Unit8大学英语

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1、高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（上）综合教程（上）INTEGRATED COURSEUnit 8 Smarter Transportation Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final ProjectTask 1Work in pairs. Choose your favorite car from the cars given on P220 and tell your partner why you like it best. Task 2 Ro

2、le play. Work out a conversation with your partner in which one of you dreams of having a car and lists the benefits, while the other plays the opposing role and complains about the damage caused by cars. Useful words and expressions:Benefits: convenient, comfortable, luxurious, enjoy freedom, highe

3、r standard of living, privacy, independence, take better care of the young and the aged, protected from pick pockets, Shortcomings: jam the roads, energy-consuming, high cost, emissions, air pollution, theft from car parks, breakdowns, stressful driving.Task 3 Discuss with your group members how to

4、solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities? You may give some suggestions on how to improve the roads and traffic regulations and how to make cars smarter to avoid being caught in traffic jams.GPS (Global Positioning System) guides drivers to the right place without wondering about on the str

5、eets. Cars can be made smaller, too. The latest concept cars are foldable in order to save parking space. The Hidden Danger of Seat Belts Global Understanding 2Detailed Information3Critical Thinking4Language Points5Vocabulary in Action6Background Information1 It is well-known that seat belt is one o

6、f the safety measures aiming to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce car crashes. Why does the writer say there are “hidden dangers” caused by buckling seat belts? Would you give an example to support this statement?Global UnderstandingIts common knowledge that _. But, according to John Adams _.

7、 Adams explains his research in terms of _. For example, seat belts may cause _, and thus pose risks to _. There are many factors that affect risk, including _.Complete the following extract. seat belts decrease our.risk of dying in an accidentthe reality is messier and more complicatedthan thatrisk

8、 compensationpeople to drive more recklesslyother passengers or pedestrians as well as themselvesfinancial, physical or emotional rewardsTask 2Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. Key: 2 3 4 5 16 7 8 9 10ABAABBABBADetailed InformationCritical ThinkingRea

9、ding FocusStep One In the text, the author said:Seat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly.Seat belts save lives. A young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe car crash than is a middle-aged woman.Reading FocusCritical ThinkingStep Two Discuss in groups:Reading

10、FocusCritical ThinkingWhat safety measures have been included in car designs?Why does John Adams say that driving at 3:00 a.m. on a Sunday one is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at 10:00 a.m.? Can you explain this situation according to the risk compensation theory?1. Sea

11、t belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white. (Para. 1) black and white: 1) (of a photograph, film, television programme, or illustration) in black, white, shades of grey, and no other colour e.g. old black-and-white movies 2) (of a situatio

12、n or debate) involving clearly defined opposing principles or issues e.g. It was all grey areas; no black-and-white certainties. Language Point 2. What he found was that contrary to conventional wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net in

13、crease in road accident deaths. (Para. 2) mandate: require (something) to be done; make mandatory e.g. The government began mandating better car safety. Language Point 3. If he is wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit mor

14、e daringly. (Para. 3) to boot: used at the end of a list of remarks to emphasize them e.g. 1) He is kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 2) She was a great sportswoman, and beautiful to boot. Language Point 4. In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the en

15、d result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities. (Para. 4) redistribute: v. to give something to each member of a group so that it is divided up in a different way from before 再分配，再分发 e.g.: Their primary concern was to redistribute income from rich to poor. Language Poi

16、nt 5. Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark. (Para. 5) benchmark: something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured 基准 e.g. 1) The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to

17、 judge other prices. 2) Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the childs progress at school can be measured.Language Point Key to step 1 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Task 1Step 1Match the words in the left column with their correct meanings in the right column. Note that each word h

18、as more than one meaning.e, mc, jb, qg, na, f, lh, ik, od, pVocabulary in Action bootboundfatalnegotiatenetthe oddsrewardvacuumStep 2Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase and write down the corresponding meaning (marked aq in the table above) at the end of each sentence. Chan

