由一道高考题引起对“what”在名词性从句中语义变化的思考与探究

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1、由一道高考题引起对 What”在名词性从句中语义变化的思考与探究张贵元（甘肃定西?t县一中）在今年高考中，出现了这样一个句子：（2019高考四川卷） Dreaming about whether youwould want to read minds, see through walls, or have superhuman strength may sound silly, but it actually gets to the heart of what really matters in your life.整体看句子，不难发现这是一个由并列连词but把两个复合句连接起来的并列复合句，

2、两个分句都是宾语从句，但第二个分句 由what引导的宾语从句使得句子理解起来就有点麻烦了。这句句意大致为梦想是你是否想读懂心思，看穿冰冷的墙壁，或者拥有超能的力量，这些听起来很愚蠢，但它实际上是你生活中真正重要的核心。”这句话理解的难度主要出现在what引导的宾语从句上，为了学生能轻松的掌握what在名词性从句当中的运用，笔者从语义的变化来探究并分析what在名词性从句中的用法。说到名词性从句，就知道从句其实是借用了其它结构完整的句子而已。就其what引导的名词性从句，其实从句的来源来自 what引导的两种句式，分别为 what引导的特殊疑问句 和what引导的感叹句。下面从语义的方面来探究w

3、hat在名词性从句中的演变。以下一些例句探究what逐渐从广义的泛指 什么”转变到狭义的特指 具体”上面来。A. What”在名词性从句中语义基本没有发生演变，出现在下面两种情况：1. What引导的特殊疑问句”充当名词性从句中的从句1） （07 江苏高考）Choosing the right dictionary depends on what you want to use it for I （从句 是由：what do you want to use it for?转变而来的，what语义还是原来的 什么”之意，没有变 化。）选择正确的字典要依据你想用该字典做什么。2）Tell me w

4、hat he does.（从句是由：what does he do?转变而来的，what语义还是原来的 什 么”之意，没有变化。）告诉我他是干什么的。3）We dont know what his name is.（从句是由： what is his name? 转变而来的， what 语义还 是原来的 什么”之意，没有变化。）我们不知道他叫什么名字。4） I asked him what clothes I should wear.（从句是由： what clothes should I wear ? 转变而来的，what语义还是原来的什么”之意，没有变化。）我问他我该穿什么衣服。5） I

5、do not know what to do next.（此句在现代英语中也看作是宾语从句，其实是I do not knowwhat I do next.这简化而已。这样不难看出，从句是由：what do you do next ? 转变而来的，what语义还是原来的 什么”之意，没有变化。）我不知道接下来做什么。2. “What引导的感叹句”充当名词性中的从句1） We all know what hot weathe门t is there.（从句是由： what hot weather it is ! 转变而来的，what语义还是原来的感叹之意，没有变化。 ）我们都知道哪儿天气多热啊。2）

6、 （2019 全国 II 改）That，what a powerful device the telephone is.（从句是由：what a powerful device the telephone is 转变而来的，what语义还是原来的感叹之 意，没有变化。）那就是电话是一个多么强大的装置啊。B. What在名词性从句中 语义已经发生了变化，从以前广义的泛指什么”到狭义的 特指：如东西，人，数量，时间及地点等上面来，当语义缩小时，此类名词性从句可以被另外一种 句式定语从句所替换。常出现在以下五种情况中：I.What在从句中 表示的东西，相当于 the thing（things） th

7、at 。如:.”1） （08 福建高考） What is known to us all is that the 2019 Olympic Games will take place in Beijing.（从句是由： What is known to us all ? 转变而来，what语义已经从以前的广义 什 么”缩小成了具体的事情，即 “的东西”，该从句从句意上可以被另外一个句式转换，如：The thing that is known to us all is that the 2019 Olympic Games will take place in Beijng .) 对我 们来说总

8、所周知的一件事情就是2019年奥运会将在中国北京举行。2） 108 重庆 3 People in Chongqing are proud of what they have achieved in the past ten years. (=People in Chongqing are proud of the things that they have achieved in the past ten years )重庆人对他们在过去十年来所取得的成就而感到自豪。2. What在从句中 表示“的人，相当于the person that.如：(08 山东高考) What was most i

