It is blank in Chinese gestures.B. Different Meanings of “OK” When something is all right, people often make a gesture to mean “OK” making thumb and index finger a circle, with other three fingers stretching out.This

47、gesture comes from America, meaning praise and promise. It is widely used in Europe, especially among students. While in some areas of southern France, Greece and Sading Island, its meaning is right the opposite. In southern France, if a gardener of grapery see the “OK” sign by guests when he pour w

48、ine for the guests, his face will turn black immediately. The sign here means poor quality products rather than praise for the mellow wine. It will be much worse if such a sign is seen in Malta and Greece, where the “OK” sign is a voiceless and vile abusive language. (莫里森,2006)The “OK” sign employs

49、different meanings in different countries. In Japan, it means “money”. And it is equal to “no problem” in Thailand. In some countries as Belarus, Norway, Spain, Denmark, Ukraine and Guatemala, the sign would be taken as an insult. And in Brazil, it means “anus” (opening for release of feces).It can

50、also express other meanings when accompany with other actions. For example, in Colombia, people would put this circle on nose to indicate homosexuality. To mean obscene, the Paraguayan often use this sign, with wrist bent and other three fingers downward to the earth. And if one put the index finger

51、 through the “O”, it is also a kind of insult to others.Such an “OK” is not always OK everywhere. One needs to learn the culture carefully when communicating with foreigners to avoid making errors.C. Attention of the Use of “Fig” SignIn Brazil, if people expect for a good luck, they usually clench t

52、he fist, with the thumb going through the index and middle fingers. This gesture is known as “fig” gesture. While in Belarus and Ukraine, they are saying: “You will get nothing.” And it is a rude behavior in Costa Rica and Guatemala. Absolutely it is a humiliation to others in Romania.D. Different M

53、eaning of Different Movements of ThumbGenerally speaking, holding up the thumb is indicating success or praising someone. As in America, Belarus, Paraguay, Ukraine and Uruguay, it means agreement or praise. It plays an equal role as “OK” sign in America. However, there are many exceptions. In some a

54、reas of America and Europe, holding up thumb is a sign of wanting a lift. And in Germany, it means “1”, “5” in Japan. Never use this sign in Australia, as it is a rude and impolite gesture there. In the whole Arabic world, the action of “thumb-up” is offensive.There are other usages of thumb. Indone

55、sian would like to use thumb to point at others, since it is impolite to point at others with index finger. This sign also means “you first”. In Netherlands, if people want to imply that “I dont believe you”, they will suck their thumbs. If they clap with a slight tap at the two nails of thumbs, the

56、y are mocking others. Such an action is likely to be considered as: “We dont think it funny at all.” Westerners also make the thumb downwards to indicate “bad” or “weak”. People should pay special attention to this gesture in Greece, because they hold up thumb to say: “Get lost!”(金正昆，2005)E. Careful

57、 Use of Index FingerIn China, people extends index finger to indicate the number “1”, “10”, “100”, “1000” or such integer. And in some other countries as Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and Mexico, this signal means only “1”.Most people would consider it impolite

58、to only use index finger to point at someone or something. It is only part of it. When communicating with others of different cultural background, people must pay special attention to index finger.In Czech, Denmark and Germany, to draw others attention, people would raise index finger and keep other

59、 fingers down. When making this sign, one must keep the whole hand still and with palm outwards. The same sign is used by Americans to ask someone to wait for a moment. In France, it means: “Could you answer the question?” The Burmese use this sign to express a request. While in Singapore, it means

60、the most important thing. And in Australian pub, people would sign it to ask for another glass of wine. (莫里森,2006)Chinese always curve index finger to express the number “9”. While in Japan, people use it to refer to someone as a thief. And in Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia, it indicates death. In

61、 Mexico, it is related to money or an inquiry of the price and quantity.In the United States, people curved index finger to the temples to indicate that someone is crazy or mental disabled. While in Netherlands, they think that tap at the temples means one has plenty of brains.If an Italian wants to

62、 remind you that there are some dangers, they will pull the lower-eyelid slightly with index finger. When noticing such a sign in Italy, one should look out. People from different countries have different understanding to this indication. The British may think that what they have done has been seen

63、through. And the Latin Americans will consider this action as a sign of solicitousness or courteousness.There is a special sign in France shaving chin with index finger, especially when a female refuse the purchaser she doesnt like. In a French caf, one would meet a girl smiling and shaving her chin

64、, charming and lovely. The purchaser would be sensible and quit when he sees the gesture. A very interesting thing can be found in Mexico. People are sure to employ index finger to measure the height. In Mexico, they use hand to measure the height of animals.The Dutch would like to shave along the bridge of the nose times to indicate that someone is stingy or mean. And they tap their forehead or act as driving the flies before to show that one is crazy. When they