19、ge the form if necessary.Vocabulary in Action Key to step 2 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- boot (m)vacuum (p)rewarded(o)reward (k)net (f) negotiating (n)odds (h)odds (i)Fatal (b)negotiations (g)Task 2Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from each group. Change the form if ne

20、cessary. Vocabulary in Action 1. black and white in black and white A. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as _. B. Once its down _, you cant forget it. C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ movies on Saturday afternoon television.black and whitein black and whiteblack-and-w

21、hiteVocabulary in Action2. on the scene behind the scenes set the scene A. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _. B. Foster _ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect. C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or _.on the sceneset

22、the scenebehind the sceneVocabulary in Action3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no difference A. He told me he should have been more careful, but that it would _. B. The lighting will _ to how well people can see the picture. C. Will exercise _ to my chances of get

23、ting fat? D. A few kind words at the right time _.make no differencemake a differencemake any difference make all the differenceVocabulary in Action 4. work on work out work against A. If you _ it steadily you should win through in the end. B. Criticising the security procedures usually _ making the

24、m effective. C. Why dont you leave him here till you see how things _?work onwork againstwork outVocabulary in Action5. spread out spread through spread to A. Buddhism _ China from India. B. Felix watched his men _ to cover the whole area. C. A mass movement against forced labor _ the state.spread t

25、ospread outspread throughTask 3Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the four choices given below. Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-ABBDABCBDCVocabulary in Action Intelligent Transportation SystemsITS Global Understanding Detailed Information Critical Thinking Language

26、Points Vocabulary in Action12345Answer the following questions:1. What is the usual solution for reducing traffic in major cities? _.2. What does ITS refer to? _.3. How can ITS solve traffic problems? _ _ _ _To widen highways. ITS solves the problems through engineering and technology. That is to sa

27、y, by combining the hardware, software, and networking necessary to gather, process, and distribute information about traffic flows.Intelligent Transportation System.Reading MoreGlobal Understanding4. What does the writer want to say by citing the example of EMS? _ _.5. What is the first step in run

28、ning an ITS system? _ 6. What is used in the data collecting stage? _ITS will improve the safety and eficiency of providing emergency help on city freeways.Information gathering.Reading MoreGlobal UnderstandingInfrared cameras, loop detectors and computers.7. What is the second step of running an IT

29、S system? _8. What is the third step? What is this step equipped with? _ _ _.Transmitting the gathered information.Collecting and processing the data. A central station is needed. It is equipped with a powerful mainframe computer and a lot of storage space.Reading MoreGlobal Understanding9. What is

30、the significance of using ITS? _ _ _ _ _ _.10. Why does the US government support ITS? _ _ _By processing and analyzing data, the system works out traffic congestion patterns and makes predictions on the possible occurrences of congestion on certain routes. This helps reduce traffic congestion, and

31、engineers are able to accurately and quickly monitor the entire system.Reading MoreGlobal UnderstandingBecause governments and politicians have realized that we need to make the highways smarter, not just wider.Task 2 Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according

32、to the text. Key: 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)TFFFTTTFReading MoreDetailed InformationFTCritical ThinkingCritical ThinkingDiscuss in groups the following questions.1. Scientists have developed an Intelligent Driver Information System (IDIS). Although drivers cant see IDIS, they have benefited from th

33、e system. To name a few, drivers will be given a warning if they doze off while driving, if they are distracted in intensive traffic situations, and if the washer fluid level is low. Imagine as wild as you can and describe what you want the IDIS to do for you with your dream car.Reading MoreCritical

34、 Thinking2. In a car accident in Hangzhou on May 7, 2009, a university graduate was hit to death by a sport car driver, who was speeding on a crowded city road. The case has aroused a heated discussion on civic safety and security endangered by speeding and other poor driving habits. What should be

35、done to stop such drivers from causing more deaths?Reading MoreCritical Thinking3. Have you ever encountered any dangerous situations in traffic? Or have you witnessed any dangerous behaviors of some drivers? What do you think of such experiences? 4. Some lawyers propose that heavily speeding behavi