9、mportant to her, she told me, was her family.(从句是由： What was most important to her ? 转变而来，what语义已经从以前的广义什么“缩小成了具体的事情，即的人，该从句从句意上可以被另外一个句式转换，如：The person that wasmost important to her, she told me, was her family.)她告诉我，对她最重要的人是她的家人。再如： He is not what he was a few years ago. (=He is not the person tha

10、t he was a few years ago) 他不是儿年前的那个样子了。3. What在从句中 表示的数蟹或数目，相当于the amount(number ) that.如：1) The number of the students in our school is ten times whatwas before liberation.(从句是由：What was it before liberation?转变而来，what语义已经从以前的广义什么”缩小成了具体的事情，即“的数蟹或数目”，该从句从句意上可以被另外一个句式转换，如： Thenumber of the students i

11、n our school is ten times number that it was before liberation. ) 现在我校学生的数量是解放前的10倍。2) Our income is now double what it was ten years ago.(= Our income is now double amount that it was ten years ago.) 我们现在的收人是 10年前的两倍。4 .What在从句中 表示的时间，相当于 the time that.如：1) After what seemed a very 10ng time , I op

12、ened my eyes and found myself in bed. (从句是 由：What seemed a very long time?转变而来，what语义已经从以前的广义 什么”缩小成了 具体的事情，即的时间”，该从句从句意上可以被另外一个句式转换，如：After the timethat seemed a very long time , I opened my eyes and found myself in bed.)似乎过了很长一段时间，我才睁开眼睛，发现自己躺在床上。2) The young girl was too frightened to speak, stan

13、ding there for what seemed like hours. (= The young girl was too frightened to speak, standing there for the time that seemed like hours.) 小女孩吓得不敢说活，在那儿似乎站了几个小时。5 . What在从句中 表示的地方，相当于the place that.如:1） This is what they call Zhangxian River.(从句是由： What do they call Zhangxian River? 转 变而来，what语义已经从以

14、前的广义什么”缩小成了具体的事情，即“的地方”，该从句从句意上可以被另外一个句式转换，如： This is the place that they call Zhangxian River. ) 这就是他们称为漳河的地方。2） We reached what is now called Shichuan yesterday. （= We reached the place that is now calledChichuan yesterday.）昨天我们到达了现在叫石川的地方。注意：1）当what引导的从句做 主语时，谓语通常用单数，但当主句是主系表结构时，系 动词的数要与所跟的表语保持一致

15、。What you left are only several old books.你留下的仅仅是几本旧书。What you said is of great importance.你说的话非常重要。2）有时what可用作限定词，其后修饰一个名词。如 ：You may bring what books you like.你可以把你喜欢的书籍都带来。He spent what little money he had on playing games.他犯，仅有的点钱者B花在圻游戏上了。 由于本人学识有限，不到之处在所难免，望同仁及前辈们加以补充，让我能在今后不管是自己的业务能力还是教学能力有所提

16、升。另外，What在名词性从句中的这些用法仅仅是笔者在最近9年教学中自己的一些不成熟的想法而已，欢迎同仁们批评指正。 【强化练习（what名词性从句在高考的部分再现）】1. R04 天津 A modern city has been set up in was a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where2. R05 辽宁 Do you have any idea is actually going on in the classroom?A.thatB.whatC.asD.which3. R 06 全国 n 1 Whal did y

17、our parents think about your decision? They always let me do I think I should.A.whenB.thatC.howD.what4 4. R07 全国 n 1 matters most in learning English is enough p fiiCtlCC,A.WhatB.WhyC.WhereD.Which5. R08 d匕京 1 The companies are working together to create they hope will be the best means of transport

18、in the 21st century.A. whichB. thatC. whatD. who6. R 09 江苏 Many young people in the West are expected to leave _ _could be life s most important decision marriage almost entirely up to luck.第5页A. asB. thatC. whichD. what7. R 10 福建 1 We should respect food and think about the people who dont hweehave

19、here and treat food nicely.A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whether8.i2019北京卷22二Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.9.10.A. WhichB.WhatC. ThatD. Whom【2019 全国24. It is by no means clearthe president can do to end the strike.A. howB. whichC. thatD. what【2019北京】makes the book so extraordinary is the creative imagination of thewriter.A. ThatB. WhatC. WhoD. Which11.12019福建】34. 34. Pick yourself up. Courage is doingyoure afraid to do.A. thatB. whatC. howD. whether12.12019安徽】25. 25.A ship in harbor is safe, but thats notships are built for.A. whatB. whomC. whyD. when