36、or should be sued for endangering civic safety and innocent lives. The most severe punishment can well be death penalty. Whats your opinion?Reading MoreCritical Thinking1. Personal transportation is truly a marvel of the twentieth century. (Para. 1) marvel: something or someone that is extremely use

37、ful or skilful e.g. 1) The bridge is an engineering marvel. 2) It is a marvel that the patient has a place where recovered completely. Language Point 2. If the system is integrated into the transportation infrastructure so that EMS is alerted within seconds of a traffic accident, many lives can be s

38、aved. (Para. 4) integrated into: with combine or work together in a way that makes something more effectivee.g. 1) We must integrate theory with practice.2) Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy Language Point 3. The problem is that it would require a massive workforce to succes

39、sfully implement this sort of program in a major city like Los Angeles. (Para.5) implement : to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen e.g. 1) Knowing how to implement those changes is procedural knowledge.2) Very few parties in government ever want to implement m

40、ajor political reform.Language Point 4. This is a massive undertaking; imagine connecting a huge number of sensors spread out over the freeway system of an entire city! (Para. 10) spread out: to cover a large area e.g. 1) The city spread out below her looked so calm. 2) The search party spread out t

41、o search the surrounding fields.Language Point 5. The United States government is backing ITS as a more useful method to solve the traffic problem than just building more roads. (Para.13) backing: to support someone or something especially with money, power, or influence e.g.: Language Point 1) The

42、scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region. 2) There is a new witness to back his claim that he is a victim of mistaken identity.6. Improvements are constantly being worked on. (Para. 13) work on: to spend time making or fixing somethinge.g. 1) He has been working on a new novel

43、 for over a year now.2) Every weekend you see him working on his car.Language Point Task 1 accommodate astounding autonomous congestion equivalent implement integrate make a difference metropolitan occurrence optical permanent spread out work onFill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or

44、phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary.1. Migrant workers are to be _ near the place where they work.2. He treated us as _ individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.3. Parking near the school causes severe traffic _. congestionVocabulary in Action accomm

45、odatedautonomous4. People and corporations are _ entities under the law. 5. We should go a step further to _ scientific and technological advances with economic development. 6. The choice of research design _ to the substantive results. 7. The _ area of Boston is a major center for technology manufa

46、cturing, publishing, banking, and finance. 8. Words listed in this book _ frequently.9. Last night Mr. Brown was _ the final details of his 4 billion giveaway.10. A(n) _ employee is one who is employed for an unlimited length of time.equivalentintegratemakes a differencemetropolitanoccurVocabulary i

47、n Action working onpermanent1. The man signalled for me to _ the children together.2. They started out by looking at the computer screens which _ the images.3. Why bother baking a potato when a packet of _ is at hand?4. If you _ information or evidence, you collect it, especially over a period of ti

48、me and after a lot of hard work.5. The gates are _ by a computerized system. crisps (a)display (c) gather (a) Vocabulary in Action Task 2Read the words and their explanations in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary. gath

49、er (b) controlled (a) 6. He was _ and well groomed but not very clever.7. An audio-visual _ gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.8. The autumn sky is clear and the air is _.9. _ bombs and weapons are guided by computers and lasers so that they hit their targets accurate

50、ly.10. The work _ arrived to repair the broken fence.smart (c)display (b)crisp (c)Smart (b) Vocabulary in Action party (c)Task 3 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is the name given to the 1) _ of computer and communication technologies to transport problems. In a(n) 2) _ changing society the empha

51、sis on road technology improvements to assist in road 3) _ has been identified. The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the 4) _ of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the

52、 box. Change the form if necessary.applicationrapidlymanagementVocabulary in Action collection Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s. The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the 5) _ of the Electr

53、onic Route Guidance project (ERGS) in the 1970s. The European Union picked up the theme, and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics. In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes 6) _ the USA gave it the name ITS. untilcourse Vocabulary in Action Intelligent T

54、ransport systems 7) _wider application of technology to transit systems as well as 8) _ car and highways. Benefits given by ITS to any transportation 9) _ that introduce it are: improved safety, improved traffic efficiency, reduced 10)_, improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and impro

55、ved economic productivity.includesystemprivateVocabulary in Action congestion 翻译词汇时最忌讳的可以说是一个词对应一个词地“死译”,即不考虑词的深层含义以及词在短语中的含义，而是生搬硬套地逐词翻译，从而曲解了原文。翻译一个词，必须先理解它在上下文中所处的地位及与其他词的搭配关系再进行贴切的翻译。翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题：翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题：1. 1. 一词多义一词多义：有时单词在不同的上下文中含义不同，应注意利用上下文加以区别2. 2. 短语的含义：短语的含义：在一些固定搭配的短语里，词义也会相应地

56、发生变化，应注意积累这一类短语。3. 3.两种语言的文化背景差异两种语言的文化背景差异Sometimes, psychographic profiles can be quite detailed. Take the Accord. Honda Motor reports that the cars owners like to vacuum their garages. You cant say theyre not clean. 有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细。以有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细。以“雅阁雅阁”为例，本为例，本田汽车报告称，田汽车报告称，“雅阁雅阁”汽车的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫汽车

57、的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫他们的车库。你不能说他们不干净。他们的车库。你不能说他们不干净。 点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。 Translate the followng paragraphs into Chinese.2. We also found that sometimes messages sent out by seemingly similar cars can be quite different. Consider two premier British luxury sedans: Bentleys Arnage an

58、d Rolls Phantom. Both are stately and fast, but each one attracts a different kind of customer. 我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不同的信息，比如英国最好的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的同的信息，比如英国最好的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的“雅致雅致”和劳斯莱斯公司的和劳斯莱斯公司的“幻影幻影”，两者都是高贵而，两者都是高贵而快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户。快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户。 点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。

59、点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称。3. The Bentley buyer wants an understated heirloom that he or she can pass down through the generations; over 80% of all Bentleys ever made are still on the road today. The Phantom buyer, on the other hand, is looking for instant recognition. The car has a presence that really

60、 demands attention wherever it goes. 宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，80% 以上至以上至今仍跑在路上。然而，今仍跑在路上。然而，“幻影幻影”的买家却期盼一夜成名，的买家却期盼一夜成名，该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目。该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目。点评：这里，将点评：这里，将 instant recognition译为译为“一夜成名一夜成名”，使，使译文更加简洁。译文更加简洁。There are a num

61、ber of different styles of bibliography often used for different types of text, as follows:* APA: for psychology, education, and other social sciences. * MLA: for literature, arts, and humanities. * AMA: for medicine, health, and biological sciences. * Turabian: designed for college students to use

62、with all subjects. * Chicago: used with all subjects in the “real world” by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications. There is a clear format to follow in any style of bibliography. Take for example, rules of the Chicago style:* List entries in alphabetical orderdo not numb

63、er them. * If the name of the author is unknown, use the title to alphabetize. Be sure to ignore the words “The”, “A” and “An” if the title begins with them. For example, “The Sinking of the Titanic”, if it has no author, should be alphabetized under “Sinking”. * Keep capitalization consistent. Capi

64、talize each word in a title, even if the title in the original article is not capitalized. * Double space between sources, single space within each entry. * Indent the second and all succeeding lines for each entry. * Use “n.p.” to indicate “no place” when there is no location given for the publishe

65、r.Some particular rules of citing different sources: Citing a printed book * Authors last name, first name, followed by a period * Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period * City of publication, followed by a colon * Name of the publisher, followed by a comma * Date of publi

66、cation, followed by a period. For example: Waterman, Jonathan. Arctic Crossing: A Journey Through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2001.Citing an online book Authors last name, first name, followed by a period Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period City of publication, followed by a colon Name of the publisher, followed by a comma Date of publication, followed by a period The words: “Available from”: and the title of the site, followed